ANALYSIS OF WORD ORDER IN ARABIC WITHIN THE THEORY OF GENERALIZED PHRASE STRUCTURE GRAMMAR
Keywords:
Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar, Arabic, Modern standard, word order variations
Abstract
The aim of this work is to analyze word order variations of modern standard Arabic sentences within the linguistic framework of Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar (GPSG) by Gazdar, Pullum, Klein, and Sag (1985). This paper provides a direct interpretation as to the word order variations in Arabic either through a rule-to-rule formalism (including metarules in addition to other generalizations as for the rules of the grammar) or semantics. It tends not to suppose multistratal syntactic representations.
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References
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Fehri, Abdelkader F. (1993) Issues in the Structure of Arabic Clauses and Words. Dordrecht: Springer-Science + Business Media, B.V.
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Ford, David C. (undated)"The influence of Word Order on Modern Standard Arabic Information Structure". No Place: Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics.
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Leech, G. (2006) A Glossary of English Grammar. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press Ltd.
Levine, R. (1992) Formal Grammar: Theory and Implementation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Inc.
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Montague, R. (1970)"The Proper Treatment of Quantification in English". In Richmond T., ed. 1974. Formal Philosophy. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Mukattash, L. (2001) "Some Remarks on Arabic-English Contrastive Studies". Poznan Studies in Contemporary Linguistics, 37,115-126.
Peled, Yishai (2009) Sentence Types and Word-Order Patterns in Written Arabic: Medieval and Modern Perspectives. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV.
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Richards, Jack C. and Schmidt, R. (2002) Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching & Applied Linguistics. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited.
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Russell, G. (1983) Compound Verbs and Constituent Order in German. Unpublished Paper, University of Sussex.
Ryding, Karin C. (2005) A Reference Grammar of Modern Standard Arabic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sadock, Jerrold M. (1974) Toward a Linguistic Theory of Speech Acts. London: Academic Press, Inc.
Sag, Ivan A. and Wasow, T. (1999) Syntactic Theory: A Formal Introduction. Stanford: CSLI Publications.
Salih, Mahmud H. (1985)"Aspects of Clause Structure in Standard Arabic: A Study in Relational Grammar". Buffalo: State University of New York.
Sells, P. (1982b) "Control in Modern Irish". Unpublished Paper. Amherst: University of Massachusetts.
Slioussar, N. (2011)"Processing of a Free Word Order Language: The Role of Syntax and Context". Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, Vol. 40, Issue 4, pp. 291-306. US: Springer. (Iraq Virtual Science Library- IVSL)
Song, Jae J. (2012) Research Surveys in Linguistics: Word Order. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Steer, J. and Carlisi, K. (1998) The Advanced Grammar Book. Boston: Heinle & Heinle Publishers.
Stucky, S. (1981) Word Order Variation in Makua: A Phrase Structure Grammar Analysis. Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign.
------------------(1982) " Linearization Rules and Typology" . In Daniel F., Marlys M., and Nancy W. (eds.). Proceedings of the First West
Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics. Stanford: Stanford Linguistics Department.
■-------------------(1983) " Verb Phrase Constituency and Linear Order in Makua". In Gazdar, G., Klein, E. and Pullum, G.K. (eds.), Order, Concord and Constituency. Dordrecht: Foris, 75-94.
Tallerman, M. (2005) Understanding Syntax. London: Hodder Education.
Uszkoreit, H. (1982a) "German Word Order in GPSG". In Daniel F., Marlys M., and Nancy W. (eds.), Proceedings of the First West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics. Stanford: Stanford Linguistics Department.
Wightwick, J. and Gaafar, M. (2005) Easy Arabic Grammar. North America: McGraw-Hill.
Abu-Chacra, F. (2007) Arabic: An Essential Grammar. London and New York: Routledge.
Aitchison, J. (1992) Teach Yourself Linguistics. London: Hodder & Stoughton.
Al-Balushi, Rashid A. (2011) Case in Standard Arabic: The Untraveled Paths. Ph. D. Dissertation. Canada: University of Toronto.
