The United States of America War of 1898 against Spain Empire
Keywords:
التاريخ الحديث, تاريخ الولايات المتحدة, الإمبراطورية الإسبانية, الصراع الإستعماري
Abstract
The new world force emerged at the end of nineteenth century and became a part of the conflict between the greatest forces in order to achieve some political and economical profits. The last decades of the nineteenth century were considered as the golden age of the United States of America as its ranked to be one of the greatest states. The first step that the United State of America took to achieve this rank was to content in war against Spain Empire in 1898, and it tried to obtain some political and economical profits from the dying empire. The researchers that were done at that period state those international, political and economical motives were behind the United States of America in 1898 against Spain Empire. The studies indicate that the reason behind the security disturbance in the area was the Caribbean conflict between Cuba and Spain Empire from 1895 to 1898 and this threatened the political and economical interests of the United States and led the United States to have fears of that the long conflict might give the opportunity to a European force, such as Germany, to have a role in the area since it had economical interests in the Caribbean Sea region. All these factors provoked the United State to have a role in the conflict of the Caribbean Sea region and had a role in the internal revolution against Spain colony in order to get ready to control the area that was considered as a strategic key for its security and to expand its policies in the future. As a result, this paper aims at discussing the motives of the United States of America to content the war of 1898 against Spain Empire and the most important stages of that war. At the same time, it aims at discussing the most important items of the treaty of Paris on the tenth of December in 1898 between the United States of America and Spain.
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References
( )Walter LaFeber. The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansion, 1860-1898 (New York, 1998); George C. Herring, From colony to superpower: US foreign relations since 1776 (Oxford University Press, 2008); Richard Handfield Titherington, A history of the Spanish-American war of 1898 (D. Appleton, 1900).
(2)Thomas Paterson, Imperial Surge (Lexington: D.C. Heath, 1992); Morgan H. Wayne, America's Road to Empire (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1993); Edward Crapol, ‘Coming to Terms with Empire’ in Michael Hogan (ed.) Paths to Power (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).
(3) John Offner, An Unwanted War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992); Louis A. Pérez, Jr, 1898: A War of the World, OAH Magazine of History, Vol. 12, No. 3, The War of 1898 (Spring, 1998).
(4) Bradford Perkins, The Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations: Volume 1, The Creation of a Republican Empire, 1776-1865. Vol. 1. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), Ch. 7-8; Howard Zinn, A people's history of the United States (London, New York: Longman Press, 1994), Ch. 12.
(5) Somervell, D.G, A History of the United States to 1941 (London, 1964) Pp.217-18.
(6) Herring, From Colony to Superpower…, p.265.
(7) Edward Crapol, James G. Blaine: architect of empire (Scholarly Resources, 2000), p.111; David Healy, US expansionism: the imperialist urge in the 1890s (USA, 1970), p.46; Herring, From Colony to Superpower…, p.299.
(8) Grover Cleveland: "Third Annual Message (second term)," December 2, 1895. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=29536. [accessed 18 July 2018].
(9) Stacie L. Pettyjohn, U.S. Global Defense Posture, 1783–2011 (RAND Corporation, 2012), Pp.25-8;
(10) Richard W. Turk, “Defending the New Em-pire, 1901–1914,” in Hagan McMaster and Samuel P. Huntington, “National Policy and the Transoceanic Navy,” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, Vol. 80, No. 5, (May 1954), p. 487.
(11) Philip A. Crowl, “Alfred Thayer Mahan: The Naval Historian,” in Peter Paret, Gordon A. Craig, and Felix Gilbert, (eds.), Makers of Modern Strategy: From Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1986; and Weigley, 1973), Pp.172–7.
(12) Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (New York, 1987), Pp.194-7.
(13) Ibid. Pp.198-202.
(14) Michael Mandelbaum, The Fate of Nations: The Search for National Security in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (UK, 1988), p.444.
