EFFECTS OF IRRIGATION FREQUENCY AND RETRIEVE CONSUMPTIVE USE ON GROWTH AND PRODUCTION OF SORGHUM UNDER SEMIARID CONDITION
Keywords:
sorghum speed feed variety, growth parameters, irrigation frequency, retrieve consumptive use.
Abstract
The aim of this study to evaluate the effect of drip irrigation frequency and retrieve consumptive use rate on growth parameters of Sorghum crop speed feed variety. The study was carried out at the field of College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, Duhok University, were studied for growing season (2019-2020) under conditions of Duhok semi-arid region, using drip irrigation system.
The irrigation frequency (IF1, IF2, IF3 and IF4) arranged in main plots under three levels of retrieve consumptive use which were (1.00 CU, 0.70 CU and 0.40 CU) in the sub plots and using 2880 plants density ha-1.
The data were recorded on leaf area index, net assimilation rate, growth rate, leaf area, specific leaf area, plant height and crop response factor (KY) were determined.
The results showed that the actual evapotranspiration (ETa) was linearly related with water applied and retrieve consumptive use Under the three levels of retrieve consumptive use (1.00 CU, 0.70 CU, 0.40 CU) the cumulative actual evapotranspiration (ETa) were 565.40, 395.78 and 226.16 mm, irrigation water 589.05 , 419.55 and 250.13 mm and water use were 595.68, 425.80 and 256.12 mm. these parameters were measured from the beginning of emergency stage until cutting green forage yield of Sorghum crop.
The values of Sorghum growth parameters of leaf area index, net assimilation rate, relative growth rate, leaf area, specific leaf area, stem radius and total leaves number increased with increasing irrigation frequency, IF and retrieve consumptive use. The highest values of the parameters were obtained for IF1 (once in 1 day) under level (1.00) retrieve consumptive use.
Crop response factor (KY) decreased with increasing irrigation frequency (IF) while it increased with increasing retrieve consumptive use (CU).
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References
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Addo-Quaye, A.A., A.A. Darkawa, and G.K. Ocloo., 2011. Growth analysis of component in a maize-soybean intercropping system as affected by time of croping and spatial arrangement. ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science 6(6):34-44.
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Al-Mozani, S. J. and K. I. Al- Tai., 2014. The effect of genotypes and stage of cutting in the quantity and the quality of sorghum forage. The Iraqi. J. Agric. Sci. 45. (6): 537546.
Al-Sulaivani, S.I.A. 1993. Physicochemical Behavior of Ortho and Pyrophosphate in Some Calcareous Soils from Northern of Iraq (Doctoral dissertation, Ph. D.Dissertation, University of Baghdad). ASAE 323-334.
Assouline, S. 2002. The effects of micro drip and conventional drip irrigation on water distribution and uptake. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J.66, 1630–1636.
Attiya, H. J. and K. M. Whib., 1989. Understanding of crop production. Translated, printed in AL-Hikma publication, Univ. of Baghdad.
Ayotamuno, J.M., Akor, A.J., Teme, S.C., Essiet, E.W.U., Isirimah, N.O. and Idike, F.I., 1997. Computing maize crop coefficients in the Port Harcourt area, Nigeria, using a class A pan evaporimeter. Outlook on agriculture,26(3), pp.185-189.
Bashour, I.I. and Sayegh, A.H., 2007. Methods of analysis for soils of arid and semi-arid regions. FAO.
Cakir, R. 2004. Effect of water stress at different development stages on vegetative and reproductive growth of corn. Field Crops Research, 89(1), 1-16.
Doorenbos, J. and Kassam, A.H., 1979. Yield response to water. FAO Irrigation and drainage paper, No. 33, FAO, Roma, Italia. p.257.
El-Hendawy, S.E., Abd El-Lattief, E.A., Ahmed, A.S. and Schmidhalter, U., 2008a. Irrigation rate and plant density effects on yield and water use efficiency of drip-irrigated corn. Agric. Water Manage. 95, 836–844.
El-Hendawy, S.E., Hokam, E.M. and Schmidhalter, U., 2008b. Drip irrigation frequency: the effects and their interaction with nitrogen fertilization on sandy soil water distribution, maize yield and water use efficiency under Egyptian conditions. J. Agron. Crop Sci. 194, 180–192.
Enyi, B.A.C. 1977. Analysis growth and yield of two sorghum varieties. Ghana Jnl agric. Sci. 10:165-176.
Estefan, G., Sommer, R. and Ryan, J., 2013. Methods of soil, plant, and water analysis: A manual for the west, Asia and North Africa Region. ICARDA, Beirut, Lebanon.