Bakir, M. J. (1980)"Aspects of Clause Structure in Arabic: A Study of Word Order Variation in Literary Arabic". Bloomington: Indiana University Linguistics Club.
Barlow, M. (1984)"Control Agreement and Syntax" Paper presented at the Spring Meeting of the Linguistics Association of Great Britain, University of Hull.
Benthem, J. Van and Meulen, A. Ter (1997) Handbook of Logic and Language. London: Elsevier Science B. V.
Blake, Barry J. (1994) Case. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Brown, K. (2006) Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics. Boston: Elsevier Ltd.
Brustad, Kristen E. (2000) The Syntax of Spoken Arabic: A Comparative Study of Moroccan, Egyptian, Syrian, and Kuwaiti Dialects. Washington: Georgetown University Press.
Carstairs-McCarthy, A. (2002) An Introduction to English Morphology: Words and Their Structure. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ltd.
Celce -Murcia, M. and Freemman-Larsen, D. (1999) The Grammar Book: An ESL/EFL Teacher's Course. U.S: Heinle & Heinle Publishers.
Chomsky, N. (1965) Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge: The Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Comrie, B. (1989) Language Universals and Linguistic Typology: Syntax and Morphology. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Cook, V. and Newson, M. (1996) Chomsky's Universal Grammar: An Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
Crystal, D. (2008) A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Dezso, L. (2008)"Synchrony, Diachrony and Greenberg's State-Process Model: From the Viewpoint of Typological Characterization". Budapest, pp. 109-122. (Iraq Virtual Science Library-IVSL)
Edwards, M. (1983) "Relative Clauses in Egyptian Arabic. Paper presented to the Autumn Meeting of the Linguistics Association of Great Britain, University of Newcastle.
Fehri, Abdelkader F. (1993) Issues in the Structure of Arabic Clauses and Words. Dordrecht: Springer-Science + Business Media, B.V.
Fischer, W. (2002) A Grammar of Classical Arabic. New Haven & London: Yale University Press.
Foley, M. & Hall, D. (2003) Advanced Learners' Grammar: A Self-Study Reference & Practice Book with Answers. Essex: Pearson Education Limited.
Ford, David C. (undated)"The influence of Word Order on Modern Standard Arabic Information Structure". No Place: Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics.
Fries, Charles C. (1940) American English Grammar. New York: Appleton- Century- Crofts, INC.
Gawron, Jean M.; King, J.; Lamping, J.; Loebner, E.; Paulson, E. Anne; Pullum, Geoffrey K.; Sag, Ivan A.; and Thomas, W.(1982)"Processing English with a Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar". University of Toronto: Blackwell Publishing. (Iraq Virtual Science Library-IVSL)
Gazdar, G. and Sag, I. (1981)" Passives and Reflexives in Phrase Structure Grammar". In J. Groenendijk, T. Janssen, and M. Stokhof (eds.) Formal Methods in the Study of Language. Amsterdam: Mathematical Centre Tracts.
Gazdar, G.; Klein, E.; Pullum, G.; and Sag, I. (1985) Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Greenberg, J. H. (1966)"Some Universals of Grammar with Particular Reference to the Order of Meaningful Elements". In J. H. Greenberg (ed.) Universals of Language. 2nd edition. Cambridge, Mass: MIT, pp. 58-90.
Halliday, M. A. K. (1985) An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Edward Arnold Publishers.
Halliday, M. A. K. (1994) An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Edward Arnold.
Halliday, M. A. K. and Matthiessen, C. (2004) An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Hodder Arnold.
Harlow, S. (1983) "Celtic Relatives". York Papers in Linguistics, 10.
Haywood, J. A. and Nahmad, H. M. (1965) A New Arabic Grammar of the Written Language. London: Lund Humphries Publishers Ltd.
Horrocks, G. (1983) "The Order of Constituents in Modern Greek". In Gazdar, K., and P. (1983). Order, Concord and Constituency. Dordrecht: Foris, pp. 95-112.
---------------------(1987)Generative Grammar. Essex: Longman Group UK Limited.
Jespersen, O. (1933) Essentials of English Grammar. London: George Allan & Unwin Ltd.
