ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF SOME PLANT EXTRACTS AGAINST FUNGUS FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM
Keywords:
Plant Extract, Fusarium, Oleander, River red gum and Neem
Abstract
In vitro, study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of leaves extracts for each of Nerium oleander , Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Myrtus communis at concentrations (0, 20, 30, and 50 )% on the growth and sporulation of Fusarium oxysporum . In addition to the control, the experiment included three concentration levels for each aqueous plant extract: 20%, 30%, and 50%. When compared to the control, all plant extracts inhibited fungal growth in (Fusarium oxysporum). The greatest inhibitory effect was found to be 31.158 percent. Azadirachta indica has proven to be the most effective in reducing fungal growth
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References
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Ali, S.S., S. Ali, S. Munir, T. Riaz (2008). Insecticidal and bactericidal effects of ethanolic leaf extract of common oleander, Nerium oleander. Punjab Univ. J. Zool., 23(1-2): 081-090
Bansal KR, Rajesh KG. 2000. Evaluation of plant extracts against Fusarium oxysporum, wilt pathogen of fenugreek. Ind Phytopathol 53 (1): 107-108.
Benchimol, R. L., Sutton, J. C., Bastos, C. N., da Silva, C. M., & Dias-Filho, M. B. (2017). By-products of Piper aduncum in the control of fusariosis in black pepper plant. Embrapa Amazônia Oriental-Artigo em periódico indexado (ALICE).
Bhatnagar, D. and McCormick, S.P. (1988) : The inhibitory effect of neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extracts on aflatoxin synthesis in Aspergillus parasiticus. Journal of the American Oil Chemists'Society, 65(7): 1166-1168.
Boulenouar, N., A. Marouf and A. Cheriti (2009). Effect of Some Poisonous Plants Extracts on Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis. J. Biol. Sci., 9: 594- 600.
Chacón, C., Bojórquez-Quintal, E., Caamal-Chan, G., Ruíz-Valdiviezo, V. M., Montes-Molina, J. A., Garrido-Ramírez, E. R., ... & Ruiz-Lau, N. (2021). In Vitro Antifungal Activity and Chemical Composition of Piper auritum Kunth Essential Oil against Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium equiseti. Agronomy, 11(6), 1098.
Chung, G. F. (2012). Effect of pests and diseases on oil palm yield. In Palm Oil (pp. 163-210). AOCS Press.
Da Silva, J.K.R.; Silva, J.R.A.; Nascimento, S.B.; Da Luz, S.F.M.; Meireles, E.N.; Alves, C.N.; Ramos, A.R.; Maia, J.G.S. Antifungal activity and computational study of constituents from Piper divaricatum essential oil against Fusarium infection in black pepper. Molecules 2014, 19, 17926–17942. [CrossRef]
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Elansary, H.O.; Salem, M.Z.M.; Ashmawy, N.; Yessoufou, K.; El-Settawy, A.A. In vitro antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities of Eucalyptus spp. leaf extracts related to phenolic composition. Nat. Prod. Res. 2017, 31, 2927–2930. [CrossRef]
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Gupta RK, Bansal RK (2003). Comparative efficacy of plant leaf extracts and fungicides against Fusarium oxyporum Schlecht inducing fenugreek wilt under pot house condition. Ann. Biol. 191:35– 37.
Hassan, H. S., Mohamed, A. A., Feleafel, M. N., Salem, M. Z., Ali, H. M., Akrami, M., & Abd-Elkader, D. Y. (2021). Natural Plant Extracts and Microbial Antagonists to Control Fungal Pathogens and Improve the Productivity of Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) In Vitro and in Greenhouse. Horticulturae, 7(11), 470.
Hpoo, M. K., Mishyna, M., Prokhorov, V., Arie, T., Takano, A., Oikawa, Y., & Fujii, Y. (2020). Potential of Octanol and Octanal from Heracleum sosnowskyi Fruits for the Control of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Sustainability, 12(22), 9334.
