POTASSIUM FORMS FOR MAIN SOIL ORDERS IN THE NORTH OF IRAQ
Keywords:
Potassium forms, Soil orders, North of Iraq, Calcareous soil
Abstract
Fifteen soil samples were collected from five locations in the North of Iraq from three surface genetic horizons for the five locations [Semeel (Vertisols), Imerik (Aridisols), Gerderash (Inceptisols), Perdi (Aridisols) and Wermawa (Mollisols)] to study the forms of potassium and its distribution with the depth. All studied soils are calcareous and non-saline soils contain low organic matter.
The studied forms of K in the surface horizons of the studied soils (soluble, exchangeable, available, non-exchangeable, mineral and total potassium) were ranged between (12 – 40, 82 – 229, 97 – 246, 656 – 3800, 462 – 2933 and 1200 – 5400) mg kg-1 respectively, while in the intermediate (A and A1) soil horizons were (5 –26, 67 – 214 , 72 – 216 , 676 – 3040 , 709 – 2048 and 1700 – 5200) mg kg-1 respectively and in the third horizon of studied soils were (4 – 14 , 68 – 191, 70 – 186 , 345 – 3232 , 419 – 4516 and 1700 – 5800) mg kg-1 respectively, this illustrates the amount of soluble, exchangeable, available (soluble + exchangeable), non-exchangeable decreases with the depth. The constituted percent of the soluble, exchangeable; available; nonexchangeable and mineral potassium from total-K in all pedons equal to 0.469; 4.185 ; (4.538); 52.141 and 43.318 respectively.
Correlation study illustrates positively and significantly correlated between total potassium with exchangeable, available, non-exchangeable, mineral, while positively and significant relation demonstrate between exchangeable, available, non-exchangeable with silt content in the soils, but positively relation found between soluble potassium with pH and negatively to EC. The high amount of soluble K found in Perdi pedon (Aridisols) but higher amount of the exchangeable, non- exchangeable, available and total-K demonstrate in Imerik pedon (Aridisols) while large amount of mineral-K shown in Gerderash pedon (Inceptisols)
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References
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Al-Badrani, Waheeda and Radhwan. R ALI. 2019. Status and distribution of different potassium forms in calcareous soil in northern of Iraq. Mesopotamia J. of Agric. Vol. (47) No. (2). ISSN: 2224 - 9796 (Online). ISSN: 1815 - 316 X (Print).
Al-Obaidi, M.A., 1996. Kinetic of potassium in some Iraqi soil. Ph.D. Thesis of Agric. Coll. Baghdad Univ. Iraq.(In Arabic).
Al-Obaidi1, Mohammed Ali Jamal; Mohammed Ali Fayyadh* and Abdulrahman Semo Hussien.2015. Kinetics of Potassium Adsorption and Desorption in some Vertisols of Duhok Governorate- Kurdistan Region- Iraq.
Al-Zubaidi, A; I. Bashour; T. Darwish and M. Safieddine. 2010. Content of Different Forms of Potassium in Lebanese Soils of Different Forms of Potassium in Lebanese. This paper was presented at the IPI-EGE University International Symposium on "Soil Management and Potash Fertilizer Use in the West Asia and North Africa Region", 22-25 November, Antalya, Turkey.
Al-Zubaidi,A. 2003. The status of potassium in Iraqi soils. Pp: 129 – 142. Proceeding of the regional workshop: potassium and wter management in West Apia and North Africa. In A. E. Johnston (ed.).International Potash Institute (IPI).
Azadi, Abolfazl; Majid Baghernejad; and Ali Abtahi. 2015. Kinetics of Potassium Desorption from Some Calcareous Soil (Fars province, Southern Iran). Int. J. Forest, Soil and Erosion, 2015 5 (2): 46-5. ISSN 2251-6387.
Bhonsle, N.S., Pal, S.K., Sekhon, G.S. 1992. Relationship of K forms and release characteristics with clay mineralogy. Geoderma. 54, 285-293.
Britzke, D., Da Silva, L.S., Moterle, D.F., Rheinheimer, D. D.S., Bortoluzzi, E.C. 2012. A study of potassium dynamics and mineralogy in soils from subtropical Brazilian lowlands. J. Soils Sediments. 12, 185-197.
