SEED GERMINATION ECOLOGY AND SEEDLING EMERGENCE OF SIXTEEN TREE SPECIES AUTUMN SOWN
Keywords:
Sowing timing, Seedling emergency, Germination timing, Regeneration
Abstract
In nature, the regeneration and the seed germination ecology of tree species is varied due to divers’ environmental factors and evolution process. As a consequence, understanding the factors controlling the seed germination and seedling emergence in the time and the space. In most nurseries, tree seeds are usually sown in spring or rarely in autumn and, they are often pretreated to increase the seed germination where the germination timing is selective sieve that a plant experiences throughout its life history. However, in most nursery of Kurdistan region, the managers have not a good knowledge about the seeds sowing timing and seedling emergency of native tree species. Therefore, the main aim of this study is to investigate seed germination phenology with providing new data and determine optimal ways of seed sowing time that will permit a best seedling establishment of sixteen native and introduced tree species. The results showed, the seed sowing timing and seedling emergence of these tree species. In addition, these species exhibit significant divergence in term sowing timing and seedling establishment. Thereby, our results have a high value for managers of Kurdistan governmental and private nurseries as a suggestion which exact time is better for sowing seeds and which seeds need pre-treatment before sowing in order to obtain better regeneration.
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References
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Al-Bukhari, F. M., Qrunfleh, M. M., & Al-Eisawi, D. M. (2002). propagation of Pyrus syriaca by seeds and stem cuttings. Actahorticulturae.
Baskin J.M. and Baskin C.C. (2000). Seed germination ecology of Lesquerellalyrata Rollins (Brassicaceae), a federally threatened winter annual. Natural Areas Journal 20: 159-165.
Baskin, J. M., & Baskin, C. C. (2014). What kind of seed dormancy might palms have?. Seed Science Research, 24(01), 17-22.
Dirr, M., &Heuser, C. W. (1987). The reference manual of woody plant propagation: from seed to tissue culture: a practical working guide to the propagation of over 1100 species, varieties and cultivars. Varsity Press. 239.
Donohue, K., Dorn, L., Griffith, C., Kim, E., Aguilera, A., Polisetty, C. R., & Schmitt, J. (2005). The evolutionary ecology of seed germination of Arabidopsis thaliana: variable natural selection on germination timing. Evolution, 59(4), 758-770.
Ellis, R. H., Hong, T. D., & Roberts, E. H. (1985).Handbook of seed technology for genebanks. v. 2: Compendium of specific germination information and test recommendations. Handbooks for Genebanks (IBPGR). 405.
Fenner M. and Thompson K. (2005).The ecology of seeds. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Galme´s J., Medrano H. and Flexas J. (2006) Germination capacity and temperature dependence in Mediterranean species of the Balearic Islands. Investigacio´nAgraria: Sistemas y RecursosForestales 15: 88-95.
Gültekin, H. C., Gulcu, S., Çelik, S., Gurlevik, N., & Özturk, G. (2007). The effect of stratification periods on germination of services tree (Sorbus L.) seeds. Turkish Journal of Forestry, 2, 42-50.
Gunes, E., Gubbuk, H., Ayala-Silva, T., Gozlekci, S., &Ercisli, S. (2013).Effects of various treatments on seed germination and growth of carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.). Pak. J. Bot, 45(4), 1173-1177.
Harper J.L. (1977). Population biology of plants. London: Academic Press.
Hartmann, H. T., Kester, D. E., Davies, F. T. JR. andGeneve, R. L. (1997).Plant Propagation.Principles and practices.Fifth edition.Prentice-Hall International, Inc. 647.
Imbert E., Youssef S., Carbonell D. and Baumel A. (2012). Do endemic species always have a low competitive ability? A test for two Mediterranean plant species under controlled conditions. Journal of Plant Ecology 5: 305-312.
Krussmann, G. (1981). The history of the modern garden rose. The Complete Book of Roses, 67-105.
Lawyer, E. M. (1978). Seed germination of stone fruits.In Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators' Society. (28). 106-109.
Leck M. A., Parker V. T. and Simpson R. L. (Eds.).(2008). Seedling ecology and evolution.Cambridge University Press.
Ma’an development center, (2017).Fostering Adaptation to Climate Change among Farming Systems in the northern Jordan Valley project.Booklet I: Frost tolerant species.