Farahani, H.J., Izzi, G. and Oweis, T.Y., 2009. Parameterization and evaluation of the Aqua Crop model for full and deficit irrigated cotton. Agronomy Journal, 101(3), pp.469-476.
Fattah, M.A. 2009. The interactive effects of water magnetic treatment and deficit irrigation on plant productivity and water use efficiency of corn (Zea mays L.). MSc theses. University of Sulaimani. Sulaimani-Iraq.
Fghire, R., Anaya, F., Issa, O. A., & Wahbi, S. (2017). Physiological and growth response traits to water deficit as indicators of tolerance criteria between quinoa genotypes. Journal of Materials and Environmental Sciences, 8(6), 2084-2093.
Gardner, F.P., R.B. Pearce, and R.L. Mitchell., 1991. Fisiologi tanaman budidaya. Cetakan pertama. Judul asli: Physiology of crop crops. Penerjemah: H. Susilo. Pendamping: Subiyanto. UI-Press. Jakarta.
Hancoch, D. W., U. Saha., R. L. Stewart., J. K. Bernard., R. C. Smith, and J. M. Johnson., 2014. Understanding and improving forage quality.USA Extension Bulletin 1425.
Heerman, D.F. 1985. ET in irrigation management. In proceedings of the National Conference on Advances in Evapotranspiration. Trans. ASAE 323-334.
Hsiao, T.C., Heng, L., Steduto, P., Rojas-Lara, B., Raes, D. and Fereres, E., 2009. AquaCrop—the FAO Crop Model to simulate yield response to water: III. Parameterization and testing for maize. Agronomy Journal, 101(3), pp.448-459.
Israelson, D.W., and V.E. Hansen, 1980. Irrigation principles and practices 4th ed., Wiley, New York.
Jamieson, P.D., Martin, R.J., Francis, G.S. and Wilson, D.R., 1995. Drought effects on biomass production and radiation use efficiency in barley. Field Crops Res., 43, 77-86.
Kanber, R., Yazar, A. and Eylen, M., 1990. Water–yield relations of second crop corn grown after wheat under Cukurova conditions. Research Institute of Tarsus. General Publication 156p.
Karam, F., Breidy, J., Stephan, C. and Rouphael, J., 2003. Evapotranspiration, yield and water use efficiency of drip irrigated corn in the Bekaa Valley of Lebanon. Agricultural Water Management, 63(2), pp.125-137.
Khalaf, A. A., Issazadeh, L., Abdullah, Z. A., and Hassanpour, J., 2019. Growth and Yield Assessment of Two Types of Sorghum-Sudan grass Hybrids as Affected by Deficit Irrigation International Journal of Agricultural and Biosystems. Engineering, 13(7), 214-218.
Klute, A.(ed), 1986. Methods of soil analysis. Part 1.2nd ed. Agron. Monogr. 9.ASA and SSSA. Madison. WI.
Moore, K. T. and H. J. G. Jung., 2001. Lignin and fiber digestion. J. R. Man.54: 420430.
Musick, J.T., and Dusek, D.A., 1980. Irrigation corn response to water transaction of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers 23(1):92-98, 103.
Ottman, M. J. and M. W. Olsen., 2009. Growing grain sorghum in Arizona. The university of Arizona, college of Agriculture and life Sciences; Arizona 85721.
Pandey, R.K., Maranville, J.W. and Admou, A., 2000. Deficit irrigation and nitrogen effects on maize in a Sahelian environment. I. Grain yield and yield components. Agric. Water Manage. 46, 1–13.
Payero, J.O., Tarkalson, D.D., Irmak, S., Davison, D. and Petersen, J.L., 2008. Effect of irrigation amounts applied with subsurface drip irrigation on corn evapotranspiration, yield, water use efficiency, and dry matter production in a semiarid climate. Agricultural Water Management, 95(8), pp.895-908.
Prakash, R., K. Ramamurthy., A. Nirmala Kumari, and P. Nagarjan., 2010. Correlation and path analysis in sorghum. Electronic Jour. of plant Breeding.1(3):315-318.
Pollo, R., Sitompul, S. M., Guritno, B. and Tyasmoro, Y. S., 2018. CROP GROWTH PARAMETERS OF GRAIN SORGHUM VARIETIES (SORGHUM BICOLOR (L.) MOENCH) AT DIFFERENT CROP SPACING. Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, 74(2).
