EFFECT OF IRRIGATION WATER SALINITY AND TEMPERATURE ON AMMONIA VOLATILIZATION FROM CALCAREOUS SOIL
Keywords:
water salinity, temperature, nitrogen volatilization
Abstract
This investigation was done during (January 2020 to July 2020) in the laboratories of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences/ University of Duhok/Kurdistan Region-Iraq, to study the influence of five differ irrigation water in their salinity (EC= dS m-1) and two temperature degrees (25 and 45)ᵒC on nitrogen volatilization from calcareous soil, using closed chamber techniques. The irrigated water (W1= 0.70 dS m-1) was natural water from the College well considered as control treatment. While the others were synthesized from W1 which were W2, W3, W4, and W5, with EC values (1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0) dS m-1 respectively, using MgCl2 salt. The soil fertilized with urea 46%N at rate 320KgN ha-1. The soil characterized with [clayey texture, high pH-value, high CaCO3, low organic matter content, low available nitrogen, with CEC (28.6 Cmolc Kg-1 soil)]. The experiment implemented in randomized complete block design (RCBD), with three replicate. The averages were compared using adjusted L.S.D. (P≤ 0.05). The results show an increasing in the temperature degrees of incubation significantly increased the nitrogen volatilization as ammonia both accumulated and total amount. Increasing in the water salinity levels increased the soil salinity positively, when negatively affected the amount of nitrogen losses through volatilization. As well as the combined effects of temperature and salinity of the waters found to have significant negative effects on accumulated volatilized ammonia from the soil. The highest amount of total and accumulated losses of ammonia from the soil obtained from the interaction effect between the highest level of water salinity and the highest incubated temperature degree. Also the results shows that the amount of accumulated volatilized ammonia from the soil with the time under the effect of studied factors increased at the beginning and after a period reached to fixed level, and after that there was no nitrogen volatilization from the soil
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References
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Al- Hamdany, R. I. A. M., (2005). Effect of Sulphur on Ammonia Volatilization from Urea and Sheep Manure Fertilizers in Calcareous Soil. Ph. D. thesis in Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition. University of Mosul, College of Agricultural and Forestry, Dept. of Soil Sciences. Iraq.
Alexander, J. J. and Mahalingam, B. (2011). Sustainable tank irrigation: An irrigation water quality perspective. Vol. 4 No. 1 (Jan 2011) ISSN: 0974- 6846.
Al-Rashid, R.K; A.H. Theiab., and A.H. Al-Ansari. (1997). Urease activity and ammonia volatilization from urea applied to Trickle irrigated Tomatoes. Iraqi. Jor. Agr. Sci. 28:1-8.
Ashraf, S. (2011). Groundwater Suitability for Irrigation in the Damghan Region, Semnan Province, Iran. Advances in Environmental Biology, 5(10): 3072-3078
Baba, A. B. A. (2010). The role of chemical composition of some water resources in limiting its suitability for irrigation purpose in sulaimani governorate Kurdistan region. MSc. Thesis. College of Agri. SalahaddinErbil Univ. Iraq.
Bouwman, A. F.; Boumans, L. J. M. and Batjes, N. H. (2002). Estimating of global NH3 volatilization loss from synthetic fertilizers and animal manure applied to arable lands and grasslands. Global Biochemical cycles, Vol.16:NO.2. 1024.
Bremmer, J.M; and R.L Mulvaney. (1978). Urease activity in soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am.J. 16:149-196.
Cameron, K. C.; Di, H. J. and Moir, J. L. (2013).Nitrogen losses from the soil/ Plant system: A review. Annals of Applied Biology, 162(2),Pp.145-1`73.
Chowdhury, N., Marschner, P. and Burns, R.G. (2011). Soil microbial activity and community composition: impact of changes in matric and osmotic potential. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 43, No 6, (June, 2011), pp. 1229-1236, ISSN: 0038-0717
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Dohuki, M. S. S. M. and Esmail, A. O. (2000). Classification of some underground water in Duhok Governorate for Irrigation and drinking Purpose. Journal of Duhok University, Vol.3 No. 2.
Dohuki, M. S. S. M., Esmail, A. O. and Al-Obaidi, M. A. J. (2013). Effect of water quality on growth and yield of (Zea mays L.) in calcareous soil from Erbil provenance in Kurdistan Region- Iraq. J. of university of Kirkuk for Agric. Scie. Vol.4 No. 2- 2013. (in Arabic).