Mahdi H., Yaseen D., Hussein W., Salih H., Gailan B., Youssef S. (2016). Seed germination ecology of two species of Pistacia from mountain of Kurdistan Region of Iraq (NW Zagrous mountain). Experience carried out in nursery of college of Agriculture, University of Duhok (In revision).
Masaka, K., & Yamada, K. (2009). Variation in germination character of Robinia pseudoacacia L.(Leguminosae) seeds at individual tree level. Journal of Forest Research, 14(3), 167-177.
Mattana E., Daws, M. I. and Bacchetta G. (2010).Comparative germination ecology of the endemic Centranthusamazonum (Valerianaceae) and its widespread congener Centranthusruber. Plant Species Biology 25: 165-172.
McDonald, B. (1986). Practical woodyplant propagation for nursery growers.Timber Press, Portland, Oregon.(1) 660.
McMillan-Browse, P. D. A. (1978). Stratification – a detail of technique procedure international. Plant Prop. Soc. 28: 191–192.
Nowak, D. J., Hirabayashi, S., Bodine, A., & Hoehn, R. (2013). Modeled PM 2.5 removal by trees in ten US cities and associated health effects. Environmental Pollution, 178, 395-402.
Ortiz P.L., Montserrat A., Talavera S., (1998). Low reproductive success in two subspecies of Juniperus oxycedrusL.. International Journal of Plant Sciences 159: 843-847.
Peel, M. C., Finlayson, B. L., & McMahon, T. A. (2007). Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. Hydrology and earth system sciences discussions, 4(2), 439-473.
Piotto, B., & Di Noi, A. (2003). Seed propagation of Mediterranean trees and shrubs. ANPA Handbook. pp. 11-51.
Pipinis, E., Milios, E., &Smiris, P. (2011). Effect of sulphuric acid scarification, cold moist stratification and gibberellic acid on germination of Paliurus spina-christi Mill.seeds. Forestry, 17(1), 41.
Salih, T. W., Nazar, M. S., Gailan, B. A., Hameed, A. R., and Farouq Y., S. (2016). Growth response of Pinus brutia Ten and Melia azedarach L to various growing media under field conditions. Journal of University of Duhok, (19)1: 295-301
Salim Azad, M., Zedan-Al-Musa, M., & Abdul Matin, M. (2010).Effects of pre-sowing treatments on seed germination of Melia azedarach. Journal of Forestry Research, 21(2), 193-196.
Skordilis, A., & Thanos, C. A. (1995). Seed stratification and germination strategy in the Mediterranean pines Pinus brutia and P. halepensis. Seed Science Research, 5(03), 151-160.
Takos, I. A. (2001). Seed dormancy in bay laurel (Laurusnobilis L.). New Forests, 21(2), 105-114.
Takos, I. A., & Efthimiou, G. S. (2003). Germination results on dormant seeds of fifteen tree species autumn sown in a northern Greek nursery. Silvae Genetica, 52(2), 67-70.
Takos, I., & Konstantinidou, E. (2002). Effect of treatments and collection time on seed germination and germination rate of of Albizia julibrissin Durazz seeds. In Proceedings of the 2002 Annual Meeting of IUFRO (Vol. 2, No. 00, pp. 11-15).
Takos, I., &Merou, T. (1995).Technology of Woody Plants Seeds. the Technological Education Institute of Kavala. 181.
Tasoulas, E., Varras, G., Tsirogiannis, I., & Myriounis, C. (2013). Development of a GIS application for urban forestry management planning. Procedia Technology, 8, 70-80.
Topham, A. T., Taylor, R. E., Yan, D., Nambara, E., Johnston, I. G., &Bassel, G. W. (2017). Temperature variability is integrated by a spatially embedded decision-making center to break dormancy in Arabidopsis seeds. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 201704745.
Vora, R. S. (1989). Seed germination characteristics of selected native plants of the lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas. Journal of range management, 36-40.
Young, J. A. and Young, CH. G. (1992).Seeds of woody plants in North America.Dioscorides Press, Portland, Oregon. 407.
Youssef S. Baumel A. Véla E. Juin M. Dumas E. Affre L. and Tatoni T. (2011). Factors Underlying the Narrow Distribution of the Mediterranean Annual Plant Arenariaprovincialis (Caryophyllaceae). Folia Geobotanica 46: 327-350.