(15) Dirk Bönker, Militarism in a Global Age: Naval Ambitions in Germany and the United States before World War I (Cornell University Press, 2012), Pp.36-41; Frank Schumacher, "The American Way of Empire: National Tradition and Transatlantic Adaptation in America’s Search for Imperial Identity, 1898–1910." Bulletin of the German Historical Institute 31 (2002), Pp.39-41.
(15) Michael Hunt, Ideology and US Foreign Policy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987), Pp.128-9.
(16) Carl Cavanagh Hodge, ed. Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, 1800-1914 (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008), Pp. 671-3; David Healy, “Imperialism”, in Alexander DeConde, Richard Dean Burns, Fredrik Logevall, and Louise B. Ketz (eds.) Encyclopedia of American foreign policy. Vol. 2. (Scribner, 2002), Pp. 219-23.
(17) Joseph Smith, Illusions of Conflict: Anglo-American Diplomacy Toward Latin America, 1865-1896 (USA, 1979), p.27.
(18) Fedotoff D. White, Papers relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, 1912 (Washington: Government Printing Office. 1914), p.25.
(19) U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1898 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1899), 757. Statement of 11 April.
(20) Elting E. Morison, (ed.), The Letters of Theo-dore Roosevelt, vol. I (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1951), Pp.510-12.
(21) Walter LaFeber, The American Search for Opportunity, 1865-1913, The Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations vol. II (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993), Ch. 7.
(22) Francis B. Loomis, "The Attitude of the United States Toward Other American Powers," Annals of the American Academy of Social and Political Science, XXVI (1905), P.24.
(23) Thomas Schoonover, “Imperialism in Middle America: United States, Britain, Germany, and France Compete for Transit Rights and Trade, 1820s-1920s,” in Rhodri Jeffreys-Jones (ed.) Eagle Against Empire: American Opposition to European Imperialism, 1914-1982 (EAAS, the European Association for American Studies, 1983), Pp.47-8.
(24) Louis A. Perez’s,” Intervention, Hegemony …, Pp.180-2.
(25) Robert L. Beisner, From the Old Diplomacy to the New, 1865-1900 (1975), p.15.
(26) Thomas D. Schoonover, The United States in Central America, 1860-1911: Episodes of Social Imperialism and Imperial Rivalry in the World System (USA, 1991), p.96.
(27) Kennedy, The Rise and Fall…, Pp.198-9.
(28) Aaron L. Friedberg, The weary titan: Britain and the experience of relative decline, 1895-1905 (New Jersey: 1988), Pp.24-5.
(29) Ibid.
(30) Walter LaFeber, The New Empire…, p.326.
(31) Thomas D. Schoonover, Dollars Over Dominion: The Triumph of Liberalism in Mexican-United States Relations, 1861-1867. (Louisiana, 1978), p.249.
(32) Piero Gleijeses, ‘1898: The Opposition to the Spanish-American War’, Journal of Latin American Studies, Vol. 35, No. 4 (Nov. 2003), p.686.
(33) Beisner, From the Old Diplomacy…, p.23.
(34) Michael Beckerman,” The Real Value of Yellow Journalism: James Creelman and Antonín Dvořák”, The Musical Quarterly, Vol. 77, No. 4 (Winter, 1993), Pp. 749-768; Kalman Goldstein, The Spanish-American War: A Documentary History with Commentaries (Rowman & Littlefield, 2014), p.11.
(35) James Creelman, “A Personal Voice”, New York World, May 17, 1896.
(36) For more see: George W. Auxier, “Middle Western Newspapers and the Spanish American War, 1895-1898”, The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. 26, No. 4 (Mar. 1940), Pp. 523-534.
(37) Alexis Heraclides and Ada Dialla, Humanitarian Intervention in the Long Nineteenth Century (Manchester University Press.2015), p.205.
(38) Whitelaw Reid, Problems of Expansion: As Considered in Papers and Addresses (Century Company, 1900), Ch.1.
(39) “Worst Insult to the United States in History”, New York Journal and Advertiser, February 9, 1898.
(40) Lewis L. Gould, The Spanish-American War and President McKinley (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1982).
(41) George Frederick Parker, Recollections of Grover Cleveland (New York, Century Co., 1909), Pp.249-50.