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Esmail, A. O. (1992). Effect of composition and ion pair in irrigation water on soil and plant. Ph. D. Thesis, College of Agri. Baghdad Univ. Iraq. (In Arabic).
Esmail, A. O., Maulood, P. M. and Shekha.(2007). Evaluate Kasnazan impoundment water for irrigation purposes. College of Education. First Conference of Biology. Education and Sci. J. Mosul Univ. Vol. (20). No. (2).
Frame. W.H. ( 2012).Ammonia Volatilization, Urea Hydrolysis, and Urease Inhibition with the Application of Granular Urea in Agroecosystems. Phd. Dissertation , of Philosophy, Institute and State University of the Virginia Polytechnic.
Freire, E. de A.; Laime, E.M.M.; Navilta, V. do N.; Lima, V. L. de & Santos, J.S. dos. (2009). Análise dos riscos de salinidade do solo do perímetro irrigado de Forquilha, Ceará. Revista Educação Agrícola Superior, Vol. 24, No 2, (December, 2009), pp.62-66, ISSN: 0101-756 X.
Ghollarata, M. and Raiesi, F. (2007). The adverse effects of soil salinization on the growth of Trifolium alexandrinum L. and associated microbial and biochemical properties in a soil from Iran. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 39(7):1699-1702.
Hargrove, W.L; D.E.Kissel and L.B. Fenn.(1977). Field Measurements of ammonia available soil moisture on crop yield. Can.J. of plant. Sci. 43:441-446(C.F. Al-Hadethi 1982).
Hashim, F.A. (2011). The effect of irrigation water quality on solid- Liquid Phase Behavior of Vertisols in Duhok Governorate. M.Sc.Thesis. Coll. of agri. Univ. of Dohuk. Iraq.
Havlin, John L; Beaton, James D ;Tisdale, Samauel L and Nelson,Werner L.(2005).Soil Fertility and Fertilizers, An Introduction to Nutrient Management. North Caroline State University .Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
Hesse, P. R. (1972). A textbook of soil chemical analysis. Chemical publishing Co. INC. New York.
Huang, P.M, Li, Y and Summer, M. E. (2012). Handbook of soil science Properties and processes. 2nd ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton.
Karim, T. H. (1999). Models to predict water retention of Iraqi soil. Journal of the Indian Soc. of soil Sci. 1:16-19.
Kujur, M., Gartia S. K., and Patel, A. K. (2012). Quantifying the Contribution of Different Soil Properties on Enzyme Activities in Dry Tropical Ecosystem. Asian Research Publishing Network Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science.7 (9): 1-10.
Lai, C.M., and M.A. Tabatabai. (1992). Kinetics parameters of immobilized urease. Soil Biol. Biochem.:225-228.
Maulood, P.M. (1997). Effect of dosage and time of urea application and percentage of available water depleted on ammonia volatilization and corn growth. M Sc. Thesis, Collage of Sciences, University of Salahaddin/ Erbil/ Iraq. (in Arabic).
Mirza, A.T. M. T. Rahman1, S. H. Rahman1 and R. K. Majumder. (2012). Groundwater quality for irrigation of deep aquifer in southwestern zone of Bangladesh. Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol. 34 (3): 345-352.
Morrissey E M, Gillespie J L, Morina, J C, Franklin R B. )2014(. Salinity affects microbial activity and soil organic matter content in tidal wetlands. Global Change Biology, 20, 1351–1362.
Mosier, A. R.; Syers, J.K.; J.R. and Frency. (2004). Nitrogen Fertilizer: An essential component of increased food, feed, and fiber production, In: A. Mosier, et al. (Eds.), Agriculture and the nitrogen cycle: assessing the impacts of fertilizer use on food production and the environmental, Island Press, Washington D.C.pp. 3-15.
Motsara, M. R., and Roy R. N. (2008). Guide to laboratory establishment for plant nutrient analysis. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) fertilizer and plant nutrition bulletin -19. New Delhi India Rome Italy. P: 21.
Muthanna, M. N. (2011).Quality Assessment of Tigris River by using Water Quality Index for Irrigation Purpose. ISSN 1450-216X Vol.57 No (1):15- 28.
Olesen, J. E., and S.G. Sommer. (1993). Modeling effects of wind speed and surface cover on ammonia volatilization from stored pig slurry. J. Agri. Sci. 27:2567-2574.
Rekani, O. A. O. (2013). Effect of irrigation water quality on some soil chemical properties, phosphorous and maize (zea mays L.) Growth. M SC. Thesis in soil fertility, Department of Soil and Water Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Duhok/ Iraq.