Isaac, G.; Abu-Tahon, M.(2014). In vitro antifugal activity of medicinal plant extract against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici race 3 the causal agent of tomato wilt. Acta Biol. Hung., 65, 107–118. [CrossRef]
Joseph B, Dar M. A and Kumar V, Global J. Biotechnol. Biochem, 2008, 3: 56-59.
Joshi, P.C.; Prakash, O.M.; Prakash, O.; Tauro, P.; Narwal, S.S. (1992). Allelopathic effects of litter extract of some tree species on germination seedling growth of agricultural crops. Proceedings First National Symposium. Allelopathy in agroecosystems (Agriculture & foresty), February 12-14, 1992 held at CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125. 004 , India. 127-128.
Joshi, R. (2018). A review of Fusarium oxysporum on its plant interaction and industrial use. J. Med. Plants Stud, 6(3), 112-115.
Kamalakannan A., Mohan L., Harish S., Radjacommare R., Amutha G., Chitra K., Karuppiah R., Mareeswari P., Rajinimala N. & Angayarkanni T. (2004). Biocontrol agents induce disease resistance in Phyllanthus niruriLinn against damping-off disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani. Phytopathol. Mediterr. 43: 187–194.
Katooli N, Maghsodlo R, Honari H, Razavi SE. 2012. Fungistatic activity of essential oil of thyme and eucalyptus against of postharvest and soilborne plant pathogenic fungi. Global J Med Plant Res 1 (1): 1-4.
Kumar, R., Dubey, N. K., Tiwari, O. P., Tripathi, Y. B., & Sinha, K. K. (2007). Evaluation of some essential oils as botanical fungitoxicants for the protection of stored food commodities from fungal infestation. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 87(9), 1737-1742.
Mahmoud, D. A., Hassanein, N. M., Youssef, K. A., & Abou Zeid, M. A. (2011). Antifungal activity of different neem leaf extracts and the nimonol against some important human pathogens. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 42(3), 1007-1016.
N.E.S. Lale and H.T. Abdulrahman, Evaluation of neem (Azadirchta indica A. Juss) seed oil obtained by different methods and neem powder for the management of Callosobruchus maculates(F.) (Coeloptera: Burchidae) in stored cowpea, J.Stored Peod. Res.,35, 1999,135-143.
Nasrin, L., Podder, S., & Mahmud, M. R. (2018). Investigation of Potential Biological Control of Fusarium Oxysporum f. sp. Lycopersici by Plant Extracts, Antagonistic sp. and Chemical Elicitors.
Newman DJ Cragg GM, Snader KM. 2000. The influence of natural products upon drug discovery. Natural Prod Rep 17 (3): 215-234.
OSMAN, A. O. A., & MOHAMED, I. S. (2017). Antifungal evaluation of some leaves extracts and fungicide against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici causal agent wilt of tomato. Asian Journal of Tropical Biotechnology, 14(1), 1-8.
Rajendran, A. (2011). Isolation, Characterization, Pharmacological and Corrosion inhibition Studies of Flavonoids obtained from Nerium oleander and Tecoma stans. Int. J. Pharm Tech Res. 3(2):1005-1013.
Ramaiah A.K. & Garampalli R.K.H. (2015). In vitro antifungal activity of some plant extracts against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Lycopersici, Asian Journal of Plant Science and Research: 5(1):22-27.
Ramaiah, A. K., & Garampalli, R. K. H. (2015). In vitro antifungal activity of some plant extracts against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Asian Journal of Plant Science and Research, 5(1), 22-27.
