SOIL SEED BANK COMPATIBILITY WITH ABOVEGROUND PLANTS UNDER DIFFERENT TOPOGRAPHICAL PARAMETERS IN THE ZAWITA MOUNTAINS FOREST
Keywords:
Vegetation, Seed Bank, Plant Density, Species Richness, Sorensen Similarity Index
Abstract
One of the strategies for survival and distribution of individual species in natural regeneration which is affected by environmental factors. The vegetation covers and seedling's emergence from the soil bank were studied by the effect of topographical factors (aspects, elevation, and slope gradient), in the forest` of Zawita mountains, and the Sorensen similarity index was estimated between vegetation cover and soil seed bank. The experiment was factorial with a strip-split plot design and four blocks. The results are summarized by the identification of 109 species belonging to 25 families with both vegetation and soil seed bank in the south aspect, while in the north aspect, 138 species combined with vegetation and soil seed bank, which were belongs to 29 families. The results recorded that the highest density of plants and species richness in the north aspect increased significantly with increasing elevation (214.92 and 246.72 plants.m-2), (20.79 and 19.94) respectively. While the highest density of seed banks emerged and species richness was recorded in the south aspect with increasing in the elevation and low slope gradient (3554.9, 2778.41, and 2692.59 plant.m-2), (16.75, 16.88, and 17.58) respectively. The degree of similarity with the Sorensen index between vegetation cover and soil seed bank was low under these topographical variables
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References
7. REFERENCES
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Alpert, P., & Mooney, H. A. (1996). Resource heterogeneity generated by shrubs and topography on coastal sand dunes. Vegetatio, 122(1), 83–93.
Ambrosio, L., Iglesias, L., Marin, C., & Del Monte, J. P. (2004). Evaluation of sampling methods and assessment of the sample size to estimate the weed seedbank in soil, taking into account spatial variability. Weed Research, 44(3), 224–236.
Aziz, S., & Khan, M. A. (1996). Seed bank dynamics of a semi-arid coastal shrub community in Pakistan. Journal of Arid Environments, 34(1), 81–87.
Badano, E. I., Cavieres, L. A., Molina-Montenegro, M. A., & Quiroz, C. L. (2005). Slope aspect influences plant association patterns in the Mediterranean matorral of central Chile. Journal of Arid Environments, 62(1), 93–108.
Baker, H. G. (1989). Some aspects of the natural history of seed banks. Ecology of Soil Seed Banks, 9–21.
Bakker, J. ., Bakker, E. ., Rosén, E., Verweij, G. ., & Bekker, R. . (1996). Soil seed bank composition along a gradient from dry alvar grassland to Juniperus shrubland . Journal of Vegetation Science, 7(2), 165–176.
Ball, D. A., & Miller, S. D. (1989). A comparison of techniques for estimation of arable soil seedbanks and their relationship to weed flora. Weed Research, 29(5), 365–373.
Baskin, C. C., & Baskin, J. M. (1998a). Seeds: ecology, biogeography, and, evolution of dormancy and germination. Elsevier.
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Bennie, J., Huntley, B., Wiltshire, A., Hill, M. O., & Baxter, R. (2008). Slope, aspect and climate: Spatially explicit and implicit models of topographic microclimate in chalk grassland. Ecological Modelling, 216(1), 47–59.
Bertiller, M. B. (1998). Spatial patterns of the germinable soil seed bank in northern Patagonia. Seed Science Research, 8(1), 39–45.
Bochet, E., & García-Fayos, P. (2004). Factors controlling vegetation establishment and water erosion on motorway slopes in Valencia, Spain. Restoration Ecology, 12(2), 166–174.
Bowes, G. G., Thomas, A. G., & Lefkovitch, L. P. (1995). Changes with time in the germination of buried scentless chamomile (Matricaria perforata Merat) seeds. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 75(1), 277–281.
Cavieres, L. A., & Arroyo, M. T. K. (2001). Persistent soil seed banks in Phacelia secunda (Hydrophyllaceae): Experimental detection of variation along an altitudinal gradient in the Andes of central Chile (33° S). Journal of Ecology, 89(1), 31–39.
Crowley, G., & Garnett, S. (1999). Seeds of the annual grasses Schizachyrium spp. as a food resource for tropical granivorous birds. Austral Ecology, 24(3), 208–220.
Cummins, R. P., & Miller, G. R. (2002). Altitudinal gradients in seed dynamics of Calluna vulgaris in eastern Scotland. Journal of Vegetation Science, 13(6), 859–866.
D.J.Snelder, & R.B.Bryan. (1995). No Title:The use of rainfall simulation tests to assess the influence of vegetation density on soil loss on degraded rangelands in the Baringo District, Kenya. CATENA, 25(1–4), 105–116.
Daubenmire, R. F. (1948). No Title: Plants and environment. A textbook of plant autecology.
Decocq, G., Valentin, B., Toussaint, B., Hendoux, F., Saguez, R., & Bardat, J. (2004). Soil seed bank composition and diversity in a managed temperate deciduous forest. Biodiversity and Conservation, 13(13), 2485–2509.