(42) Sonia Benson, Daniel E. Brannen Jr., and Rebecca Valentine, U•X•L Encyclopedia of U.S. History (Gale, Cengage Learning: 2009), P. 1454; Vincent J. Cirillo, Bullets and bacilli: The Spanish-American War and military medicine (Rutgers University Press, 2004), p. 7.
(43) Howard Wayne Morgan, America's road to empire: the war with Spain and overseas expansion (John Wiley & Sons, 1965), p.51.
(44) Richard H. Titherington, The History of the Spanish-American War of 1898 (New York, 1900), Pp. 67-68; Hon. James Rankin Young amd J. Hampton Moore, War with Spain Including Battles on Sea and Land: Containing A Complete Account of the Destruction of the Battleship “Maine” … (Washington, 1898), Pp. 47-50.
(45) Carlos Garcia Barron, "Enrique Dupuy de Lôme and the Spanish American War." The Americas vol. 36, no. 1, (1979), p.52.
(46) Louis Fisher, "Destruction of the Maine (1898)." The Law Library of Congress. Vol. 4. (2009(, p.1; Chas C. Haskell and Son, The American-Spanish War: A History by The War Leaders (London, 1899), p. 8.
(47) “CRISIS AT HAND cabinet in session, growing belief in SPANISH TREACHERY”, New York Journal and Advertiser, February 16, 1898.
(48) “DESTRUCTION OF THE WAR SHIP MAINE WAS THE WORK OF AN ENEMY “, New York Journal and Advertiser, February 17, 1898.
(49) Sylvia Li Hilton, The Spanish-American War of 1898: Queries Into The Relationship Between The Press, Public Opinion And Politics (Madrid, 1991), p. 72; Fisher, Destruction of the Maine…, p. 2; U.S. Diplomay and Yellow Journalism 1895-1898. [accessed 22 July 2018].
(50) George W. Auxier, “The Propaganda Activi-ties of the Cuban Junta in Precipitating the Spanish-American War,1895-1898”, The Hispanic American Historical Review, Vol. 19, No. 3 (Aug. 1939), Pp. 286-305; Ed Cray, Jonathan Kotler, and Miles Beller (eds.), American Datelines: Major News Stories from Colonial Times to the Present (University of Illinois Press, 2003), Pp. 97-9; Julius W. Pratt, “American Business and the Spanish-American War”, The Hispanic American Historical Review, Vol. 14, No. 2 (May, 1934), Pp. 163-201.
(51) Margaret Leech, In the Days of McKinley (New York, 1959), Pp. 151-93; Ernest R. May, Imperial Democracy: The Emergence of America as a Great Power (New York, I96I), Pp.152-77.
(52) Paul T. McCartney, “Religion, The Spanish-American War, and The Idea of American Mis-sion”, Journal of Church and State: Oxford University Press, 54. 2 (2011), p. 271; David C. Gompert, Hans Binnendijk and Bonny Lin, “The American Decision to Go to War with Spain, 1898”, Rand Coporation (2014), Pp. 57-59; William J. Schellings, Key West and the Spanish American War (n.p, n.d), p. 19.
(53) William McKinley: "Message to Congress Requesting a Declaration of War with Spain," April 11, 1898. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=103901. [accessed 24 July 2018].
(54) Charles Sumner Olcott, William McKinley. Vol. 2 (Houghton, Mifflin, 1916), p. 165.
(55) Walter LaFeber, The American Search for Opportunity, 1865-1913, The Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations vol. II (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993). Walter LaFeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansion, 1860-1898 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1963).
(56) Charles Eliot Norton (ed.), American Historical Documents, 1000–1904, vol. 43, The Harvard Classics (New York: P.F. Collier & Son, 1909–14; Bartleby.com, 2001).
(57) Member of The Commission, Report of the Commission Appointed by the President to Investigate the Conduct of the War Department in the War with Spain (Washington, 1899), p. 9.
(58) Joseph Smith, “The 'Splendid Little War' of 1898: A Reappraisal.” History, vol. 80, no. 258 (1995), Pp. 22–37.
