MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION AND BIOMASS PRODUCTION OF AN ENDOPHYTIC Beauveria bassiana ISOLATED FROM CUCUMBER LEAVES IN IRAQ
Keywords:
Beauveriabassiana, endophytic fungi, biomass production, cucumber leaves
Abstract
Beauveriabassianaas an endophyte fungus was isolated for the first time from cucumber leaves in Duhok province, Kurdistan region, Iraq. The identification was based on molecular and morphological analyses. Morphological description matched well with its molecular analysis using ITS (Internal Transcribed Spacer region). Cultivation of B. bassiana isolate on rice and wheat grains as liquid and solid media have shown that the weight, sporulation and germination of the fungus differs significantly between two grains, the maximum weight of the fungus achieved when cultured on rice based medium as liquid (cooked rice) compared to wheat based medium. Inverse results recorded in the case of solid media that the maximum weight ofB. bassiana achieved on wheat compared to rice medium.
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References
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Abdullah S.K, Mustafa R.A and AssafL.H.(2015).Isolation of entomopathogenic and opportunistic fungi from soil in Duhokprovince,Kurdistan Region of Iraq by different selective media. Journal of Biology,Agriculture and Healthcare 5(4):73-79.
Akello J., Dubois T., Gold C., Coyne D., Nakavuma J., Paparu P. (2007): Beauveriabassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin as an endophyte in tissue culture banana (Musa spp.). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 96: 34–42.
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AssafL.H.,HaleemR.Aand Abdullah S.K. (2011).Association of entomopathogenic and other opportunistic fungi with insects in dormant locations. Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences 4:87-92.
Bhadauria B.P., Puri S., Singh P.K. (2012).Mass production of entomopathogenic fungi using Agricultural products. The bioscan, 7: 229-232.
Bills G.F. and Polishook J.D. (1991).Microfungi from Carpinuscaroliniana. Canadian Journal of Botany 69: 1477–1482.
Bin W. andMitsuaki S. (2006): Density dynamics of an entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveriabassiana introduced into fresh water. (Bulletin of FFPRI) 5: 227-233.
Brown D.E. (1988). The submerged culture of flamentous fungi. In: Berry DR, editor. Physiology of Industrial Fungi. Blackwell Scientific Publications; pp. 219–248.
Brownbridge M., Reay S.D., Nelson T.L. and Glare T.R.(2012). Persistence of Beauveriabassiana (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) as an endophyte following inoculation ofradiata pine seed and seedlings. Biol. Control 61: 194–200.
Charnley A.K. (1989). Mycoinsecticides: present use and future prospects. Progress and prospects in insect control. Br. Crop prot. Council Monogr: 43: 165- 181.
DoberskiJ.W. and Tribe H.T. (1980).Isolation of entomogenous fungi from elm bark and soil with reference to ecology of Beauveriabassiana and Metarhiziumanisopliae.Transactions of the British Mycological Society74: 95-100.
DongaT.K., Vega F.E and Klingen I.(2018).Establishment of the fungal entomopathogenBeauveriabassiana as an endophyte in sugarcane Saccharumofficinarum.Fungal Ecology 35:70-77
Evans H.C., Holmes K.A. and Thomas S.E. (2003).Endophytes and mycoparasites associated with an indigenous forest tree, Theobromagileri, in Ecuador and a preliminary assessment of their potential as biocontrol agents of cocoa diseases. Mycological Progress 2: 149–160.
Fargues J., Robert P.H. and Reisinger O. (1979).Formulation des productions de masse de phypomyceteentomopathogeneBeauveriabassiana en vue des applications phytosanitaires.Annales de zoologie- Ecologic Animale 11: 247- 257.
Feng M.G., Pu X.Y., Ying S.H. and Wang Y.G. (2004). Field trials of an oil based emulsifiable formulation of Beauveriabassiana conidia and low application rates of imidacloprid for control of false-eyed leafhopper Empoascavitis in Southern china. Journal of Crop Protection 23: 489-496.
Ferron P. (1981). Pest control by the fungi Beauveria and Metarhizium. (In:) H.D. Burges (ed.). Microbial control of pest and plant diseases, 1970-1980., Academic Press, London: 465–482.
Ganley R.J. and Newcombe G.(2005).Fungal endophytes in seeds and needles of Pinusmonticola. Mycological Research 110: 318–327.
Gouli V, Gouli S. and Kim J. S. (2014). Production of BeauveriabassianaAir Conidia by Means of Optimization of Biphasic System Technology. Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol. 57: 571-577.