Duncan, D. B. (1955). Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics, 11(1), 1–42.
Esmailzadeh, O., Hosseini, S. M., Tabari, M., Baskin, C. C., & Asadi, H. (2011). Persistent soil seed banks and floristic diversity in Fagus orientalis forest communities in the Hyrcanian vegetation region of Iran. Flora: Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants, 206(4), 365–372.
Espeland, E. K., Perkins, L. B., & Leger, E. A. (2010). Comparison of seed bank estimation techniques using six weed species in two soil types. Rangeland Ecology and Management, 63(2), 243–247.
Forcella, F., Webster, T., & Cardina, J. (2003). Protocols for weed seed bank determination in agro-ecosystems. FAO PLANT PRODUCTION AND PROTECTION PAPERS, 3–18.
Funes, G., Basconcelo, S., Díaz, S., & Cabido, M. (2003). Seed bank dynamics in tall-tussock grasslands along an altitudinal gradient. Journal of Vegetation Science, 14(2), 253–258.
Garwood, N. C. (1989). Tropical soil seed banks: a review. Ecology of Soil Seed Banks, 149–209.
Ghazanfar, S. A., & McDaniel, T. (2015). Floras of the middle east: A quantitative analysis and biogeography of the flora of Iraq. Edinburgh Journal of Botany, 73(1), 1–24.
Ghermandi, L. (2018). Seasonal Patterns in the Seed Bank of a Grassland in North-Western Patagonia Seasonal patterns in the seed bank of a grassland in north-western Patagonia. February 1997.
Gomaa, N. H. (2012). Soil seed bank in different habitats of the Eastern Desert of Egypt. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 19(2), 211–220.
Gotelli, N. J., & Chao, A. (2018). Measuring and Estimating Species Richness , Species Diversity , and Biotic Similarity from Sampling Data Provided for non-commercial research and educational use only . Not for reproduction , distribution or commercial use . In Encyclopedia of Biodiversity (Issue December 2013). Elsevier Ltd.
Guest, E., & Townsend, C. C. (1966). Flora of Iraq: Introduction to the flora (Vol. 1). Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Iraq.
Harper, J. L. (1977). Population biology of plants. Population Biology of Plants.
Hegazy, A. K., Lovett-Doust, J., Hammouda, O., & Gomaa, N. H. (2007). Vegetation distribution along the altitudinal gradient in the northwestern Red Sea region. Community Ecology, 8(2), 151–162.
Hnatiuk, R. J., Thackway, R., & Walker, J. (2009). Explanatory notes for the Vegetation field handbook , version 2 (Issue October).
Hopfensperger, K. N. (2007). A review of similarity between seed bank and standing vegetation across ecosystems. Oikos, 116(9), 1438–1448.
Huang, R. L., Zhou, H. K., Liu, Z. H., Lei, Z. L., Yao, B. Q., Wang, X. C., Wang, W. Y., & Zhao, X. Q. (2013). Effects of slope aspect and altitude on the soil seed bank under different vegetations in Laji Mountains of Qinghai Province Northwest China. Chinese Journal of E-Cology, 32(10), 2679–2686.
Institute, S. A. S. (2017). Base SAS 9.4 procedures guide: Statistical procedures. SAS Institute.
Ismail, K., Besefky, S., Al-alousy, Y. M. Q., & Khalaf, A. S. (2014). Natural vegetation cover of some locations in Duhok Governorate as affected by elevations and aspects. 3(June), 80–88.
Looney, P. B., & Gibson, D. J. (1995). The relationship between the soil seed bank and above-ground vegetation of a coastal barrier island. Journal of Vegetation Science, 6(6), 825–836.
Lyon, L. J. (1968). An Evaluation of Density Sampling Methods in a Shrub Community. Journal of Range Management, 21(1), 16.
Ma, M., Zhou, X., & Du, G. (2010). Role of soil seed bank along a disturbance gradient in an alpine meadow on the Tibet plateau. Flora: Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants, 205(2), 128–134.
Marone, L., Lopez De Casenave, J., & Cueto, V. R. (2000). Granivory in Southern South American Deserts: Conceptual issues and current evidence. BioScience, 50(2), 123–132.
Mata-González, R., Pieper, R. D., & Cárdenas, M. M. (2002). Vegetation patterns as affected by aspect and elevation in small desert mountains. Southwestern Naturalist, 47(3), 440–448.
McGovern, R. J., & McSorley, R. (2018). Physical methods of soil sterilization for disease management including soil solarization. In Environmentally safe approaches to crop disease control (pp. 283–314). CRC Press.
McGraw, J. B. (1989). The role of buried viable seeds in arctic and alpine plant communities. Ecology of Soil Seed Banks.
Mirzaei, J., & Karami, A. (2015). Plant Diversity and Richness in Relation to Environmental Gradient in Zagros Ecosystems, West of Iran. Journal of Rangeland Science, 5(4).