Rekani, O. A. O. (2013). Effect of irrigation water quality on some soil chemical properties, phosphorous and maize (zea mays L.) Growth. M SC. Thesis in soil fertility, Department of Soil and Water Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Duhok/ Iraq.
Rousk, J., Elyaagubi, F. K., Jones, D.L., and Godbold, D. L. (2011). Bacterial salt tolerance is unrelated to soil salinity across an arid agroecosystem salinity gradient. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,Vol.(43): 9: Pps. 1881-1887.
Roy, R.N; Finck, A. ; Blair, G.J. and Tandon, H.L.S.(2007). Plant nutrition for food security .A guide for integrated nutrient management ,FAO. Discovery Publishing House , New Delhi-110002.
Ryan, J., G. Estefan and A. A. Rashid (2001). Soil and plant analysis Laboratory Manual. ICARDA, Alippo, Syria, and NARC, Islamabad, Pakistan. (2nd Ed.): 139- 140.
Sabienè, N.; Kušlienè G. and Zaleckas, E. (2010). The influence of land use on soil organic carbon and nitrogen content and redox potential. Žemdirbystè= Agriculture, 97(3), pp.15-24.
Sander, R. (1999). Modeling atmospheric chemistry: interactions between gas-phase species and liquid cloud/aerosol particles. Surv. Geophys.:1-31.
Sebahi, J. H. S. and F. Mowafaq (1991). Uses Chemical fertilizer indicator. Ministry of Agric. and Irrigation. Public Authority for Agricultural Services. Press the General Authority of Survey. (In Arabic).
Setia, R.M. Smith, P., Marschner, P., Gottschalk, P., Baldock, J., Verma, V., Setia, D., Smith, J. (2012). Simulation of Salinity Effects on Past, Present, and Future Soil Organic Carbon Stocks. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46, 3, 1624– 1631.
Sharifnia, S., Khadivi, M.A., Shojaemehr, T. and Shavisi, Y. (2016). Characterization, isotherm and kinetic studies for ammonium ion adsorption by light expanded clay aggregate (LECA). Journal of Saudi Chemical Society, 20, pp.S342-S351.
Shirazi, S.M., Z. Ismail, S. Akib, M. Sholichin and M.N. Islam. (2011). Climatic parameters and net irrigation requirement of crops. International Journal of PhysicalSciences. 6: 15-26.
Staudinger, J. and Roberts, P.V. (2001). A critical compilation of Henry's law constant temperature dependence relations for organic compounds in dilute aqueous solutions. Science Direct. Vol.44. Pp.561- 561-576.
Titko, Steve.III, John R. Street and Terry J. Logan (1987). Volatilization of Ammonia from Granular and Dissolved urea Applied to Turf grass. Agron .J.79: 535-540.
Volkmor, K. M., Y. Hu. and H. Steppuh. (1997). Physiological responses of plants to salinity. A review. Can. J. Plant Sci. 78:19-27.
Wahid, O. M. (2017). Thermodynamic and kinetics of Ammonia Volatilization from some Nitrogen Fertilizers in Calcareous Soil- Erbil. M. Sc. Thesis, Dept. of Soil Chemistry, College of Science, University of Salahaddin-Erbil / KRG/ Iraq.
Wang, S., Tang, J., Li, Z., Liu, Y., Zhou, Z., Wang, J., Qu, Y., and Dai, Z. (2020). Carbon Mineralization under Different Saline—Alkali Stress Conditions in Paddy Fields of Northeast China. Sustainability, an open Access J. MDPI, 12, 292.
Weathers, K. C., Strayer, D.L. Likens, G. E. Groffman , P.M. and Rose-Marashall ,E.J. (2013). Fundamentals of ecosystem science. Elsevier, NewYork.
Welch, P. S. (1952). Limnological methods. McGraw-Hall, Book company Inc.
Wen-wen, Z., Chong, W. Rui, X. and Li-jie, W. (2019). Effects of salinity on the soil microbial community and soil fertility. College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing. J. of Integrative Agric. 18(6): 1360–1368.
Yeomans, J. C. (1991). Inhibition of nitrogen transformations in soil: Potentials and limitations for agriculture. Trends in Soil Science.l:I27-158.
Zhang, W., Chong, W., Rui, X. and Li-jie, W. (2019). Effects of salinity on the soil microbial community and soil fertility. J. of Integrative Agriculture . 18(6): 1360–1368.)