Youssef, S., Mahmood, A., Mahdi, H., and Vela, E., (2015).New contribution on Orchids (Orchidaceae) of Duhok Province in Kurdistan Region (N-Iraq).Journal EuropäischerOrchideen, 47, pp. 405-420.
Abdollahi J., Ebrahimi M., Ramshini H.A., JaafariA.A., Eftekhari M., Mansouri Y.S. and Goharrizi M.A.S.B. (2012). Seed germination as the major conservation issue of endemic Iranian salvia species. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 6: 37-46.
Al-Bukhari, F. M., Qrunfleh, M. M., & Al-Eisawi, D. M. (2002). propagation of Pyrus syriaca by seeds and stem cuttings. Actahorticulturae.
Baskin J.M. and Baskin C.C. (2000). Seed germination ecology of Lesquerellalyrata Rollins (Brassicaceae), a federally threatened winter annual. Natural Areas Journal 20: 159-165.
Baskin, J. M., & Baskin, C. C. (2014). What kind of seed dormancy might palms have?. Seed Science Research, 24(01), 17-22.
Dirr, M., &Heuser, C. W. (1987). The reference manual of woody plant propagation: from seed to tissue culture: a practical working guide to the propagation of over 1100 species, varieties and cultivars. Varsity Press. 239.
Donohue, K., Dorn, L., Griffith, C., Kim, E., Aguilera, A., Polisetty, C. R., & Schmitt, J. (2005). The evolutionary ecology of seed germination of Arabidopsis thaliana: variable natural selection on germination timing. Evolution, 59(4), 758-770.
Ellis, R. H., Hong, T. D., & Roberts, E. H. (1985).Handbook of seed technology for genebanks. v. 2: Compendium of specific germination information and test recommendations. Handbooks for Genebanks (IBPGR). 405.
Fenner M. and Thompson K. (2005).The ecology of seeds. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Galme´s J., Medrano H. and Flexas J. (2006) Germination capacity and temperature dependence in Mediterranean species of the Balearic Islands. Investigacio´nAgraria: Sistemas y RecursosForestales 15: 88-95.
Gültekin, H. C., Gulcu, S., Çelik, S., Gurlevik, N., & Özturk, G. (2007). The effect of stratification periods on germination of services tree (Sorbus L.) seeds. Turkish Journal of Forestry, 2, 42-50.
Gunes, E., Gubbuk, H., Ayala-Silva, T., Gozlekci, S., &Ercisli, S. (2013).Effects of various treatments on seed germination and growth of carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.). Pak. J. Bot, 45(4), 1173-1177.
Harper J.L. (1977). Population biology of plants. London: Academic Press.
Hartmann, H. T., Kester, D. E., Davies, F. T. JR. andGeneve, R. L. (1997).Plant Propagation.Principles and practices.Fifth edition.Prentice-Hall International, Inc. 647.
Imbert E., Youssef S., Carbonell D. and Baumel A. (2012). Do endemic species always have a low competitive ability? A test for two Mediterranean plant species under controlled conditions. Journal of Plant Ecology 5: 305-312.
Krussmann, G. (1981). The history of the modern garden rose. The Complete Book of Roses, 67-105.
Lawyer, E. M. (1978). Seed germination of stone fruits.In Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators' Society. (28). 106-109.
Leck M. A., Parker V. T. and Simpson R. L. (Eds.).(2008). Seedling ecology and evolution.Cambridge University Press.
Ma’an development center, (2017).Fostering Adaptation to Climate Change among Farming Systems in the northern Jordan Valley project.Booklet I: Frost tolerant species.
Mahdi H., Yaseen D., Hussein W., Salih H., Gailan B., Youssef S. (2016). Seed germination ecology of two species of Pistacia from mountain of Kurdistan Region of Iraq (NW Zagrous mountain). Experience carried out in nursery of college of Agriculture, University of Duhok (In revision).
Masaka, K., & Yamada, K. (2009). Variation in germination character of Robinia pseudoacacia L.(Leguminosae) seeds at individual tree level. Journal of Forest Research, 14(3), 167-177.
Mattana E., Daws, M. I. and Bacchetta G. (2010).Comparative germination ecology of the endemic Centranthusamazonum (Valerianaceae) and its widespread congener Centranthusruber. Plant Species Biology 25: 165-172.
McDonald, B. (1986). Practical woodyplant propagation for nursery growers.Timber Press, Portland, Oregon.(1) 660.