Gurulingappa P., Sword G.A., Murdoch G. and McGee P.A. (2010). Colonization of crop plants by fungal entomopathogens and their effects on two insect pests when in planta. Biol. Control 55: 34–41.
Huang W.Y., Cai Y. Z., Xing J., Corke H. and Sun M. (2007). Potential antioxidant resource: endophytic fungi isolated from traditional Chinese medicinal plants. Economic Botany 61: 14–30.
Hyde K.D. andSoytongk. (2008).The fungal endophyte dilemma. Fungal Diversity 33:163-173.
Ibrahim L., Laham L., Touma A. and Ibrahim S. (2015).Mass Production, Yield, Quality, Formulation and Efficacy of EntomopathogenicMetarhiziumanisopliae conidia. British Journal of Applied Science and Technology 9: 427-440.
Ibrahim Y.B. and Low W. (1993). Potential of Mass Production and Field Efficacy of Isolates of the EntomopathoghenicFungi Beauveriabassiana and Paecilomycesfumosoroseus on Plutellaxylostella. J.Invertebr. Pathol. 39: 222-232.
Jackson M., McGuire M., Lacey L. andWraight S. (1997).Liquid culture production of desiccation tolerant blastospores of the bioinsecticidal fungus Paecilomycesfumosoroseus. Mycol. Res. 101: 35-41.
Jaronski1S.T. and Mascarin G.M. (2013). Mass Production of Fungal Entomopathogens: State of the Art chapter 9, pp 141-155.
Jenkins N.A. and Prior C. (1993).Growth and formation of try conidia by Metarhiziumflavoviridae in a simple liquid medium. Mycol. Res. 97: 1489–1494.
Jones K.D. (1994). Aspects of the biology and biological control of the European corn borer in North Carolina.Ph.D Thesis, Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University.
Kassa A.,Brownbridge M., Parker B.L., Skinner M., Gouli V., Gouli S., Guo M., Lee F. and Hata T. (2008).Whey for mass production of Beauveriabassiana and Metarhiziumanisopliae.Mycol Res.112: 583-591.
Latifian M., Rad B., Amani M. and Rahkhodaei E. (2013).Mass production of entomopathogenic fungi Beauveriabassiana (Balsamo) by using agricultural products based on liquid- solid diphasic method for date palm pest control. Intl J Agri Crop Sci. 5: 2337-2341,
Leckie B.M. (2002). Effects of Beauveriabassiana mycelia and metabolites incorporated into synthetic diet and fed to larval Helicoverpazea, and detection of endophyticBeauveriabassiana in tomato plants using PCR and ITS. M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Entomology, the University of Tennessee.
Leite L.G., Batista-Filho A., Almeida J.E.M. and Alves S.B. (2002). Technical aspects of the industrial production of entomopathogenic fungi in Brazil. In: 35th Annual Meeting of the Society of Invertebrate Pathology: Proceedings: Contributed abstracts; Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil: Embrapa. pp193.
Machado A. C. R., Monteiro A. C., de Almeida A. M. B. and Martins M. I. E. G. (2010): Production technology for entomopathogenic fungus using a biphasic culture system. Pesqagropec bras Brasilia 45: 1157-63.
Mascarin G.M., Jackson M.A., Kobori N.N., Behle R.W. andDelaliberaJr. I.(2015). Liquid culture fermentation for rapid production of desiccation tolerant blastospores of Beauveriabassianaand Isariafumosoroseastrains. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 127: 11–20.
NorilerS.A.,SaviD.C.,AlaizioR.,Palecro-CortesA.M.,Possiede Y.M andglienkeC.(2018).Bioprospecting and structure of fungal endophyte communities found in the Brazilian Biomass,Pantanalandceerrado. Front.Microbiol.9:1526.
Posada F., Aime M.C., Peterson S.W., Rehner S.A. and Vega F.E. (2007). Inoculation of coffee plants with the fungal entomopathogen Beauveriabassiana (Ascomycota: Hypocreales). Mycol Res 111:748–757
Quesada-Moraga E., Landa B.B., Mun˜oz-Ledesma J., Jime´nez-Dı´az R.M. and Santiago-A´ lvarez, C. (2006).Endophytic colonization of Opium poppy, Papaversomniferum, by an entomopathogenicBeauveriabassianastrain.Mycopathologia 161: 323–329.