Zhenghu, D., and Honglang, X. (2000). Effects of Soil Properties on Ammonia Volatilization. Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Soil Sciences. Plant Nutrition., 46 (4), 845-852.
Zhu, J-K., (2001). Plant salt tolerance. Trends in Plant Science. Vol. 6, 2: 66-71.
Akmal, M.; Altaf, M.S.; R.; Hassan, F.U. and Islam, M. (2012). Temporal Changes in Soil Urease, Alkaline Phosphatase and Dehydrogenase Activity in Rain Feb Wheat Field of Pakistan. The Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences. 22(2): 457=462.
Al- Hamdany, R. I. A. M., (2005). Effect of Sulphur on Ammonia Volatilization from Urea and Sheep Manure Fertilizers in Calcareous Soil. Ph. D. thesis in Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition. University of Mosul, College of Agricultural and Forestry, Dept. of Soil Sciences. Iraq.
Alexander, J. J. and Mahalingam, B. (2011). Sustainable tank irrigation: An irrigation water quality perspective. Vol. 4 No. 1 (Jan 2011) ISSN: 0974- 6846.
Al-Rashid, R.K; A.H. Theiab., and A.H. Al-Ansari. (1997). Urease activity and ammonia volatilization from urea applied to Trickle irrigated Tomatoes. Iraqi. Jor. Agr. Sci. 28:1-8.
Ashraf, S. (2011). Groundwater Suitability for Irrigation in the Damghan Region, Semnan Province, Iran. Advances in Environmental Biology, 5(10): 3072-3078
Baba, A. B. A. (2010). The role of chemical composition of some water resources in limiting its suitability for irrigation purpose in sulaimani governorate Kurdistan region. MSc. Thesis. College of Agri. SalahaddinErbil Univ. Iraq.
Bouwman, A. F.; Boumans, L. J. M. and Batjes, N. H. (2002). Estimating of global NH3 volatilization loss from synthetic fertilizers and animal manure applied to arable lands and grasslands. Global Biochemical cycles, Vol.16:NO.2. 1024.
Bremmer, J.M; and R.L Mulvaney. (1978). Urease activity in soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am.J. 16:149-196.
Cameron, K. C.; Di, H. J. and Moir, J. L. (2013).Nitrogen losses from the soil/ Plant system: A review. Annals of Applied Biology, 162(2),Pp.145-1`73.
Chowdhury, N., Marschner, P. and Burns, R.G. (2011). Soil microbial activity and community composition: impact of changes in matric and osmotic potential. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 43, No 6, (June, 2011), pp. 1229-1236, ISSN: 0038-0717
Darwesh, D. A. (1998). Effect of some soil properties, Nitrogen Source and Complementary, Irrigation on Ammonia Volatilization and Growth of Wheat. MSc. Thesis, Dept. of Biology, College of science, University of salahaddin-Erbil / KRG/Iraq.
Dohuki, M. S. S. M. and Esmail, A. O. (2000). Classification of some underground water in Duhok Governorate for Irrigation and drinking Purpose. Journal of Duhok University, Vol.3 No. 2.
Dohuki, M. S. S. M., Esmail, A. O. and Al-Obaidi, M. A. J. (2013). Effect of water quality on growth and yield of (Zea mays L.) in calcareous soil from Erbil provenance in Kurdistan Region- Iraq. J. of university of Kirkuk for Agric. Scie. Vol.4 No. 2- 2013. (in Arabic).
Dohuki, M-S. S. M. (1997). Evaluation of some wells and springs water in Dohuk Governorate for irrigation and drinking purpose. M.Sc. Thesis. Coll. of Science. Univ. of Salahadin Iraq. (In Arabic).
Esmail, A. O. (1986). Limitation of some ground water suitability in Erbil plain for different uses. MSc. Thesis. College of Agri. Salahaddin Univ. Iraq. (In Arabic).
Esmail, A. O. (1992). Effect of composition and ion pair in irrigation water on soil and plant. Ph. D. Thesis, College of Agri. Baghdad Univ. Iraq. (In Arabic).
Esmail, A. O., Maulood, P. M. and Shekha.(2007). Evaluate Kasnazan impoundment water for irrigation purposes. College of Education. First Conference of Biology. Education and Sci. J. Mosul Univ. Vol. (20). No. (2).
Frame. W.H. ( 2012).Ammonia Volatilization, Urea Hydrolysis, and Urease Inhibition with the Application of Granular Urea in Agroecosystems. Phd. Dissertation , of Philosophy, Institute and State University of the Virginia Polytechnic.