Ray, A.; Jena, S.; Dash, B.; Kar, B.; Halder, T.; \\\Chatterjee, T.; Ghosh, B.; Panda, P.C.; Nayak, S.; Mahapatra, N. Chemical diversity, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the essential oils from Indian populations of Hedychium coronarium Koen. Ind. Crop. Prod. 2018, 112, 353–362. [CrossRef]
Sabo, V.A.; Knezevic, P. Antimicrobial activity of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. plant extracts and essential oils: A review. Ind. Crop. Prod. 2019, 132, 413–429. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Salehi, B.; Zakaria, Z.A.; Gyawali, R.; Ibrahim, S.A.; Rajkovic, J.; Shinwari, Z.K.; Khan, T.; Sharifi-Rad, J.; Ozleyen, A.; Turkdonmez, E.; et al. Piper species: A comprehensive review on their phytochemistry, biological activities and applications. Molecules 2019, 24, 1364. [CrossRef]
Salem, M.Z.M.; Zidan, Y.E.; Mansour, M.M.A.; El Hadidi, N.M.N.; Abo Elgat, W.A.A. Antifungal activities of two essential oils used in the treatment of three commercial woods deteriorated by five common mold fungi. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. 2016, 106, 88–96. [CrossRef]
Shukla, A., & Dwivedi, S. K. (2012). Bioefficacy of plant extracts against Fusarium species causing wilt in pulses. IOSR Journal of Engineering, 2(1), 136-144.
Siddiqui, I., Bokhari, N. A., & Perveen, K. (2016). Antifungal ability of Nerium oleander against Fusarium oxysporum, Sclerotium rolfsii and Macrophomina phaseolina. J. Anim. Plant Sci, 26(1), 269-274.
Siddiqui, I., Bokhari, N. A., & Perveen, K. (2016). Antifungal ability of Nerium oleander against Fusarium oxysporum, Sclerotium rolfsii and Macrophomina phaseolina. J. Anim. Plant Sci, 26(1), 269-274.
Singh, U. P., Singh, H. B., & Singh, R. B. (1980). The fungicidal effect of neem (Azadirachta indica) extracts on some soil-borne pathogens of gram (Cicer arietinum). Mycologia, 72(6), 1077-1093.
Siramon, P.; Ohtani, Y.; Ichiura, H. Chemical composition and antifungal property of Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaf oils from Thailand. Rec. Nat. Prod. 2013, 7, 49–53.
Son D., Zerbo F.K.B., Bonzi S., Legrève A., Somda I. & Schiffers B. (2018). Assessment of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Producers’ exposure level to pesticides, in Kouka and Toussiana (Burkina Faso). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15, 204. Doi:10.3390/ijerph15020204.
Ullah, N., I. Ahmed, S. Ayaz (2014). In Vitro Antimicrobial and Antiprotozoal Activities, Phytochemical Screening and Heavy Metals Toxicity of Different Parts of Ballotanigra. Bio Med Res.Int :1-9.
Vinale, F., G. Manganiello, M. Nigro, P. Mazzei, A. Piccolo, A. Pascale, M. Ruocco, R. Marra N. Lombardi, S. Lanzuise, R. Varlese, P. Cavallo, M. Lorito, L.W. Sheridan (2014). A Novel Fungal Metabolite with Beneficial Properties for Agricultural Applications. Molecules 19:9760- 9772
-Yadav, CH. S. D. P. D., N. S. P. Bharadwaj, M. Yedukondalu, CH. Methushala, A.R. Kumar (2013). Phytochemical evaluation of Nyctanthesarbortristis, Nerium oleander and Catharathnusroseus. Ind. J. Res. Pharm. Biotechnol. 1(3): 333-338.
Zakuan, Z.; Mustapa, S.A.; Sukor, R.; Rukayadi, Y. Antifungal activity of Boesenbergia rotunda (temukunci) extract against filamentous spoilage fungi from vegetables. Int. Food Res. J. 2018, 25, 433–438.
Zibbu, G., A. Batra (2012). In vitro and in vivo determination of phenolic contents and antioxidant activity of desert plants of Apocynaceae family. Asian J. Pharmaceut. Clinical Res. 5 (suppl 1):76-83.
Ali, S.S., S. Ali, S. Munir, T. Riaz (2008). Insecticidal and bactericidal effects of ethanolic leaf extract of common oleander, Nerium oleander. Punjab Univ. J. Zool., 23(1-2): 081-090
Bansal KR, Rajesh KG. 2000. Evaluation of plant extracts against Fusarium oxysporum, wilt pathogen of fenugreek. Ind Phytopathol 53 (1): 107-108.