(59) Alexis and Dialla, Humanitarian Interven-tion…, p. 208; J. A. Wisner and H. F. Humphrey, Sketches from The Spanish-American War in the Philippine Islands (University of S. S Baltimore, 1898), p. 21; Gompert, Binnendjik and Lin, “The American Decision…, 1898”, p.8.
(60) Nelson A. Miles, “The War with Spain. I” The North American Review, 168. 510 (1899), Pp. 525-527.
(61) David Trask, The Spanish-American War (2011).
[accessed 18 March 2018].
(62) Charles A. Beard and Mary R. Beard, History of the United State (New York, 1921), p. 266.
(63) Embassy of The France Republic in the united State, Letter from Mr Thiebaut to Mr Hay (Washington, 1898), Pp. 815-816
(64) Stacie L. Pettyjohn, U.S. Global Defense…, Pp.25-9.
(65) Haskell and Son, The American-Spanish War…, Pp. 284-285.
(66) Message from The President of The United Stated Transmitting A Treaty Of Peace Between The United State And Spain Signed At The City Of Paris (Washington, 1899), Pp. 4-6.
(67) Oscar E. Carlstrom, “The Spanish-American War”, Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society (1908-1984), Vol. 16, No. 1/2 (Apr. - Jul. 1923), Pp. 104-110.
(68) Thomas A. Bailey, “The United States and Hawaii during the Spanish-American War”, The American Historical Review, Vol. 36, No. 3 (Apr. 1931), Pp. 552-60.
(69) Amy Kaplan, “The Birth of an Empire”, PMLA, Vol. 114, No. 5 (Oct. 1999), Pp. 1068-69.
(71) James A. Zimmerman, “Who Were the Anti Imperialists and the Expansionists of 1898 and 1899? A Chicago Perspective.” Pacific Historical Review, vol. 46, no. 4 (1977), Pp. 589–601.
(72) Christopher Lasch, “The Anti-Imperialists, the Philippines, and the Inequality of Man.” The Journal of Southern History, vol. 24, no. 3 (1958), Pp. 319–31.
(73) Fred H. Harrington, "The Anti-Imperialist Movement in the United States, 1898-1900." The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 22.2 (1935), Pp. 211-30; John M. Gates, “Philippine Guerrillas, American Anti-Imperialists, and the Election of 1900.” Pacific Historical Review, vol. 46, no. 1 (1977), Pp. 51–64.
(74) David H. Burton, “Theodore Roosevelt: Confident Imperialist.” The Review of Politics, vol. 23, no. 3 (1961), Pp. 356–77; Edward N. Saveth, “Theodore Roosevelt: Image and Ideology.” New York History, vol. 72, no. 1 (1991), Pp. 45–68.
(2)Thomas Paterson, Imperial Surge (Lexington: D.C. Heath, 1992); Morgan H. Wayne, America's Road to Empire (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1993); Edward Crapol, ‘Coming to Terms with Empire’ in Michael Hogan (ed.) Paths to Power (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).
(3) John Offner, An Unwanted War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992); Louis A. Pérez, Jr, 1898: A War of the World, OAH Magazine of History, Vol. 12, No. 3, The War of 1898 (Spring, 1998).
(4) Bradford Perkins, The Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations: Volume 1, The Creation of a Republican Empire, 1776-1865. Vol. 1. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), Ch. 7-8; Howard Zinn, A people's history of the United States (London, New York: Longman Press, 1994), Ch. 12.
(5) Somervell, D.G, A History of the United States to 1941 (London, 1964) Pp.217-18.
(6) Herring, From Colony to Superpower…, p.265.
(7) Edward Crapol, James G. Blaine: architect of empire (Scholarly Resources, 2000), p.111; David Healy, US expansionism: the imperialist urge in the 1890s (USA, 1970), p.46; Herring, From Colony to Superpower…, p.299.
(8) Grover Cleveland: "Third Annual Message (second term)," December 2, 1895. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=29536. [accessed 18 July 2018].