Freire, E. de A.; Laime, E.M.M.; Navilta, V. do N.; Lima, V. L. de & Santos, J.S. dos. (2009). Análise dos riscos de salinidade do solo do perímetro irrigado de Forquilha, Ceará. Revista Educação Agrícola Superior, Vol. 24, No 2, (December, 2009), pp.62-66, ISSN: 0101-756 X.
Ghollarata, M. and Raiesi, F. (2007). The adverse effects of soil salinization on the growth of Trifolium alexandrinum L. and associated microbial and biochemical properties in a soil from Iran. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 39(7):1699-1702.
Hargrove, W.L; D.E.Kissel and L.B. Fenn.(1977). Field Measurements of ammonia available soil moisture on crop yield. Can.J. of plant. Sci. 43:441-446(C.F. Al-Hadethi 1982).
Hashim, F.A. (2011). The effect of irrigation water quality on solid- Liquid Phase Behavior of Vertisols in Duhok Governorate. M.Sc.Thesis. Coll. of agri. Univ. of Dohuk. Iraq.
Havlin, John L; Beaton, James D ;Tisdale, Samauel L and Nelson,Werner L.(2005).Soil Fertility and Fertilizers, An Introduction to Nutrient Management. North Caroline State University .Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
Hesse, P. R. (1972). A textbook of soil chemical analysis. Chemical publishing Co. INC. New York.
Huang, P.M, Li, Y and Summer, M. E. (2012). Handbook of soil science Properties and processes. 2nd ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton.
Karim, T. H. (1999). Models to predict water retention of Iraqi soil. Journal of the Indian Soc. of soil Sci. 1:16-19.
Kujur, M., Gartia S. K., and Patel, A. K. (2012). Quantifying the Contribution of Different Soil Properties on Enzyme Activities in Dry Tropical Ecosystem. Asian Research Publishing Network Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science.7 (9): 1-10.
Lai, C.M., and M.A. Tabatabai. (1992). Kinetics parameters of immobilized urease. Soil Biol. Biochem.:225-228.
Maulood, P.M. (1997). Effect of dosage and time of urea application and percentage of available water depleted on ammonia volatilization and corn growth. M Sc. Thesis, Collage of Sciences, University of Salahaddin/ Erbil/ Iraq. (in Arabic).
Mirza, A.T. M. T. Rahman1, S. H. Rahman1 and R. K. Majumder. (2012). Groundwater quality for irrigation of deep aquifer in southwestern zone of Bangladesh. Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol. 34 (3): 345-352.
Morrissey E M, Gillespie J L, Morina, J C, Franklin R B. )2014(. Salinity affects microbial activity and soil organic matter content in tidal wetlands. Global Change Biology, 20, 1351–1362.
Mosier, A. R.; Syers, J.K.; J.R. and Frency. (2004). Nitrogen Fertilizer: An essential component of increased food, feed, and fiber production, In: A. Mosier, et al. (Eds.), Agriculture and the nitrogen cycle: assessing the impacts of fertilizer use on food production and the environmental, Island Press, Washington D.C.pp. 3-15.
Motsara, M. R., and Roy R. N. (2008). Guide to laboratory establishment for plant nutrient analysis. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) fertilizer and plant nutrition bulletin -19. New Delhi India Rome Italy. P: 21.
Muthanna, M. N. (2011).Quality Assessment of Tigris River by using Water Quality Index for Irrigation Purpose. ISSN 1450-216X Vol.57 No (1):15- 28.
Olesen, J. E., and S.G. Sommer. (1993). Modeling effects of wind speed and surface cover on ammonia volatilization from stored pig slurry. J. Agri. Sci. 27:2567-2574.
Rekani, O. A. O. (2013). Effect of irrigation water quality on some soil chemical properties, phosphorous and maize (zea mays L.) Growth. M SC. Thesis in soil fertility, Department of Soil and Water Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Duhok/ Iraq.
Rekani, O. A. O. (2013). Effect of irrigation water quality on some soil chemical properties, phosphorous and maize (zea mays L.) Growth. M SC. Thesis in soil fertility, Department of Soil and Water Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Duhok/ Iraq.
Rousk, J., Elyaagubi, F. K., Jones, D.L., and Godbold, D. L. (2011). Bacterial salt tolerance is unrelated to soil salinity across an arid agroecosystem salinity gradient. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,Vol.(43): 9: Pps. 1881-1887.
Roy, R.N; Finck, A. ; Blair, G.J. and Tandon, H.L.S.(2007). Plant nutrition for food security .A guide for integrated nutrient management ,FAO. Discovery Publishing House , New Delhi-110002.