Das, K. Sign S.K. and Shyampura R.L. (1993). Forms of K in relation to land form and soil properties of Basaltic terrian. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci., 41: 557-559.
Dhakad, H., Yadav, S. S., Jamra, S., Arya, V., Sharma, K., & Gaur, D. (2017). Status and Distribution of Different Forms of Potassium in Soils of Gwalior District (MP). IJCS, 5(5), 161-164.
Dhawan, S., Pareek, B. L., Mathur, C. M., 1968, Studies on the forms of potassium in soils of Rajasthan. Journal of the Indian Society of Sol Science, 16 : 55-60.
Gajbhiye, K. S., Gaikawad, S. T., Sehgal, J. L., Bhaskar, K. S. and Ratna Gupta, 1993, Status of available potassium and crop response in soil of Sawangi watershed in Vertisol region of Vidarbha. Journal of Potassium Research, 9(3) : 233-240.
Ghiri ,Mahdi Najafi; Ali Abtahi; Soheila Sadat Hashemiand; Hadi Koohkan Islamic. 2010. Factors Affecting Potassium Pools Distribution in Calcareous Soils of Southern Iran. Arid Land Research and Management. Vol 25 (4).
Gurav, P. P., Datta, S. C., Ray, S. K., 2018. Choudhari, P. L. and Ahmed, N., Assessment of potassium release threshold levels of Vertisols (shrink–swell soils) in different agro-ecological regions of India. Appl. Clay Sci., 165, 155–163.
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Knudsen, D., Peterson, G.A., Pratt, P.F. 1996. Lithium, Sodium and Potassium. In: A. L. Page (ed) Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2, Second edition, American Society Agronomy, Madison, WI, pp: 403-429.
Kozhekov, O. K. and N. A. Yakovleva. 1977. Determination of carbonates and carbonate minerals in soils. Soviet Soil Sci. 9:620-622.
Lakudzala, D.D. 2013. Potassium response in some Malawi soils. International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 8(2) 175-181.
Lalitha M, and Dhakshinamoorthy M . 2014.. Forms of Soil Potassium-A Review. Agricultural Reviews. 35(1): 64-68.
Loeppert, R. H. and D. L. Suarez .1996. Method of soil analysis part 3. Chemical methods. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. And Am. Soc. Agron., 677, S. Segoe Ed., Madison Wisconsin 53711, USA, SSSA. Book Series No. 5.
Mam Rasul, Ghafoor Ahmed. 2008 . Physico-chemical behavior of potassium in predominant soil orders of Sulaimani governorate. Ph. D University of Sulaimani
Mandal D, Dey SK, Baruah CB (2011). Forms of potassium and their distribution in rubber growing soils of Tripura. Ann. Pl. Soil Res. 13(2):75-79.
Marschner, H .2010. Mineral nutrition of higher plants. Academic, London.
Martin, H. W. and D. L. Sparks, 1983. Kinetics of nonexchangeable potassium release from two Coastal Plain Soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 47:883-887.
McAfee J. 2008. Potassium, a key nutrient for plant growth. Department of Soil and Crop Sciences: http://jimmcafee.tamu.edu/files/potassium.
Mehmedany, L. A. M., 1999.Potassium physico-chemical behavior for some calcareous soils in Iraqi- Kurdistan region. M. Sc. Thesis of Agric. Coll. Dohuk Univ. Iraq.
Metson AJ .1980. Potassium in New Zealand soils. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. New Zealand Soil Bureau report no. 38, pp 61. New Zeland.
Mikkelsen RL, Bruulsema TW. 2005. Fertilizer use for horticultural crops in the US during the 20th century. Hort Technol 15:24–30 volume 12:818.
Muhr, G. R., Datta, N. P., Shankara Subramoney, H., Leley, V. K. and Donahu, R. L., 1965. Soil testing in India. United States Agency for International Development, New Delhi,, 120.
Murashikina, M.A. , R.J.Southard and G.S. Pettygrove.2007.Potassium fixation in San Joaquin valley soils derived from granitic and nongranitic alluvium.Soil Sci.Soc.Am. J.71:125-132.