Benchimol, R. L., Sutton, J. C., Bastos, C. N., da Silva, C. M., & Dias-Filho, M. B. (2017). By-products of Piper aduncum in the control of fusariosis in black pepper plant. Embrapa Amazônia Oriental-Artigo em periódico indexado (ALICE).
Bhatnagar, D. and McCormick, S.P. (1988) : The inhibitory effect of neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extracts on aflatoxin synthesis in Aspergillus parasiticus. Journal of the American Oil Chemists'Society, 65(7): 1166-1168.
Boulenouar, N., A. Marouf and A. Cheriti (2009). Effect of Some Poisonous Plants Extracts on Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis. J. Biol. Sci., 9: 594- 600.
Chacón, C., Bojórquez-Quintal, E., Caamal-Chan, G., Ruíz-Valdiviezo, V. M., Montes-Molina, J. A., Garrido-Ramírez, E. R., ... & Ruiz-Lau, N. (2021). In Vitro Antifungal Activity and Chemical Composition of Piper auritum Kunth Essential Oil against Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium equiseti. Agronomy, 11(6), 1098.
Chung, G. F. (2012). Effect of pests and diseases on oil palm yield. In Palm Oil (pp. 163-210). AOCS Press.
Da Silva, J.K.R.; Silva, J.R.A.; Nascimento, S.B.; Da Luz, S.F.M.; Meireles, E.N.; Alves, C.N.; Ramos, A.R.; Maia, J.G.S. Antifungal activity and computational study of constituents from Piper divaricatum essential oil against Fusarium infection in black pepper. Molecules 2014, 19, 17926–17942. [CrossRef]
Dabire, T. G., Bonzi, S., Somda, I., & Legreve, A. (2016). Activité antifongique d'extraits aqueux de Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf., Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. et Portulaca oleracea (L.) contre les principaux champignons transmis par les semences d'oignon (Allium cepa L.) au Burkina Faso/[Antifungal activity of Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf., Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. and Portulaca oleracea (L.) aqueous extracts against the main seed-borne fungi of Onion (Allium cepa L.) in Burkina Faso]. International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, 17(3), 804.
Elansary, H.O.; Salem, M.Z.M.; Ashmawy, N.; Yessoufou, K.; El-Settawy, A.A. In vitro antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities of Eucalyptus spp. leaf extracts related to phenolic composition. Nat. Prod. Res. 2017, 31, 2927–2930. [CrossRef]
\Granados-Echegoyen, C.; Pérez-Pacheco, R.; Bautista-Martínez, N.; Alonso-Hernández, N.; Sánchez-García, J.A.; MartinezTomas, S.H.; Sánchez-Mendoza, S. Insecticidal effect of botanical extracts on developmental stages of Bactericera cockerelli (Sulc) (Hemiptera: Triozidae). Southwest. Entomol. 2015, 40, 97–110. [CrossRef]
Gupta RK, Bansal RK (2003). Comparative efficacy of plant leaf extracts and fungicides against Fusarium oxyporum Schlecht inducing fenugreek wilt under pot house condition. Ann. Biol. 191:35– 37.
Hassan, H. S., Mohamed, A. A., Feleafel, M. N., Salem, M. Z., Ali, H. M., Akrami, M., & Abd-Elkader, D. Y. (2021). Natural Plant Extracts and Microbial Antagonists to Control Fungal Pathogens and Improve the Productivity of Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) In Vitro and in Greenhouse. Horticulturae, 7(11), 470.
Hpoo, M. K., Mishyna, M., Prokhorov, V., Arie, T., Takano, A., Oikawa, Y., & Fujii, Y. (2020). Potential of Octanol and Octanal from Heracleum sosnowskyi Fruits for the Control of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Sustainability, 12(22), 9334.
