ASSESSMENT OF GYPSUM AND LIMESTONE ROCKS FROM FAT’HA FORMATION (M. MIOCENE) FOR MAKING WALLBOARD IN THE MAKHMUR AREA – NORTHERN IRAQ
Keywords:
Gypsum, Fat'ha Formation, Makhmur Area, Plaster of Paris, Wallboard.
Abstract
Five samples of gypsum and one sample of limestone were collected from an outcrop in Qara Chugh Anticline. The samples of gypsum were analyzed chemically before and after calcination. The purity of the samples of gypsum and limestone was calculated and the (H2O+) content of the calcined samples of gypsum was determined. The physical and mechanical properties of plaster of Paris produced from calcining the samples of gypsum were tested according to the Iraqi and American Standards. A wallboard sample was made using basic materials according to the American Standard. The chemical analyses of the samples of gypsum and plaster of Paris conform to the Iraqi and American Standards. The Fat'ha Formation rocks in the Makhmur area are suitable for making wallboard. The optimum conditions for calcining the studied gypsum rocks to produce plaster of Paris conforming to the standard specifications and suitable for the manufacture of wallboard are 130 °C for 1 hour.
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References
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Younis, A. S. T. (2012). Preparation of Dental Stone by Using Local Raw Gypsum and Calcium Chloride Solution. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, College of Science, University of Mosul, 82 p. (in Arabic with English abstract).
Yousif, H. K. (2011). Petrography, Mineralogy and Geochemistry of the Three Types of Gypsum (Nodular, Selenite and Fibrous) in Fat'ha Formation (Middle Miocene) – Northern Iraq. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, College of Science, University of Mosul, 128 p.
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Abdulla, M. A. (2006). Evaluation of Some Properties of Gypsum Products and Acrylic Resin by the Use of Some Additives and Microwave Technique. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, College of Dentistry, University of Mosul, 169 p.
Aljubouri, Z. A. (1972). Geochemistry, Origin, and Digenesis of Some Triassic Gypsum Deposits and Associated Sediments in East Midland. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Nottingham, England, 411 p.
Aljubouri, Z. A., and Alkawaz, H. A. (2008). Geochemistry of Marl Sediments within Fat'ha Formation at Selected Locations, Northern Iraq. Iraqi Jour. of Earth Science, 1, 2, 27-46.
Aljubouri, Z. A., and Alrawas, A. M. (2006). The Petrography and Mineralogy of Technical Plaster and Local Juss. Iraqi Journal of Earth Science, 6, 1, 1-11.
Aljubouri, Z. A., and Alrawas, A. M. S. (2009). Physical Properties and Compressive Strength of the Technical Plaster and Local Juss. Iraqi Jour. of Earth Science, 9, 2, 49-58.
Aljubouri, Z. A., and Baddy, I. R. (2012). Mineralogy, Petrography and Chemistry of Two Local Plasters, Iraq. Iraqi National Journal of Earth Science, 12, 2, 1–16.
Aljubouri, Z. A., and Sulayman, M. D. (1996). Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Gypsum Rocks of Al-Fat'ha Formation at West Butma Area, Northern Iraq. Al-Rafidain Sci. Jour., 7, 1, 114-128.
Al-Qaraghooli, N. A. (1989). Mineralogical and Chemical Properties of the Iraqi Gypsum, Modules and Methods of Manufacturing and its Impact on the Quality and the Quality of Plaster and the Resulting Plaster of Paris. Jour. of the Geological Society of Iraq, 22, 2, 154 -172.
ASTM C36-C36 M, 2004. Standard Specification for Gypsum Wallboard. American Society for Testing and Materials. 4 p.
ASTM C472-99, 2014. Standard Test Methods for Physical Testing of Gypsum, Gypsum Plasters and Gypsum Concrete. American Society for Testing and Materials. 8 p.
ASTM C28/C28M-10, 2015. Standard Specification for Gypsum Plasters. American Society for Testing and Materials. 4 p.
ASTM C22/C22M-00, 2015. Standard Specification for Gypsum. American Society for Testing and Materials. 2 p.
Baddy, I. R. (2009). The Effect of Compression and Additives on Physiomechanical Properties of Artistic Gypsum .Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, College of Science, University of Mosul, 244 p.
Buday, T. (1980). Regional Geology of Iraq: Vol.1, Stratigraphy: I. I. M. Kassab and S. Z. Jassim (Eds) GEOSRVY. Min. Invest. Publ. 445 p.