Najafi-Ghiri M., Abtahi A., Jaberian F., Owliaie H.R. (2010): Relationship between soil potassium forms and mineral¬ogy in highly calcareous soils of southern Iran. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 4: 434–441.
Ngwe, K., Kheoruenromne, I., & Suddhiprakarn, A. (2012). Potassium status and physicochemical and mineralogical properties of lowland vertisols in a rice-based cropping system under tropical savanna climate. Kasetsart Journal (Natural Science), 46, 522-37.
Page, A. I., R. H. Miller, and D. R. Kenney (1982). Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2. Agronomy 9, Madison, W.I.
Parfitt, R. L. 1992. Potassium- Calcium exchange in some New Zealand soils. Australian journal of soil research 30: 145-158.
Polemio, M. J. and J. D. Rhoads. 1977. Determination cation exchange capacity a new procedure for calcareous and gypsiferous soils. Soil Soc. Am. Proc. 18:365-368.
Pratt. P.F. 1982. Potassium. In: Method of Soil Analysis. Part 2. C.F. page. et al., 1992.
Raheb, A. and A. Heidari. 2012. Effects of clay mineralogy and physico-chemical properties on potassium availability under soil aquic conditions. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 2012, 12 (4), 747- 761.
Rahi, H., K. Aisa and M. A. Jamal, 1978. Status of potassium in some soil of Erbil. J. of Agric. Sci. Zanko. Vol. 5: No 3.
Rashid Mehmood Butt, Mohammad Saleem Akhtar, Ayaz Mehmood , Muhammad Imran, Shah Rukh, Ghashiya Sattar Kayani, Muhammad Tariq Siddique, Kashif Sarfraz Abbasi, Abdul Qayyum, Zahoor Ahmad. 2017. Relationship of soil potassium forms with maize potassium contents in soils derived from different parent materials. Italian Journal of Agronomy 12:818.
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Rowell, D. L. 1996. Soil science methods and application. Welsy, Longman, London. University of Reading. UK.
Saini JG and, Grewal KS (2014). Vertical distribution of different forms of potassium and their relationship with different soil properties in some Haryana soil.
Samadi A., Rezapour S., Jafarzadeh A. A. and Oustan S. (2010). Impact of clay mineralogy and landscape on potassium forms in calcareous soils, Urmia Region. J. Agr. Sci. Tech. 12: 495-507.
Samadi, A. 2006. Potassium exchange in therms as a plant availability index in selected calcareous soils of western Azerbaijan Province, Iranian, Turkish Journal of Agriculture, 30: 213 - 222.
Sharpley, A. N. (1987). The kinetics of soil potassium desorption. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 51: 912 – 917.
Sheikh, K., Memon, K. S., Memon, M., & Akhtar, M. S. (2007). Changes in mineral composition and bioavailable potassium under long-term fertilizer use in cotton-wheat system. Soil Environ, 26(1), 1-9.
Siddiqua, M., Sharma, S.H.K, Qureshi, A. and Laxminarayana, P.,2018. Assessment Of Potassium Supplying Capacity of Soils of Nalgonda District of Telangana State through Neubauer Seedling Technique, Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 6(1): 551-555. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051-5894.
Simonsson, M.; S. Anderson; Y. Angrich - Ranget; S. Hillier; L. Mattsson and I. Oborn .2007. Potassium release and fixation as function of fertilizer application rate and soil parent material. Geoderma 140: 188 - 198.
Sparks, D. L. 2001. Bioavailability of Soil Potassium. p.38 – 52 . In Handbook of Soil Sciences: Resource Management and Environmental Impacts, Second Edition. P.M. Huang, Y. Li, M. E. Sumner, eds. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
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Sparks, D. L., 2000. Bioavailability of soil potassium, D-38- D-52. In M.E. Sumner (ed.) Hand book of Soil Sci., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Sparks, D.L. 1987. Potassium dynamics in soils. Adv. Soil Sci. 6:1-63.
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Al-Obaidi, M.A., 1996. Kinetic of potassium in some Iraqi soil. Ph.D. Thesis of Agric. Coll. Baghdad Univ. Iraq.(In Arabic).