Isaac, G.; Abu-Tahon, M.(2014). In vitro antifugal activity of medicinal plant extract against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici race 3 the causal agent of tomato wilt. Acta Biol. Hung., 65, 107–118. [CrossRef]
Joseph B, Dar M. A and Kumar V, Global J. Biotechnol. Biochem, 2008, 3: 56-59.
Joshi, P.C.; Prakash, O.M.; Prakash, O.; Tauro, P.; Narwal, S.S. (1992). Allelopathic effects of litter extract of some tree species on germination seedling growth of agricultural crops. Proceedings First National Symposium. Allelopathy in agroecosystems (Agriculture & foresty), February 12-14, 1992 held at CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125. 004 , India. 127-128.
Joshi, R. (2018). A review of Fusarium oxysporum on its plant interaction and industrial use. J. Med. Plants Stud, 6(3), 112-115.
Kamalakannan A., Mohan L., Harish S., Radjacommare R., Amutha G., Chitra K., Karuppiah R., Mareeswari P., Rajinimala N. & Angayarkanni T. (2004). Biocontrol agents induce disease resistance in Phyllanthus niruriLinn against damping-off disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani. Phytopathol. Mediterr. 43: 187–194.
Katooli N, Maghsodlo R, Honari H, Razavi SE. 2012. Fungistatic activity of essential oil of thyme and eucalyptus against of postharvest and soilborne plant pathogenic fungi. Global J Med Plant Res 1 (1): 1-4.
Kumar, R., Dubey, N. K., Tiwari, O. P., Tripathi, Y. B., & Sinha, K. K. (2007). Evaluation of some essential oils as botanical fungitoxicants for the protection of stored food commodities from fungal infestation. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 87(9), 1737-1742.
Mahmoud, D. A., Hassanein, N. M., Youssef, K. A., & Abou Zeid, M. A. (2011). Antifungal activity of different neem leaf extracts and the nimonol against some important human pathogens. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 42(3), 1007-1016.
N.E.S. Lale and H.T. Abdulrahman, Evaluation of neem (Azadirchta indica A. Juss) seed oil obtained by different methods and neem powder for the management of Callosobruchus maculates(F.) (Coeloptera: Burchidae) in stored cowpea, J.Stored Peod. Res.,35, 1999,135-143.
Nasrin, L., Podder, S., & Mahmud, M. R. (2018). Investigation of Potential Biological Control of Fusarium Oxysporum f. sp. Lycopersici by Plant Extracts, Antagonistic sp. and Chemical Elicitors.
Newman DJ Cragg GM, Snader KM. 2000. The influence of natural products upon drug discovery. Natural Prod Rep 17 (3): 215-234.
OSMAN, A. O. A., & MOHAMED, I. S. (2017). Antifungal evaluation of some leaves extracts and fungicide against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici causal agent wilt of tomato. Asian Journal of Tropical Biotechnology, 14(1), 1-8.
Rajendran, A. (2011). Isolation, Characterization, Pharmacological and Corrosion inhibition Studies of Flavonoids obtained from Nerium oleander and Tecoma stans. Int. J. Pharm Tech Res. 3(2):1005-1013.
Ramaiah A.K. & Garampalli R.K.H. (2015). In vitro antifungal activity of some plant extracts against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Lycopersici, Asian Journal of Plant Science and Research: 5(1):22-27.
Ramaiah, A. K., & Garampalli, R. K. H. (2015). In vitro antifungal activity of some plant extracts against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Asian Journal of Plant Science and Research, 5(1), 22-27.