Ryan, J., G. Estefan and A. A. Rashid (2001). Soil and plant analysis Laboratory Manual. ICARDA, Alippo, Syria, and NARC, Islamabad, Pakistan. (2nd Ed.): 139- 140.
Sabienè, N.; Kušlienè G. and Zaleckas, E. (2010). The influence of land use on soil organic carbon and nitrogen content and redox potential. Žemdirbystè= Agriculture, 97(3), pp.15-24.
Sander, R. (1999). Modeling atmospheric chemistry: interactions between gas-phase species and liquid cloud/aerosol particles. Surv. Geophys.:1-31.
Sebahi, J. H. S. and F. Mowafaq (1991). Uses Chemical fertilizer indicator. Ministry of Agric. and Irrigation. Public Authority for Agricultural Services. Press the General Authority of Survey. (In Arabic).
Setia, R.M. Smith, P., Marschner, P., Gottschalk, P., Baldock, J., Verma, V., Setia, D., Smith, J. (2012). Simulation of Salinity Effects on Past, Present, and Future Soil Organic Carbon Stocks. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46, 3, 1624– 1631.
Sharifnia, S., Khadivi, M.A., Shojaemehr, T. and Shavisi, Y. (2016). Characterization, isotherm and kinetic studies for ammonium ion adsorption by light expanded clay aggregate (LECA). Journal of Saudi Chemical Society, 20, pp.S342-S351.
Shirazi, S.M., Z. Ismail, S. Akib, M. Sholichin and M.N. Islam. (2011). Climatic parameters and net irrigation requirement of crops. International Journal of PhysicalSciences. 6: 15-26.
Staudinger, J. and Roberts, P.V. (2001). A critical compilation of Henry's law constant temperature dependence relations for organic compounds in dilute aqueous solutions. Science Direct. Vol.44. Pp.561- 561-576.
Titko, Steve.III, John R. Street and Terry J. Logan (1987). Volatilization of Ammonia from Granular and Dissolved urea Applied to Turf grass. Agron .J.79: 535-540.
Volkmor, K. M., Y. Hu. and H. Steppuh. (1997). Physiological responses of plants to salinity. A review. Can. J. Plant Sci. 78:19-27.
Wahid, O. M. (2017). Thermodynamic and kinetics of Ammonia Volatilization from some Nitrogen Fertilizers in Calcareous Soil- Erbil. M. Sc. Thesis, Dept. of Soil Chemistry, College of Science, University of Salahaddin-Erbil / KRG/ Iraq.
Wang, S., Tang, J., Li, Z., Liu, Y., Zhou, Z., Wang, J., Qu, Y., and Dai, Z. (2020). Carbon Mineralization under Different Saline—Alkali Stress Conditions in Paddy Fields of Northeast China. Sustainability, an open Access J. MDPI, 12, 292.
Weathers, K. C., Strayer, D.L. Likens, G. E. Groffman , P.M. and Rose-Marashall ,E.J. (2013). Fundamentals of ecosystem science. Elsevier, NewYork.
Welch, P. S. (1952). Limnological methods. McGraw-Hall, Book company Inc.
Wen-wen, Z., Chong, W. Rui, X. and Li-jie, W. (2019). Effects of salinity on the soil microbial community and soil fertility. College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing. J. of Integrative Agric. 18(6): 1360–1368.
Yeomans, J. C. (1991). Inhibition of nitrogen transformations in soil: Potentials and limitations for agriculture. Trends in Soil Science.l:I27-158.
Zhang, W., Chong, W., Rui, X. and Li-jie, W. (2019). Effects of salinity on the soil microbial community and soil fertility. J. of Integrative Agriculture . 18(6): 1360–1368.)
Zhenghu, D., and Honglang, X. (2000). Effects of Soil Properties on Ammonia Volatilization. Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Soil Sciences. Plant Nutrition., 46 (4), 845-852.
Zhu, J-K., (2001). Plant salt tolerance. Trends in Plant Science. Vol. 6, 2: 66-71.
Published
2021-07-12
How to Cite
SHAMON, H. I., & DOHUKI, M. S. S. M. (2021). EFFECT OF IRRIGATION WATER SALINITY AND TEMPERATURE ON AMMONIA VOLATILIZATION FROM CALCAREOUS SOIL. Journal of Duhok University, 24(1), 120-133. https://doi.org/10.26682/ajuod.2021.24.1.12
Section
Agriculture and Veterinary Science
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