RamosY., Portal O.,LysoeE.,Meyling N.V andklingenI. (2017): Diversity and abundance of Beauveriabassiana in soils, stink bugs and plant tissues of common bean from organic and conventional fields. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 150:114-120
Sergio O., Pablo S. and Martin A. (2003). Native and Introduced Host Plants of Anastrephafraterculus and Ceratitiscapitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Northwestern Argentina. Journal of Economic Entomology 96: 1108 – 1118.
Sikura A.I. andPrimak T.A. (1970).Native formulation of Boverin.Microbiological Industry of Soviet Union, Department of Information, Moscow; 1970. P. 1-44.
Strobel G.A. (2003). Endophytes as sources of bioactive products. Microbes and Infection, 5:535–544.
Tefera T. and Vidal S. (2009).Effect of inoculation method and plant growth medium onendophytic colonization of sorghum by the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveriabassiana.BioControl 54: 663-669.
Tu C.Cand KrischnerR. (2014). ITS barcodes for Beauveriabassiana in Taiwan.Fung.Sci.29:33-41.
Vakili N.G. (1990). Biocontrol of stalk rot in corn, pp. 87–105. In: Proceedings of the Forty-fourth Annual Corn and Sorghum Industry Research Conference, December 6–7, 1989, Chicago, IL. AmericanSeed Trade Association, Washington, DC.
Vega F.E. (2018). The use of fungal entomopathogens as endophytes in biological control: a review. Mycologia 110:4-30
White T.l., Bmns T., Lee S. and Taylor, l. (1990). Amplification and Direct Sequencing of Fungal Ribosomal RNA Genes for PhylogeneticsIn: PCR Protocols: AGuide to Methods and Applications (eds. M. AInnis, D.H.Gelfand, II Sninsky and TJ.White). Academic Press, SanDiego, California: 315-322.
Wilson D. (1995). Endophyte: the evolution of a term, and clarification of its use and definition. Oikos 73: 274–276.
Zheng R.Y and Jiang H.(1995). Rhizomucorendophyticus sp.nov.,anendophyticzygomycetes from higher plants. Mycotaxon 56:455-466.
Abdullah S.K, Mustafa R.A and AssafL.H.(2015).Isolation of entomopathogenic and opportunistic fungi from soil in Duhokprovince,Kurdistan Region of Iraq by different selective media. Journal of Biology,Agriculture and Healthcare 5(4):73-79.
Akello J., Dubois T., Gold C., Coyne D., Nakavuma J., Paparu P. (2007): Beauveriabassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin as an endophyte in tissue culture banana (Musa spp.). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 96: 34–42.
Arnold A. E. (2007).Understanding the diversity of foliar endophytic fungi: progress, challenges, and frontiers. Fungal Biology Reviews 21: 51–66.
Arnold A.E. and Lewis L.C. (2005).Ecology and evolution of fungal endophytes, and their roles against insects. In: Vega, F.E., Blackwell, M. (Eds.), Insect-Fungal Associations: Ecology and Evolution. Oxford University Press, NewYork, pp. 74–96.
AssafL.H. (2007).Ecological study and evaluation of activity of Beauvariabassiana (Bals.)Vuill.andPaecilomycesfarinosus (Dicks ex Fr.) on some biological aspects of sun pest on wheat (Ph.D thesis).University of Mosul, College of Agriculture and Forestry, Iraq, 231pp. (In Arabic).
AssafL.H.,HaleemR.Aand Abdullah S.K. (2011).Association of entomopathogenic and other opportunistic fungi with insects in dormant locations. Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences 4:87-92.
Bhadauria B.P., Puri S., Singh P.K. (2012).Mass production of entomopathogenic fungi using Agricultural products. The bioscan, 7: 229-232.
Bills G.F. and Polishook J.D. (1991).Microfungi from Carpinuscaroliniana. Canadian Journal of Botany 69: 1477–1482.
Bin W. andMitsuaki S. (2006): Density dynamics of an entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveriabassiana introduced into fresh water. (Bulletin of FFPRI) 5: 227-233.
Brown D.E. (1988). The submerged culture of flamentous fungi. In: Berry DR, editor. Physiology of Industrial Fungi. Blackwell Scientific Publications; pp. 219–248.
Brownbridge M., Reay S.D., Nelson T.L. and Glare T.R.(2012). Persistence of Beauveriabassiana (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) as an endophyte following inoculation ofradiata pine seed and seedlings. Biol. Control 61: 194–200.