(9) Stacie L. Pettyjohn, U.S. Global Defense Posture, 1783–2011 (RAND Corporation, 2012), Pp.25-8;
(10) Richard W. Turk, “Defending the New Em-pire, 1901–1914,” in Hagan McMaster and Samuel P. Huntington, “National Policy and the Transoceanic Navy,” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, Vol. 80, No. 5, (May 1954), p. 487.
(11) Philip A. Crowl, “Alfred Thayer Mahan: The Naval Historian,” in Peter Paret, Gordon A. Craig, and Felix Gilbert, (eds.), Makers of Modern Strategy: From Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1986; and Weigley, 1973), Pp.172–7.
(12) Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (New York, 1987), Pp.194-7.
(13) Ibid. Pp.198-202.
(14) Michael Mandelbaum, The Fate of Nations: The Search for National Security in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (UK, 1988), p.444.
(15) Dirk Bönker, Militarism in a Global Age: Naval Ambitions in Germany and the United States before World War I (Cornell University Press, 2012), Pp.36-41; Frank Schumacher, "The American Way of Empire: National Tradition and Transatlantic Adaptation in America’s Search for Imperial Identity, 1898–1910." Bulletin of the German Historical Institute 31 (2002), Pp.39-41.
(15) Michael Hunt, Ideology and US Foreign Policy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987), Pp.128-9.
(16) Carl Cavanagh Hodge, ed. Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, 1800-1914 (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008), Pp. 671-3; David Healy, “Imperialism”, in Alexander DeConde, Richard Dean Burns, Fredrik Logevall, and Louise B. Ketz (eds.) Encyclopedia of American foreign policy. Vol. 2. (Scribner, 2002), Pp. 219-23.
(17) Joseph Smith, Illusions of Conflict: Anglo-American Diplomacy Toward Latin America, 1865-1896 (USA, 1979), p.27.
(18) Fedotoff D. White, Papers relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, 1912 (Washington: Government Printing Office. 1914), p.25.
(19) U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1898 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1899), 757. Statement of 11 April.
(20) Elting E. Morison, (ed.), The Letters of Theo-dore Roosevelt, vol. I (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1951), Pp.510-12.
(21) Walter LaFeber, The American Search for Opportunity, 1865-1913, The Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations vol. II (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993), Ch. 7.
(22) Francis B. Loomis, "The Attitude of the United States Toward Other American Powers," Annals of the American Academy of Social and Political Science, XXVI (1905), P.24.
(23) Thomas Schoonover, “Imperialism in Middle America: United States, Britain, Germany, and France Compete for Transit Rights and Trade, 1820s-1920s,” in Rhodri Jeffreys-Jones (ed.) Eagle Against Empire: American Opposition to European Imperialism, 1914-1982 (EAAS, the European Association for American Studies, 1983), Pp.47-8.
(24) Louis A. Perez’s,” Intervention, Hegemony …, Pp.180-2.
(25) Robert L. Beisner, From the Old Diplomacy to the New, 1865-1900 (1975), p.15.
(26) Thomas D. Schoonover, The United States in Central America, 1860-1911: Episodes of Social Imperialism and Imperial Rivalry in the World System (USA, 1991), p.96.
(27) Kennedy, The Rise and Fall…, Pp.198-9.
(28) Aaron L. Friedberg, The weary titan: Britain and the experience of relative decline, 1895-1905 (New Jersey: 1988), Pp.24-5.
(29) Ibid.
(30) Walter LaFeber, The New Empire…, p.326.
(31) Thomas D. Schoonover, Dollars Over Dominion: The Triumph of Liberalism in Mexican-United States Relations, 1861-1867. (Louisiana, 1978), p.249.
(32) Piero Gleijeses, ‘1898: The Opposition to the Spanish-American War’, Journal of Latin American Studies, Vol. 35, No. 4 (Nov. 2003), p.686.
(33) Beisner, From the Old Diplomacy…, p.23.