Ramazanzadeh, S. and M.R. Asgharipour., 2011. Physiological growth responses of sorghum genotypes to impairment of crop photosynthesis using potassium iodide. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 5(11):1884-1890.
Rowell, D.L. 2014. Soil science: Methods & applications. Routledge.
Saab, I.N., Sharp, R.E. and Pritchard, J., 1992. Effect of inhibition of abscisic acid accumulation on the spatial distribution of elongation in the primary root and mesocotyl of maize at low water potentials. Plant Physiology, 99(1), pp.26-33.
Saberi, A. R., and Aishah, S. H., 2013. Growth analysis of forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) varieties under varying salinity and irrigation frequency. International Journal of Biotechnology, 2(7), 130-140.
Sammis, T.W., Smeal, D. and Williams, S., 1988. Predicting corn yield under limited irrigation using plant height. Transactions of the ASAE, 31(3), pp.830-0837.
Showler, A.T. 2002. Effects of water deficit stress, shade, weed competition, and kaolin particle film on selected foliar free amino acid accumulations in cotton, Gossypium hirsutum (L.). Journal of Chemical Ecology, 28(3), pp.631-651.
Stewart, D.W. and Dwyer, L.M., 1999. Mathematical characterization of leaf shape and area of maize hybrids. Crop Science, 39(2), pp.422- 427.
Stone, P.J., Wilson, D.R., Jamieson, P.D. and Gillespie, R.N., 2001. Water deficit effects on sweet corn. Part II. Canopy development. Aust. J. Agric. Res., 52, 115-126.
Thomas, S.C. 2010. Photosynthetic capacity peaks at intermediate size in temperate deciduous trees. Tree Physiol. 30, 555. https: //doi. org/10.1093/treephys/tpq005
Walkely, A. and Black, I.A., 1934. An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil science, 37(1), pp.29-38.
Wang, F.X., Kang, Y. and Liu, S.P., 2006. Effects of drip irrigation frequency on soil wetting pattern and potato growth in North China Plain. Agric. Water Manage.79,248–264.
Wright, I.J., Reich, P.B., Westoby, M., Ackerly, D.D., Baruch, Z., Bongers, F., CavenderBares, J., Chapin, T., Cornelissen, J.H. and Diemer, M., 2004. The worldwide leaf economics spectrum. Nature 428, 821. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02403
Yihun, Y.M., Schultz, B., Mehari Haile, A. and Erkossa, T., 2011. Optimizing Teff productivity in water stressed region of Ethiopia. ICID 21st International Congress on Irrigation and Drainage.
Yildirin, O., Kodal, S., Selenay, F., Yildirin, Y.E. and Ozturk, A., 1996. Yeterli ve kistil sulma suyu Kosullarianda Misir Verimi. Turk. J. Agric. For. 20 (4):283-288 (English abstract).
Abdullah, K., Gokhan, T., Yusuf, U. and Belgin, C., 2004. Effects of mulch and irrigation water amounts on lettuce’s yield, evapotranspiration, transpiration and soil evaporation in Isparta location, Turkey. Journal of Biological Science, 4, pp.751-755.
Addo-Quaye, A.A., A.A. Darkawa, and G.K. Ocloo., 2011. Growth analysis of component in a maize-soybean intercropping system as affected by time of croping and spatial arrangement. ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science 6(6):34-44.
Allen, R.G., Pereira, L.S., Raes, D. and Smith, M., 1998. Crop evapotranspiration-Guidelines for computing crop water requirements-FAO Irrigation and drainage paper 56. FAO, Rome, 300(9), ppD05109.
Al-Mozani, S. J. and K. I. Al- Tai., 2014. The effect of genotypes and stage of cutting in the quantity and the quality of sorghum forage. The Iraqi. J. Agric. Sci. 45. (6): 537546.
Al-Sulaivani, S.I.A. 1993. Physicochemical Behavior of Ortho and Pyrophosphate in Some Calcareous Soils from Northern of Iraq (Doctoral dissertation, Ph. D.Dissertation, University of Baghdad). ASAE 323-334.
Assouline, S. 2002. The effects of micro drip and conventional drip irrigation on water distribution and uptake. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J.66, 1630–1636.
Attiya, H. J. and K. M. Whib., 1989. Understanding of crop production. Translated, printed in AL-Hikma publication, Univ. of Baghdad.
Ayotamuno, J.M., Akor, A.J., Teme, S.C., Essiet, E.W.U., Isirimah, N.O. and Idike, F.I., 1997. Computing maize crop coefficients in the Port Harcourt area, Nigeria, using a class A pan evaporimeter. Outlook on agriculture,26(3), pp.185-189.