Al-Obaidi1, Mohammed Ali Jamal; Mohammed Ali Fayyadh* and Abdulrahman Semo Hussien.2015. Kinetics of Potassium Adsorption and Desorption in some Vertisols of Duhok Governorate- Kurdistan Region- Iraq.
Al-Zubaidi, A; I. Bashour; T. Darwish and M. Safieddine. 2010. Content of Different Forms of Potassium in Lebanese Soils of Different Forms of Potassium in Lebanese. This paper was presented at the IPI-EGE University International Symposium on "Soil Management and Potash Fertilizer Use in the West Asia and North Africa Region", 22-25 November, Antalya, Turkey.
Al-Zubaidi,A. 2003. The status of potassium in Iraqi soils. Pp: 129 – 142. Proceeding of the regional workshop: potassium and wter management in West Apia and North Africa. In A. E. Johnston (ed.).International Potash Institute (IPI).
Azadi, Abolfazl; Majid Baghernejad; and Ali Abtahi. 2015. Kinetics of Potassium Desorption from Some Calcareous Soil (Fars province, Southern Iran). Int. J. Forest, Soil and Erosion, 2015 5 (2): 46-5. ISSN 2251-6387.
Bhonsle, N.S., Pal, S.K., Sekhon, G.S. 1992. Relationship of K forms and release characteristics with clay mineralogy. Geoderma. 54, 285-293.
Britzke, D., Da Silva, L.S., Moterle, D.F., Rheinheimer, D. D.S., Bortoluzzi, E.C. 2012. A study of potassium dynamics and mineralogy in soils from subtropical Brazilian lowlands. J. Soils Sediments. 12, 185-197.
Das, K. Sign S.K. and Shyampura R.L. (1993). Forms of K in relation to land form and soil properties of Basaltic terrian. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci., 41: 557-559.
Dhakad, H., Yadav, S. S., Jamra, S., Arya, V., Sharma, K., & Gaur, D. (2017). Status and Distribution of Different Forms of Potassium in Soils of Gwalior District (MP). IJCS, 5(5), 161-164.
Dhawan, S., Pareek, B. L., Mathur, C. M., 1968, Studies on the forms of potassium in soils of Rajasthan. Journal of the Indian Society of Sol Science, 16 : 55-60.
Gajbhiye, K. S., Gaikawad, S. T., Sehgal, J. L., Bhaskar, K. S. and Ratna Gupta, 1993, Status of available potassium and crop response in soil of Sawangi watershed in Vertisol region of Vidarbha. Journal of Potassium Research, 9(3) : 233-240.
Ghiri ,Mahdi Najafi; Ali Abtahi; Soheila Sadat Hashemiand; Hadi Koohkan Islamic. 2010. Factors Affecting Potassium Pools Distribution in Calcareous Soils of Southern Iran. Arid Land Research and Management. Vol 25 (4).
Gurav, P. P., Datta, S. C., Ray, S. K., 2018. Choudhari, P. L. and Ahmed, N., Assessment of potassium release threshold levels of Vertisols (shrink–swell soils) in different agro-ecological regions of India. Appl. Clay Sci., 165, 155–163.
Gurav, P. P.; S. K. Ray; P. L. Choudhari; A. O. Shirale1; B. P. Meena1; A. K. Biswas1 and A. K. Patra1. 2019. Potassium in shrink–swell soils of India. Current Science, Vol. 117, No. 4, 25.
Hasan, R., Potassium status of soils of India. Better Crops Int., 2002, 16 (2), 3–5.
Hasanuzzaman. M 1,*, M. H. M. Borhannuddin Bhuyan 2,3 ID , Kamrun Nahar 4 , Md. Shahadat Hossain 2 , Jubayer Al Mahmud 5 , Md. Shahadat Hossen 1 , Abdul Awal Chowdhury Masud 1 ID , Moumita 1 and Masayuki Fujita 2, (2018 )Potassium: A Vital Regulator of Plant Responses and Tolerance to Abiotic Stresses. www.mdpi.com/journal/agronomy.
Havlin, J.L., J.D. Beaton, S.L. Tisdale and W.L. Nelson, 1999. Soil fertility and fertilizers. Prentice-Hall International (UK) Limited, London.