(34) Michael Beckerman,” The Real Value of Yellow Journalism: James Creelman and Antonín Dvořák”, The Musical Quarterly, Vol. 77, No. 4 (Winter, 1993), Pp. 749-768; Kalman Goldstein, The Spanish-American War: A Documentary History with Commentaries (Rowman & Littlefield, 2014), p.11.
(35) James Creelman, “A Personal Voice”, New York World, May 17, 1896.
(36) For more see: George W. Auxier, “Middle Western Newspapers and the Spanish American War, 1895-1898”, The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. 26, No. 4 (Mar. 1940), Pp. 523-534.
(37) Alexis Heraclides and Ada Dialla, Humanitarian Intervention in the Long Nineteenth Century (Manchester University Press.2015), p.205.
(38) Whitelaw Reid, Problems of Expansion: As Considered in Papers and Addresses (Century Company, 1900), Ch.1.
(39) “Worst Insult to the United States in History”, New York Journal and Advertiser, February 9, 1898.
(40) Lewis L. Gould, The Spanish-American War and President McKinley (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1982).
(41) George Frederick Parker, Recollections of Grover Cleveland (New York, Century Co., 1909), Pp.249-50.
(42) Sonia Benson, Daniel E. Brannen Jr., and Rebecca Valentine, U•X•L Encyclopedia of U.S. History (Gale, Cengage Learning: 2009), P. 1454; Vincent J. Cirillo, Bullets and bacilli: The Spanish-American War and military medicine (Rutgers University Press, 2004), p. 7.
(43) Howard Wayne Morgan, America's road to empire: the war with Spain and overseas expansion (John Wiley & Sons, 1965), p.51.
(44) Richard H. Titherington, The History of the Spanish-American War of 1898 (New York, 1900), Pp. 67-68; Hon. James Rankin Young amd J. Hampton Moore, War with Spain Including Battles on Sea and Land: Containing A Complete Account of the Destruction of the Battleship “Maine” … (Washington, 1898), Pp. 47-50.
(45) Carlos Garcia Barron, "Enrique Dupuy de Lôme and the Spanish American War." The Americas vol. 36, no. 1, (1979), p.52.
(46) Louis Fisher, "Destruction of the Maine (1898)." The Law Library of Congress. Vol. 4. (2009(, p.1; Chas C. Haskell and Son, The American-Spanish War: A History by The War Leaders (London, 1899), p. 8.
(47) “CRISIS AT HAND cabinet in session, growing belief in SPANISH TREACHERY”, New York Journal and Advertiser, February 16, 1898.
(48) “DESTRUCTION OF THE WAR SHIP MAINE WAS THE WORK OF AN ENEMY “, New York Journal and Advertiser, February 17, 1898.
(49) Sylvia Li Hilton, The Spanish-American War of 1898: Queries Into The Relationship Between The Press, Public Opinion And Politics (Madrid, 1991), p. 72; Fisher, Destruction of the Maine…, p. 2; U.S. Diplomay and Yellow Journalism 1895-1898.
(50) George W. Auxier, “The Propaganda Activi-ties of the Cuban Junta in Precipitating the Spanish-American War,1895-1898”, The Hispanic American Historical Review, Vol. 19, No. 3 (Aug. 1939), Pp. 286-305; Ed Cray, Jonathan Kotler, and Miles Beller (eds.), American Datelines: Major News Stories from Colonial Times to the Present (University of Illinois Press, 2003), Pp. 97-9; Julius W. Pratt, “American Business and the Spanish-American War”, The Hispanic American Historical Review, Vol. 14, No. 2 (May, 1934), Pp. 163-201.
(51) Margaret Leech, In the Days of McKinley (New York, 1959), Pp. 151-93; Ernest R. May, Imperial Democracy: The Emergence of America as a Great Power (New York, I96I), Pp.152-77.
(52) Paul T. McCartney, “Religion, The Spanish-American War, and The Idea of American Mis-sion”, Journal of Church and State: Oxford University Press, 54. 2 (2011), p. 271; David C. Gompert, Hans Binnendijk and Bonny Lin, “The American Decision to Go to War with Spain, 1898”, Rand Coporation (2014), Pp. 57-59; William J. Schellings, Key West and the Spanish American War (n.p, n.d), p. 19.