Charnley A.K. (1989). Mycoinsecticides: present use and future prospects. Progress and prospects in insect control. Br. Crop prot. Council Monogr: 43: 165- 181.
DoberskiJ.W. and Tribe H.T. (1980).Isolation of entomogenous fungi from elm bark and soil with reference to ecology of Beauveriabassiana and Metarhiziumanisopliae.Transactions of the British Mycological Society74: 95-100.
DongaT.K., Vega F.E and Klingen I.(2018).Establishment of the fungal entomopathogenBeauveriabassiana as an endophyte in sugarcane Saccharumofficinarum.Fungal Ecology 35:70-77
Evans H.C., Holmes K.A. and Thomas S.E. (2003).Endophytes and mycoparasites associated with an indigenous forest tree, Theobromagileri, in Ecuador and a preliminary assessment of their potential as biocontrol agents of cocoa diseases. Mycological Progress 2: 149–160.
Fargues J., Robert P.H. and Reisinger O. (1979).Formulation des productions de masse de phypomyceteentomopathogeneBeauveriabassiana en vue des applications phytosanitaires.Annales de zoologie- Ecologic Animale 11: 247- 257.
Feng M.G., Pu X.Y., Ying S.H. and Wang Y.G. (2004). Field trials of an oil based emulsifiable formulation of Beauveriabassiana conidia and low application rates of imidacloprid for control of false-eyed leafhopper Empoascavitis in Southern china. Journal of Crop Protection 23: 489-496.
Ferron P. (1981). Pest control by the fungi Beauveria and Metarhizium. (In:) H.D. Burges (ed.). Microbial control of pest and plant diseases, 1970-1980., Academic Press, London: 465–482.
Ganley R.J. and Newcombe G.(2005).Fungal endophytes in seeds and needles of Pinusmonticola. Mycological Research 110: 318–327.
Gouli V, Gouli S. and Kim J. S. (2014). Production of BeauveriabassianaAir Conidia by Means of Optimization of Biphasic System Technology. Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol. 57: 571-577.
Gurulingappa P., Sword G.A., Murdoch G. and McGee P.A. (2010). Colonization of crop plants by fungal entomopathogens and their effects on two insect pests when in planta. Biol. Control 55: 34–41.
Huang W.Y., Cai Y. Z., Xing J., Corke H. and Sun M. (2007). Potential antioxidant resource: endophytic fungi isolated from traditional Chinese medicinal plants. Economic Botany 61: 14–30.
Hyde K.D. andSoytongk. (2008).The fungal endophyte dilemma. Fungal Diversity 33:163-173.
Ibrahim L., Laham L., Touma A. and Ibrahim S. (2015).Mass Production, Yield, Quality, Formulation and Efficacy of EntomopathogenicMetarhiziumanisopliae conidia. British Journal of Applied Science and Technology 9: 427-440.
Ibrahim Y.B. and Low W. (1993). Potential of Mass Production and Field Efficacy of Isolates of the EntomopathoghenicFungi Beauveriabassiana and Paecilomycesfumosoroseus on Plutellaxylostella. J.Invertebr. Pathol. 39: 222-232.
Jackson M., McGuire M., Lacey L. andWraight S. (1997).Liquid culture production of desiccation tolerant blastospores of the bioinsecticidal fungus Paecilomycesfumosoroseus. Mycol. Res. 101: 35-41.
Jaronski1S.T. and Mascarin G.M. (2013). Mass Production of Fungal Entomopathogens: State of the Art chapter 9, pp 141-155.
Jenkins N.A. and Prior C. (1993).Growth and formation of try conidia by Metarhiziumflavoviridae in a simple liquid medium. Mycol. Res. 97: 1489–1494.
Jones K.D. (1994). Aspects of the biology and biological control of the European corn borer in North Carolina.Ph.D Thesis, Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University.
Kassa A.,Brownbridge M., Parker B.L., Skinner M., Gouli V., Gouli S., Guo M., Lee F. and Hata T. (2008).Whey for mass production of Beauveriabassiana and Metarhiziumanisopliae.Mycol Res.112: 583-591.
Latifian M., Rad B., Amani M. and Rahkhodaei E. (2013).Mass production of entomopathogenic fungi Beauveriabassiana (Balsamo) by using agricultural products based on liquid- solid diphasic method for date palm pest control. Intl J Agri Crop Sci. 5: 2337-2341,
Leckie B.M. (2002). Effects of Beauveriabassiana mycelia and metabolites incorporated into synthetic diet and fed to larval Helicoverpazea, and detection of endophyticBeauveriabassiana in tomato plants using PCR and ITS. M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Entomology, the University of Tennessee.