Bashour, I.I. and Sayegh, A.H., 2007. Methods of analysis for soils of arid and semi-arid regions. FAO.
Cakir, R. 2004. Effect of water stress at different development stages on vegetative and reproductive growth of corn. Field Crops Research, 89(1), 1-16.
Doorenbos, J. and Kassam, A.H., 1979. Yield response to water. FAO Irrigation and drainage paper, No. 33, FAO, Roma, Italia. p.257.
El-Hendawy, S.E., Abd El-Lattief, E.A., Ahmed, A.S. and Schmidhalter, U., 2008a. Irrigation rate and plant density effects on yield and water use efficiency of drip-irrigated corn. Agric. Water Manage. 95, 836–844.
El-Hendawy, S.E., Hokam, E.M. and Schmidhalter, U., 2008b. Drip irrigation frequency: the effects and their interaction with nitrogen fertilization on sandy soil water distribution, maize yield and water use efficiency under Egyptian conditions. J. Agron. Crop Sci. 194, 180–192.
Enyi, B.A.C. 1977. Analysis growth and yield of two sorghum varieties. Ghana Jnl agric. Sci. 10:165-176.
Estefan, G., Sommer, R. and Ryan, J., 2013. Methods of soil, plant, and water analysis: A manual for the west, Asia and North Africa Region. ICARDA, Beirut, Lebanon.
Farahani, H.J., Izzi, G. and Oweis, T.Y., 2009. Parameterization and evaluation of the Aqua Crop model for full and deficit irrigated cotton. Agronomy Journal, 101(3), pp.469-476.
Fattah, M.A. 2009. The interactive effects of water magnetic treatment and deficit irrigation on plant productivity and water use efficiency of corn (Zea mays L.). MSc theses. University of Sulaimani. Sulaimani-Iraq.
Fghire, R., Anaya, F., Issa, O. A., & Wahbi, S. (2017). Physiological and growth response traits to water deficit as indicators of tolerance criteria between quinoa genotypes. Journal of Materials and Environmental Sciences, 8(6), 2084-2093.
Gardner, F.P., R.B. Pearce, and R.L. Mitchell., 1991. Fisiologi tanaman budidaya. Cetakan pertama. Judul asli: Physiology of crop crops. Penerjemah: H. Susilo. Pendamping: Subiyanto. UI-Press. Jakarta.
Hancoch, D. W., U. Saha., R. L. Stewart., J. K. Bernard., R. C. Smith, and J. M. Johnson., 2014. Understanding and improving forage quality.USA Extension Bulletin 1425.
Heerman, D.F. 1985. ET in irrigation management. In proceedings of the National Conference on Advances in Evapotranspiration. Trans. ASAE 323-334.
Hsiao, T.C., Heng, L., Steduto, P., Rojas-Lara, B., Raes, D. and Fereres, E., 2009. AquaCrop—the FAO Crop Model to simulate yield response to water: III. Parameterization and testing for maize. Agronomy Journal, 101(3), pp.448-459.
Israelson, D.W., and V.E. Hansen, 1980. Irrigation principles and practices 4th ed., Wiley, New York.
Jamieson, P.D., Martin, R.J., Francis, G.S. and Wilson, D.R., 1995. Drought effects on biomass production and radiation use efficiency in barley. Field Crops Res., 43, 77-86.
Kanber, R., Yazar, A. and Eylen, M., 1990. Water–yield relations of second crop corn grown after wheat under Cukurova conditions. Research Institute of Tarsus. General Publication 156p.
Karam, F., Breidy, J., Stephan, C. and Rouphael, J., 2003. Evapotranspiration, yield and water use efficiency of drip irrigated corn in the Bekaa Valley of Lebanon. Agricultural Water Management, 63(2), pp.125-137.
Khalaf, A. A., Issazadeh, L., Abdullah, Z. A., and Hassanpour, J., 2019. Growth and Yield Assessment of Two Types of Sorghum-Sudan grass Hybrids as Affected by Deficit Irrigation International Journal of Agricultural and Biosystems. Engineering, 13(7), 214-218.
Klute, A.(ed), 1986. Methods of soil analysis. Part 1.2nd ed. Agron. Monogr. 9.ASA and SSSA. Madison. WI.
Moore, K. T. and H. J. G. Jung., 2001. Lignin and fiber digestion. J. R. Man.54: 420430.
Musick, J.T., and Dusek, D.A., 1980. Irrigation corn response to water transaction of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers 23(1):92-98, 103.