(53) William McKinley: "Message to Congress Requesting a Declaration of War with Spain," April 11, 1898. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=103901. [accessed 24 July 2018].
(54) Charles Sumner Olcott, William McKinley. Vol. 2 (Houghton, Mifflin, 1916), p. 165.
(55) Walter LaFeber, The American Search for Opportunity, 1865-1913, The Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations vol. II (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993). Walter LaFeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansion, 1860-1898 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1963).
(56) Charles Eliot Norton (ed.), American Historical Documents, 1000–1904, vol. 43, The Harvard Classics (New York: P.F. Collier & Son, 1909–14; Bartleby.com, 2001).
(57) Member of The Commission, Report of the Commission Appointed by the President to Investigate the Conduct of the War Department in the War with Spain (Washington, 1899), p. 9.
(58) Joseph Smith, “The 'Splendid Little War' of 1898: A Reappraisal.” History, vol. 80, no. 258 (1995), Pp. 22–37.
(59) Alexis and Dialla, Humanitarian Interven-tion…, p. 208; J. A. Wisner and H. F. Humphrey, Sketches from The Spanish-American War in the Philippine Islands (University of S. S Baltimore, 1898), p. 21; Gompert, Binnendjik and Lin, “The American Decision…, 1898”, p.8.
(60) Nelson A. Miles, “The War with Spain. I” The North American Review, 168. 510 (1899), Pp. 525-527.
(61) David Trask, The Spanish-American War (2011).
(62) Charles A. Beard and Mary R. Beard, History of the United State (New York, 1921), p. 266.
(63) Embassy of The France Republic in the united State, Letter from Mr Thiebaut to Mr Hay (Washington, 1898), Pp. 815-816
(64) Stacie L. Pettyjohn, U.S. Global Defense…, Pp.25-9.
(65) Haskell and Son, The American-Spanish War…, Pp. 284-285.
(66) Message from The President of The United Stated Transmitting A Treaty Of Peace Between The United State And Spain Signed At The City Of Paris (Washington, 1899), Pp. 4-6.
(67) Oscar E. Carlstrom, “The Spanish-American War”, Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society (1908-1984), Vol. 16, No. 1/2 (Apr. - Jul. 1923), Pp. 104-110.
(68) Thomas A. Bailey, “The United States and Hawaii during the Spanish-American War”, The American Historical Review, Vol. 36, No. 3 (Apr. 1931), Pp. 552-60.
(69) Amy Kaplan, “The Birth of an Empire”, PMLA, Vol. 114, No. 5 (Oct. 1999), Pp. 1068-69.
(71) James A. Zimmerman, “Who Were the Anti Imperialists and the Expansionists of 1898 and 1899? A Chicago Perspective.” Pacific Historical Review, vol. 46, no. 4 (1977), Pp. 589–601.
(72) Christopher Lasch, “The Anti-Imperialists, the Philippines, and the Inequality of Man.” The Journal of Southern History, vol. 24, no. 3 (1958), Pp. 319–31.
(73) Fred H. Harrington, "The Anti-Imperialist Movement in the United States, 1898-1900." The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 22.2 (1935), Pp. 211-30; John M. Gates, “Philippine Guerrillas, American Anti-Imperialists, and the Election of 1900.” Pacific Historical Review, vol. 46, no. 1 (1977), Pp. 51–64.
(74) David H. Burton, “Theodore Roosevelt: Confident Imperialist.” The Review of Politics, vol. 23, no. 3 (1961), Pp. 356–77; Edward N. Saveth, “Theodore Roosevelt: Image and Ideology.” New York History, vol. 72, no. 1 (1991), Pp. 45–68.
Published
2019-08-27
How to Cite
Muhamada, S. S., & MohammedAmeen, S. S. (2019). The United States of America War of 1898 against Spain Empire. Journal of Duhok University, 21(2), 584-601. Retrieved from https://journal.uod.ac/index.php/uodjournal/article/view/369
Section
Humanities and Social Sciences
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