Jiyad, M. (2006) A Hundred and One Rules! A Short Reference for Arabic Syntactic, Morphological & Phonological Rules for Novice & Intermediate Levels of Proficiency, 2-4.
Kinberg, N. (2001) Studies in the Linguistic Structure of Classical Arabic. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV.
Kroeger, Paul R. (2005) Analyzing Grammar: An Introduction. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Leech, G. (2006) A Glossary of English Grammar. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press Ltd.
Levine, R. (1992) Formal Grammar: Theory and Implementation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Inc.
Mohammad, Mohammad A. (2000) Word Order, Agreement, and Pronominalization in Standard and Palestinian Arabic. Amsterdam: John Benjamins B. V.
Montague, R. (1970)"The Proper Treatment of Quantification in English". In Richmond T., ed. 1974. Formal Philosophy. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Mukattash, L. (2001) "Some Remarks on Arabic-English Contrastive Studies". Poznan Studies in Contemporary Linguistics, 37,115-126.
Peled, Yishai (2009) Sentence Types and Word-Order Patterns in Written Arabic: Medieval and Modern Perspectives. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV.
Portner, P. and Partee, Barbara H. (2002) Formal Semantics: The Essential Readings. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
Raimes, A. (2000) Pocket Keys for Writers. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
Richards, Jack C. and Schmidt, R. (2002) Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching & Applied Linguistics. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited.
Robins, R.H. (1989) General Linguistics. Essex: Longman Group UK Limited.
Rubio, G. (2008) Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics, Volume I: A-Ed. U.S.A.: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Russell, G. (1983) Compound Verbs and Constituent Order in German. Unpublished Paper, University of Sussex.
Ryding, Karin C. (2005) A Reference Grammar of Modern Standard Arabic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sadock, Jerrold M. (1974) Toward a Linguistic Theory of Speech Acts. London: Academic Press, Inc.
Sag, Ivan A. and Wasow, T. (1999) Syntactic Theory: A Formal Introduction. Stanford: CSLI Publications.
Salih, Mahmud H. (1985)"Aspects of Clause Structure in Standard Arabic: A Study in Relational Grammar". Buffalo: State University of New York.
Sells, P. (1982b) "Control in Modern Irish". Unpublished Paper. Amherst: University of Massachusetts.
Slioussar, N. (2011)"Processing of a Free Word Order Language: The Role of Syntax and Context". Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, Vol. 40, Issue 4, pp. 291-306. US: Springer. (Iraq Virtual Science Library- IVSL)
Song, Jae J. (2012) Research Surveys in Linguistics: Word Order. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Steer, J. and Carlisi, K. (1998) The Advanced Grammar Book. Boston: Heinle & Heinle Publishers.
Stucky, S. (1981) Word Order Variation in Makua: A Phrase Structure Grammar Analysis. Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign.
------------------(1982) " Linearization Rules and Typology" . In Daniel F., Marlys M., and Nancy W. (eds.). Proceedings of the First West
Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics. Stanford: Stanford Linguistics Department.
■-------------------(1983) " Verb Phrase Constituency and Linear Order in Makua". In Gazdar, G., Klein, E. and Pullum, G.K. (eds.), Order, Concord and Constituency. Dordrecht: Foris, 75-94.
Tallerman, M. (2005) Understanding Syntax. London: Hodder Education.
Uszkoreit, H. (1982a) "German Word Order in GPSG". In Daniel F., Marlys M., and Nancy W. (eds.), Proceedings of the First West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics. Stanford: Stanford Linguistics Department.
Wightwick, J. and Gaafar, M. (2005) Easy Arabic Grammar. North America: McGraw-Hill.
Published
2017-10-27
How to Cite
MANSOUR, A. S. (2017). ANALYSIS OF WORD ORDER IN ARABIC WITHIN THE THEORY OF GENERALIZED PHRASE STRUCTURE GRAMMAR. Journal of Duhok University, 20(2), 68-75. https://doi.org/10.26682/hjuod.2017.20.2.6
Section
Humanities and Social Sciences
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