Jackson, M. L. 1958. Soil Cheimcal Analysis. Prentice – Hall Inc. Englewood cliffs., New Jeresy.
Jackson, M. L. 1968. Soil Chemical Analysis, Prentice Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi.
Klute, A, (Ed). 1986. Method of Soil Analysis. Part 1: Physical and Mineralogical Methods, 2nd Edition. Agron. Monogr. 9, Madison WI.
Knudsen, D., Peterson, G.A., Pratt, P.F. 1996. Lithium, Sodium and Potassium. In: A. L. Page (ed) Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2, Second edition, American Society Agronomy, Madison, WI, pp: 403-429.
Kozhekov, O. K. and N. A. Yakovleva. 1977. Determination of carbonates and carbonate minerals in soils. Soviet Soil Sci. 9:620-622.
Lakudzala, D.D. 2013. Potassium response in some Malawi soils. International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 8(2) 175-181.
Lalitha M, and Dhakshinamoorthy M . 2014.. Forms of Soil Potassium-A Review. Agricultural Reviews. 35(1): 64-68.
Loeppert, R. H. and D. L. Suarez .1996. Method of soil analysis part 3. Chemical methods. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. And Am. Soc. Agron., 677, S. Segoe Ed., Madison Wisconsin 53711, USA, SSSA. Book Series No. 5.
Mam Rasul, Ghafoor Ahmed. 2008 . Physico-chemical behavior of potassium in predominant soil orders of Sulaimani governorate. Ph. D University of Sulaimani
Mandal D, Dey SK, Baruah CB (2011). Forms of potassium and their distribution in rubber growing soils of Tripura. Ann. Pl. Soil Res. 13(2):75-79.
Marschner, H .2010. Mineral nutrition of higher plants. Academic, London.
Martin, H. W. and D. L. Sparks, 1983. Kinetics of nonexchangeable potassium release from two Coastal Plain Soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 47:883-887.
McAfee J. 2008. Potassium, a key nutrient for plant growth. Department of Soil and Crop Sciences: http://jimmcafee.tamu.edu/files/potassium.
Mehmedany, L. A. M., 1999.Potassium physico-chemical behavior for some calcareous soils in Iraqi- Kurdistan region. M. Sc. Thesis of Agric. Coll. Dohuk Univ. Iraq.
Metson AJ .1980. Potassium in New Zealand soils. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. New Zealand Soil Bureau report no. 38, pp 61. New Zeland.
Mikkelsen RL, Bruulsema TW. 2005. Fertilizer use for horticultural crops in the US during the 20th century. Hort Technol 15:24–30 volume 12:818.
Muhr, G. R., Datta, N. P., Shankara Subramoney, H., Leley, V. K. and Donahu, R. L., 1965. Soil testing in India. United States Agency for International Development, New Delhi,, 120.
Murashikina, M.A. , R.J.Southard and G.S. Pettygrove.2007.Potassium fixation in San Joaquin valley soils derived from granitic and nongranitic alluvium.Soil Sci.Soc.Am. J.71:125-132.
Najafi-Ghiri M., Abtahi A., Jaberian F., Owliaie H.R. (2010): Relationship between soil potassium forms and mineral¬ogy in highly calcareous soils of southern Iran. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 4: 434–441.
Ngwe, K., Kheoruenromne, I., & Suddhiprakarn, A. (2012). Potassium status and physicochemical and mineralogical properties of lowland vertisols in a rice-based cropping system under tropical savanna climate. Kasetsart Journal (Natural Science), 46, 522-37.
Page, A. I., R. H. Miller, and D. R. Kenney (1982). Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2. Agronomy 9, Madison, W.I.
Parfitt, R. L. 1992. Potassium- Calcium exchange in some New Zealand soils. Australian journal of soil research 30: 145-158.
Polemio, M. J. and J. D. Rhoads. 1977. Determination cation exchange capacity a new procedure for calcareous and gypsiferous soils. Soil Soc. Am. Proc. 18:365-368.
Pratt. P.F. 1982. Potassium. In: Method of Soil Analysis. Part 2. C.F. page. et al., 1992.