Ray, A.; Jena, S.; Dash, B.; Kar, B.; Halder, T.; \\\Chatterjee, T.; Ghosh, B.; Panda, P.C.; Nayak, S.; Mahapatra, N. Chemical diversity, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the essential oils from Indian populations of Hedychium coronarium Koen. Ind. Crop. Prod. 2018, 112, 353–362. [CrossRef]
Sabo, V.A.; Knezevic, P. Antimicrobial activity of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. plant extracts and essential oils: A review. Ind. Crop. Prod. 2019, 132, 413–429. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Salehi, B.; Zakaria, Z.A.; Gyawali, R.; Ibrahim, S.A.; Rajkovic, J.; Shinwari, Z.K.; Khan, T.; Sharifi-Rad, J.; Ozleyen, A.; Turkdonmez, E.; et al. Piper species: A comprehensive review on their phytochemistry, biological activities and applications. Molecules 2019, 24, 1364. [CrossRef]
Salem, M.Z.M.; Zidan, Y.E.; Mansour, M.M.A.; El Hadidi, N.M.N.; Abo Elgat, W.A.A. Antifungal activities of two essential oils used in the treatment of three commercial woods deteriorated by five common mold fungi. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. 2016, 106, 88–96. [CrossRef]
Shukla, A., & Dwivedi, S. K. (2012). Bioefficacy of plant extracts against Fusarium species causing wilt in pulses. IOSR Journal of Engineering, 2(1), 136-144.
Siddiqui, I., Bokhari, N. A., & Perveen, K. (2016). Antifungal ability of Nerium oleander against Fusarium oxysporum, Sclerotium rolfsii and Macrophomina phaseolina. J. Anim. Plant Sci, 26(1), 269-274.
Siddiqui, I., Bokhari, N. A., & Perveen, K. (2016). Antifungal ability of Nerium oleander against Fusarium oxysporum, Sclerotium rolfsii and Macrophomina phaseolina. J. Anim. Plant Sci, 26(1), 269-274.
Singh, U. P., Singh, H. B., & Singh, R. B. (1980). The fungicidal effect of neem (Azadirachta indica) extracts on some soil-borne pathogens of gram (Cicer arietinum). Mycologia, 72(6), 1077-1093.
Siramon, P.; Ohtani, Y.; Ichiura, H. Chemical composition and antifungal property of Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaf oils from Thailand. Rec. Nat. Prod. 2013, 7, 49–53.
Son D., Zerbo F.K.B., Bonzi S., Legrève A., Somda I. & Schiffers B. (2018). Assessment of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Producers’ exposure level to pesticides, in Kouka and Toussiana (Burkina Faso). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15, 204. Doi:10.3390/ijerph15020204.
Ullah, N., I. Ahmed, S. Ayaz (2014). In Vitro Antimicrobial and Antiprotozoal Activities, Phytochemical Screening and Heavy Metals Toxicity of Different Parts of Ballotanigra. Bio Med Res.Int :1-9.
Vinale, F., G. Manganiello, M. Nigro, P. Mazzei, A. Piccolo, A. Pascale, M. Ruocco, R. Marra N. Lombardi, S. Lanzuise, R. Varlese, P. Cavallo, M. Lorito, L.W. Sheridan (2014). A Novel Fungal Metabolite with Beneficial Properties for Agricultural Applications. Molecules 19:9760- 9772
-Yadav, CH. S. D. P. D., N. S. P. Bharadwaj, M. Yedukondalu, CH. Methushala, A.R. Kumar (2013). Phytochemical evaluation of Nyctanthesarbortristis, Nerium oleander and Catharathnusroseus. Ind. J. Res. Pharm. Biotechnol. 1(3): 333-338.
Zakuan, Z.; Mustapa, S.A.; Sukor, R.; Rukayadi, Y. Antifungal activity of Boesenbergia rotunda (temukunci) extract against filamentous spoilage fungi from vegetables. Int. Food Res. J. 2018, 25, 433–438.
Zibbu, G., A. Batra (2012). In vitro and in vivo determination of phenolic contents and antioxidant activity of desert plants of Apocynaceae family. Asian J. Pharmaceut. Clinical Res. 5 (suppl 1):76-83.
Published
2022-10-02
How to Cite
SHAREEF, B. S., ALI, A. S., ALI , S. G., & TAHER, I. E. (2022). ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF SOME PLANT EXTRACTS AGAINST FUNGUS FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM. Journal of Duhok University, 25(2), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.26682/ajuod.2022.25.2.1
Section
Agriculture and Veterinary Science
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