Buday, T. and Jassim, S. Z. (1984). Final Report and the Regional Geological Survey of Iraq. Unpublished Report SOM. Library. Tectonic Framework, Baghdad.
Ellingboe, J. and Wilson, J. A. (1964). A Quantitative Separation of Non – Carbonate Minerals from Carbonate Minerals. Jour. Sed. Petrol., 34, 412 – 418.
Henkels, P. J. and Gaynor, J. C. (1995). Characterizing Synthetic Gypsum for Wallboard Manufacture. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on FGD and Other Synthetic Gypsum, May 17-18, Toronto, Canada, 569 – 574.
Iraqi Standard Specification No.26, 1969. Chemical Analysis of Gypsum and its Products. Central Organization for Standardization and Quality Control, Ministry of Planning, the Republic of Iraq.
Iraqi Standard Specification No.27, 1985. Setting Time Tests of Gypsum for Building Purposes. Central Organization for Standardization and Quality Control, Ministry of Planning, the Republic of Iraq.
Iraqi Standard Specification No.27, 1985. Physical Examinations of the Types of Gypsum Slurry. Central Organization for Standardization and Quality Control, Ministry of Planning, the Republic of Iraq.
Iraqi Standard Specification No.28, 1988. Building Gypsum. Central Organization for Standardization and Quality Control, Ministry of Planning, Republic of Iraq.
Kubba, S. (2016). LEED v4: Practices, Certification, and Accreditation Handbook (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann, 708 p.
McCabe, J. F. (1985). Anderson's Applied Dental Materials. 6th edition. Blackwell, London, UK, 178 p.
Mehta, M., Scarborough, W. and Armpriest, D. (2013). Building Construction: Principles, Materials, and Systems (2nd ed.). Pearson Education, Inc., USA, 952 p.
Mohammed, B. A. (2010). Mineralogy, Petrography and Geochemistry of Gypsum Rocks in Gercus (Middle Eocene) and Fat'ha (Middle Miocene) Formations/Northern Iraq - a Comparative Study. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, College of Science, University of Mosul, 111 p. (in Arabic with English abstract).
Natus, G. M. (1990). Gypsum Fiber Board Production in Nova Scotia. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Inorganic-Bonded Wood and Fiber Composite Materials, Moscow, ID, October 15 – 17, 85 – 87.
Noort, V. R. (2002). Introduction to Dental Materials (2nd ed.) Mosby Inc., Sr. Lewis, Missouri, USA, 298 p.
Othman, A. M. S. (2002). Study of the Chemical, Mineralogical and Physiomechanical Properties of Technical Plaster and Local Plaster (Juss). Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, College of Science, University of Mosul, 83 p. (in Arabic with English abstract).
Venta, G. J. (1997). Life cycle Analysis of Gypsum Board and Associated Finishing Products. Technical Report, Athena ™ Sustainable Materials Institute, Merrickville, Ottawa, Canada, 143 p.
Vogel, I. N. (1961). A Text-book of Quantities Inorganic Analysis (3rd ed.). Longman, London, England, 1216 p.
Younis, A. S. T. (2012). Preparation of Dental Stone by Using Local Raw Gypsum and Calcium Chloride Solution. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, College of Science, University of Mosul, 82 p. (in Arabic with English abstract).
Yousif, H. K. (2011). Petrography, Mineralogy and Geochemistry of the Three Types of Gypsum (Nodular, Selenite and Fibrous) in Fat'ha Formation (Middle Miocene) – Northern Iraq. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, College of Science, University of Mosul, 128 p.
Google Earth Pro V. 7.3.3 7786. (August 24, 2020). Makhmur Area, Iraq. 35° 46' 32.4" N, 43° 37' 57.3" E. (Accessed August 24, 2020).
Published
2021-05-24
How to Cite
KHALID, A. H., & AL-QASSAB, A. S. (2021). ASSESSMENT OF GYPSUM AND LIMESTONE ROCKS FROM FAT’HA FORMATION (M. MIOCENE) FOR MAKING WALLBOARD IN THE MAKHMUR AREA – NORTHERN IRAQ. Journal of Duhok University, 24(1), 79-87. https://doi.org/10.26682/sjuod.2021.24.1.10
Section
Pure and Engineering Sciences
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