Leite L.G., Batista-Filho A., Almeida J.E.M. and Alves S.B. (2002). Technical aspects of the industrial production of entomopathogenic fungi in Brazil. In: 35th Annual Meeting of the Society of Invertebrate Pathology: Proceedings: Contributed abstracts; Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil: Embrapa. pp193.
Machado A. C. R., Monteiro A. C., de Almeida A. M. B. and Martins M. I. E. G. (2010): Production technology for entomopathogenic fungus using a biphasic culture system. Pesqagropec bras Brasilia 45: 1157-63.
Mascarin G.M., Jackson M.A., Kobori N.N., Behle R.W. andDelaliberaJr. I.(2015). Liquid culture fermentation for rapid production of desiccation tolerant blastospores of Beauveriabassianaand Isariafumosoroseastrains. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 127: 11–20.
NorilerS.A.,SaviD.C.,AlaizioR.,Palecro-CortesA.M.,Possiede Y.M andglienkeC.(2018).Bioprospecting and structure of fungal endophyte communities found in the Brazilian Biomass,Pantanalandceerrado. Front.Microbiol.9:1526.
Posada F., Aime M.C., Peterson S.W., Rehner S.A. and Vega F.E. (2007). Inoculation of coffee plants with the fungal entomopathogen Beauveriabassiana (Ascomycota: Hypocreales). Mycol Res 111:748–757
Quesada-Moraga E., Landa B.B., Mun˜oz-Ledesma J., Jime´nez-Dı´az R.M. and Santiago-A´ lvarez, C. (2006).Endophytic colonization of Opium poppy, Papaversomniferum, by an entomopathogenicBeauveriabassianastrain.Mycopathologia 161: 323–329.
RamosY., Portal O.,LysoeE.,Meyling N.V andklingenI. (2017): Diversity and abundance of Beauveriabassiana in soils, stink bugs and plant tissues of common bean from organic and conventional fields. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 150:114-120
Sergio O., Pablo S. and Martin A. (2003). Native and Introduced Host Plants of Anastrephafraterculus and Ceratitiscapitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Northwestern Argentina. Journal of Economic Entomology 96: 1108 – 1118.
Sikura A.I. andPrimak T.A. (1970).Native formulation of Boverin.Microbiological Industry of Soviet Union, Department of Information, Moscow; 1970. P. 1-44.
Strobel G.A. (2003). Endophytes as sources of bioactive products. Microbes and Infection, 5:535–544.
Tefera T. and Vidal S. (2009).Effect of inoculation method and plant growth medium onendophytic colonization of sorghum by the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveriabassiana.BioControl 54: 663-669.
Tu C.Cand KrischnerR. (2014). ITS barcodes for Beauveriabassiana in Taiwan.Fung.Sci.29:33-41.
Vakili N.G. (1990). Biocontrol of stalk rot in corn, pp. 87–105. In: Proceedings of the Forty-fourth Annual Corn and Sorghum Industry Research Conference, December 6–7, 1989, Chicago, IL. AmericanSeed Trade Association, Washington, DC.
Vega F.E. (2018). The use of fungal entomopathogens as endophytes in biological control: a review. Mycologia 110:4-30
White T.l., Bmns T., Lee S. and Taylor, l. (1990). Amplification and Direct Sequencing of Fungal Ribosomal RNA Genes for PhylogeneticsIn: PCR Protocols: AGuide to Methods and Applications (eds. M. AInnis, D.H.Gelfand, II Sninsky and TJ.White). Academic Press, SanDiego, California: 315-322.
Wilson D. (1995). Endophyte: the evolution of a term, and clarification of its use and definition. Oikos 73: 274–276.
Zheng R.Y and Jiang H.(1995). Rhizomucorendophyticus sp.nov.,anendophyticzygomycetes from higher plants. Mycotaxon 56:455-466.
Published
2020-07-10
How to Cite
HASSAN, F. R., ABDULLAH, S. K., & ASSAF, L. H. (2020). MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION AND BIOMASS PRODUCTION OF AN ENDOPHYTIC Beauveria bassiana ISOLATED FROM CUCUMBER LEAVES IN IRAQ. Journal of Duhok University, 22(s2), 38-47. https://doi.org/10.26682/cajuod.2020.22.2.5
Section
Agriculture and Veterinary Science
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