McMillan-Browse, P. D. A. (1978). Stratification – a detail of technique procedure international. Plant Prop. Soc. 28: 191–192.
Nowak, D. J., Hirabayashi, S., Bodine, A., & Hoehn, R. (2013). Modeled PM 2.5 removal by trees in ten US cities and associated health effects. Environmental Pollution, 178, 395-402.
Ortiz P.L., Montserrat A., Talavera S., (1998). Low reproductive success in two subspecies of Juniperus oxycedrusL.. International Journal of Plant Sciences 159: 843-847.
Peel, M. C., Finlayson, B. L., & McMahon, T. A. (2007). Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. Hydrology and earth system sciences discussions, 4(2), 439-473.
Piotto, B., & Di Noi, A. (2003). Seed propagation of Mediterranean trees and shrubs. ANPA Handbook. pp. 11-51.
Pipinis, E., Milios, E., &Smiris, P. (2011). Effect of sulphuric acid scarification, cold moist stratification and gibberellic acid on germination of Paliurus spina-christi Mill.seeds. Forestry, 17(1), 41.
Salih, T. W., Nazar, M. S., Gailan, B. A., Hameed, A. R., and Farouq Y., S. (2016). Growth response of Pinus brutia Ten and Melia azedarach L to various growing media under field conditions. Journal of University of Duhok, (19)1: 295-301
Salim Azad, M., Zedan-Al-Musa, M., & Abdul Matin, M. (2010).Effects of pre-sowing treatments on seed germination of Melia azedarach. Journal of Forestry Research, 21(2), 193-196.
Skordilis, A., & Thanos, C. A. (1995). Seed stratification and germination strategy in the Mediterranean pines Pinus brutia and P. halepensis. Seed Science Research, 5(03), 151-160.
Takos, I. A. (2001). Seed dormancy in bay laurel (Laurusnobilis L.). New Forests, 21(2), 105-114.
Takos, I. A., & Efthimiou, G. S. (2003). Germination results on dormant seeds of fifteen tree species autumn sown in a northern Greek nursery. Silvae Genetica, 52(2), 67-70.
Takos, I., & Konstantinidou, E. (2002). Effect of treatments and collection time on seed germination and germination rate of of Albizia julibrissin Durazz seeds. In Proceedings of the 2002 Annual Meeting of IUFRO (Vol. 2, No. 00, pp. 11-15).
Takos, I., &Merou, T. (1995).Technology of Woody Plants Seeds. the Technological Education Institute of Kavala. 181.
Tasoulas, E., Varras, G., Tsirogiannis, I., & Myriounis, C. (2013). Development of a GIS application for urban forestry management planning. Procedia Technology, 8, 70-80.
Topham, A. T., Taylor, R. E., Yan, D., Nambara, E., Johnston, I. G., &Bassel, G. W. (2017). Temperature variability is integrated by a spatially embedded decision-making center to break dormancy in Arabidopsis seeds. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 201704745.
Vora, R. S. (1989). Seed germination characteristics of selected native plants of the lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas. Journal of range management, 36-40.
Young, J. A. and Young, CH. G. (1992).Seeds of woody plants in North America.Dioscorides Press, Portland, Oregon. 407.
Youssef S. Baumel A. Véla E. Juin M. Dumas E. Affre L. and Tatoni T. (2011). Factors Underlying the Narrow Distribution of the Mediterranean Annual Plant Arenariaprovincialis (Caryophyllaceae). Folia Geobotanica 46: 327-350.
Youssef, S., Mahmood, A., Mahdi, H., and Vela, E., (2015).New contribution on Orchids (Orchidaceae) of Duhok Province in Kurdistan Region (N-Iraq).Journal EuropäischerOrchideen, 47, pp. 405-420.
Published
2018-04-27
How to Cite
MAHD, H. S., YASEEN, D. F., HASSAN, H. N., T. SELAH-ALDEN, M., J. MAHMOOD, M., ALI HAMEED, N., B. AHMED, G., AMIN ALI YOUSSEF, S. M., & HUSSEIN, W. I. (2018). SEED GERMINATION ECOLOGY AND SEEDLING EMERGENCE OF SIXTEEN TREE SPECIES AUTUMN SOWN. Journal of Duhok University, 20(1), 50-63. https://doi.org/10.26682/avuod.2017.20.1.8
Section
Agriculture and Veterinary Science
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