Raheb, A. and A. Heidari. 2012. Effects of clay mineralogy and physico-chemical properties on potassium availability under soil aquic conditions. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 2012, 12 (4), 747- 761.
Rahi, H., K. Aisa and M. A. Jamal, 1978. Status of potassium in some soil of Erbil. J. of Agric. Sci. Zanko. Vol. 5: No 3.
Rashid Mehmood Butt, Mohammad Saleem Akhtar, Ayaz Mehmood , Muhammad Imran, Shah Rukh, Ghashiya Sattar Kayani, Muhammad Tariq Siddique, Kashif Sarfraz Abbasi, Abdul Qayyum, Zahoor Ahmad. 2017. Relationship of soil potassium forms with maize potassium contents in soils derived from different parent materials. Italian Journal of Agronomy 12:818.
Raskar, B.N., and Pharande, A.L. (1997). Different forms of potassium and their distribution in some important soil series of Vertisols and Alfisols of Western Maharashtra. J. Potassium Res., 13: 21-30.
Rowell, D. L. 1996. Soil science methods and application. Welsy, Longman, London. University of Reading. UK.
Saini JG and, Grewal KS (2014). Vertical distribution of different forms of potassium and their relationship with different soil properties in some Haryana soil.
Samadi A., Rezapour S., Jafarzadeh A. A. and Oustan S. (2010). Impact of clay mineralogy and landscape on potassium forms in calcareous soils, Urmia Region. J. Agr. Sci. Tech. 12: 495-507.
Samadi, A. 2006. Potassium exchange in therms as a plant availability index in selected calcareous soils of western Azerbaijan Province, Iranian, Turkish Journal of Agriculture, 30: 213 - 222.
Sharpley, A. N. (1987). The kinetics of soil potassium desorption. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 51: 912 – 917.
Sheikh, K., Memon, K. S., Memon, M., & Akhtar, M. S. (2007). Changes in mineral composition and bioavailable potassium under long-term fertilizer use in cotton-wheat system. Soil Environ, 26(1), 1-9.
Siddiqua, M., Sharma, S.H.K, Qureshi, A. and Laxminarayana, P.,2018. Assessment Of Potassium Supplying Capacity of Soils of Nalgonda District of Telangana State through Neubauer Seedling Technique, Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 6(1): 551-555. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051-5894.
Simonsson, M.; S. Anderson; Y. Angrich - Ranget; S. Hillier; L. Mattsson and I. Oborn .2007. Potassium release and fixation as function of fertilizer application rate and soil parent material. Geoderma 140: 188 - 198.
Sparks, D. L. 2001. Bioavailability of Soil Potassium. p.38 – 52 . In Handbook of Soil Sciences: Resource Management and Environmental Impacts, Second Edition. P.M. Huang, Y. Li, M. E. Sumner, eds. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Sparks, D. L. and Huang, P. M., 1985, Physical chemistry of soil potassium. In Potassium in Agriculture (ed. Munson, R. D.), American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, pp. 201–276.
Sparks, D. L., 2000. Bioavailability of soil potassium, D-38- D-52. In M.E. Sumner (ed.) Hand book of Soil Sci., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Sparks, D.L. 1987. Potassium dynamics in soils. Adv. Soil Sci. 6:1-63.
Srinivasarao, Ch and K. Srinivas. 2017. Potassium Dynamics and Role of Non-exchangeable Potassium in Crop Nutrition. Indian Journal of Fertilizers, Vol. 13 (4), pp.80-94.
Srinivasarao, Ch., Subba Rao, A., Rao, K. V., Venkateshwarlu, B. and Singh, A. K., 2010. Categorization of districts based on nonexchangeable potassium: implications in efficient K fertility management in Indian agriculture. Indian J. Fert., 6 (7), 40–56.
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Published
2021-10-14
How to Cite
ISMAIL, H. K., MEHMEDANY , L. A. M., & MOHAMMED, H. S. (2021). POTASSIUM FORMS FOR MAIN SOIL ORDERS IN THE NORTH OF IRAQ. Journal of Duhok University, 24(2), 49-59. https://doi.org/10.26682/ajuod.2021.24.2.6
Section
Agriculture and Veterinary Science
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