Ottman, M. J. and M. W. Olsen., 2009. Growing grain sorghum in Arizona. The university of Arizona, college of Agriculture and life Sciences; Arizona 85721.
Pandey, R.K., Maranville, J.W. and Admou, A., 2000. Deficit irrigation and nitrogen effects on maize in a Sahelian environment. I. Grain yield and yield components. Agric. Water Manage. 46, 1–13.
Payero, J.O., Tarkalson, D.D., Irmak, S., Davison, D. and Petersen, J.L., 2008. Effect of irrigation amounts applied with subsurface drip irrigation on corn evapotranspiration, yield, water use efficiency, and dry matter production in a semiarid climate. Agricultural Water Management, 95(8), pp.895-908.
Prakash, R., K. Ramamurthy., A. Nirmala Kumari, and P. Nagarjan., 2010. Correlation and path analysis in sorghum. Electronic Jour. of plant Breeding.1(3):315-318.
Pollo, R., Sitompul, S. M., Guritno, B. and Tyasmoro, Y. S., 2018. CROP GROWTH PARAMETERS OF GRAIN SORGHUM VARIETIES (SORGHUM BICOLOR (L.) MOENCH) AT DIFFERENT CROP SPACING. Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, 74(2).
Ramazanzadeh, S. and M.R. Asgharipour., 2011. Physiological growth responses of sorghum genotypes to impairment of crop photosynthesis using potassium iodide. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 5(11):1884-1890.
Rowell, D.L. 2014. Soil science: Methods & applications. Routledge.
Saab, I.N., Sharp, R.E. and Pritchard, J., 1992. Effect of inhibition of abscisic acid accumulation on the spatial distribution of elongation in the primary root and mesocotyl of maize at low water potentials. Plant Physiology, 99(1), pp.26-33.
Saberi, A. R., and Aishah, S. H., 2013. Growth analysis of forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) varieties under varying salinity and irrigation frequency. International Journal of Biotechnology, 2(7), 130-140.
Sammis, T.W., Smeal, D. and Williams, S., 1988. Predicting corn yield under limited irrigation using plant height. Transactions of the ASAE, 31(3), pp.830-0837.
Showler, A.T. 2002. Effects of water deficit stress, shade, weed competition, and kaolin particle film on selected foliar free amino acid accumulations in cotton, Gossypium hirsutum (L.). Journal of Chemical Ecology, 28(3), pp.631-651.
Stewart, D.W. and Dwyer, L.M., 1999. Mathematical characterization of leaf shape and area of maize hybrids. Crop Science, 39(2), pp.422- 427.
Stone, P.J., Wilson, D.R., Jamieson, P.D. and Gillespie, R.N., 2001. Water deficit effects on sweet corn. Part II. Canopy development. Aust. J. Agric. Res., 52, 115-126.
Thomas, S.C. 2010. Photosynthetic capacity peaks at intermediate size in temperate deciduous trees. Tree Physiol. 30, 555. https: //doi. org/10.1093/treephys/tpq005
Walkely, A. and Black, I.A., 1934. An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil science, 37(1), pp.29-38.
Wang, F.X., Kang, Y. and Liu, S.P., 2006. Effects of drip irrigation frequency on soil wetting pattern and potato growth in North China Plain. Agric. Water Manage.79,248–264.
Wright, I.J., Reich, P.B., Westoby, M., Ackerly, D.D., Baruch, Z., Bongers, F., CavenderBares, J., Chapin, T., Cornelissen, J.H. and Diemer, M., 2004. The worldwide leaf economics spectrum. Nature 428, 821. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02403
Yihun, Y.M., Schultz, B., Mehari Haile, A. and Erkossa, T., 2011. Optimizing Teff productivity in water stressed region of Ethiopia. ICID 21st International Congress on Irrigation and Drainage.
Yildirin, O., Kodal, S., Selenay, F., Yildirin, Y.E. and Ozturk, A., 1996. Yeterli ve kistil sulma suyu Kosullarianda Misir Verimi. Turk. J. Agric. For. 20 (4):283-288 (English abstract).
Published
2021-05-03
How to Cite
MUHAMMED , D. N., & KHALAF , A. A. (2021). EFFECTS OF IRRIGATION FREQUENCY AND RETRIEVE CONSUMPTIVE USE ON GROWTH AND PRODUCTION OF SORGHUM UNDER SEMIARID CONDITION . Journal of Duhok University, 24(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.26682/ajuod.2021.24.1.1
Section
Agriculture and Veterinary Science
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