Murdoch, A. J., & Ellis, R. H. (2000). Dormancy, viability and longevity. Seeds: The Ecology of Regeneration in Plant Communities, 2, 183–214.
Ortega, M., Levassor, C., & Peco, B. (1997). Seasonal dynamics of Mediterranean pasture seed banks along environmental gradients. Journal of Biogeography, 24(2), 177–195.
Özaslan Parlak, A., Gökkuş, A., & Demiray, H. C. (2011). Soil seed bank and aboveground vegetation in grazing lands of southern Marmara, Turkey. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 39(1), 96–106.
Peco, B., Ortega, M., & Levassor, C. (1998). Similarity between seed bank and vegetation in Mediterranean grassland: a predictive model. Journal of Vegetation Science, 9(6), 815–828.
Poiani, K. A., & Johnson, W. C. (1988). Evaluation of the emergence method in estimating seed bank composition of prairie wetlands. Aquatic Botany, 32(1–2), 91–97.
Pugnaire, F., & Luque, M. T. (2001). No Title: Changes in plant interactions along a gradient of environmental stress. OIKOS, 93(1), 42–49.
Pugnaire, F., & Valladares, F. (1999). Handbook of functional plant ecology. CRC Press.
Robertson, S. G., & Hickman, K. R. (2012). Aboveground plant community and seed bank composition along an invasion gradient. Plant Ecology, 213(9), 1461–1475.
Schneider, H. E., & Allen, E. B. (2012). Effects of elevated nitrogen and exotic plant invasion on soil seed bank composition in Joshua Tree National Park. Plant Ecology, 213(8), 1277–1287.
Senbeta, F., & Teketay, D. (2001). Regeneration of indigenous woody species under the canopies of tree plantations in Central Ethiopia. Tropical Ecology, 42(2), 175–185.
Shahbaz, S. E. (2018). Illustrated Flora of Bikhair Mountain Track.
Steckel, L. E., Sprague, C. L., Stoller, E. W., Wax, L. M., & Simmons, F. W. (2007). Tillage, cropping system, and soil depth effects on common waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) seed-bank persistence. Weed Science, 55(3), 235–239.
Sorensen, T. A. (1948). A method of establishing groups of equal amplitude in plant sociology based on similarity of species content and its application to analyses of the vegetation on Danish commons. Biol. Skar., 5, 1-34.
Taiwo, D. M., Oyelowo, O. J., Ogedengbe, T. C., & Woghiren, A. I. (2018). The Role of Soil Seed Bank in Forest Regeneration. Asian Journal of Research in Agriculture and Forestry, 1(4), 1–10.
Thompson, K., Bakker, J. P., & Bekker, R. M. (1997). The soil seed banks of North West Europe: methodology, density and longevity. Cambridge university press.
Tilman, D. (1994). No Title:Competition and Biodiversity in Spatially Structured Habitats. Ecology, 75(1), 2–16.
Warr, S. J., & Thompson, K. (1993). Seed banks as a literature and sampling techniques. 329–347.
Wischmeier, W. H., & Smith, D. D. (1978). No Title:Predicting Rainfall Erosion Losses: A Guide to Conservation Planning.
Zhang, H., John, R., Peng, Z., Yuan, J., Chu, C., Du, G., & Zhou, S. (2012). The relationship between species richness and evenness in plant communities along a successional gradient: a study from sub-alpine meadows of the Eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China. PloS One, 7(11), e49024.
Zhang, J. T., Xu, B., & Li, M. (2013). Vegetation patterns and species diversity along elevational and disturbance gradients in the Baihua Mountain reserve, Beijing, China. Mountain Research and Development, 33(2), 170–178.
Al-Alousy, Y. M. Q. and Al-Botany, K. H. A. (2013). Quantitative characters of vegetatation cover grown at overlooking aspects on ashawa resort at northern iraq. mesopotamia j. of agric., 9796(41), 191–217.
Alpert, P., & Mooney, H. A. (1996). Resource heterogeneity generated by shrubs and topography on coastal sand dunes. Vegetatio, 122(1), 83–93.
Ambrosio, L., Iglesias, L., Marin, C., & Del Monte, J. P. (2004). Evaluation of sampling methods and assessment of the sample size to estimate the weed seedbank in soil, taking into account spatial variability. Weed Research, 44(3), 224–236.
Aziz, S., & Khan, M. A. (1996). Seed bank dynamics of a semi-arid coastal shrub community in Pakistan. Journal of Arid Environments, 34(1), 81–87.
Badano, E. I., Cavieres, L. A., Molina-Montenegro, M. A., & Quiroz, C. L. (2005). Slope aspect influences plant association patterns in the Mediterranean matorral of central Chile. Journal of Arid Environments, 62(1), 93–108.
Baker, H. G. (1989). Some aspects of the natural history of seed banks. Ecology of Soil Seed Banks, 9–21.
Bakker, J. ., Bakker, E. ., Rosén, E., Verweij, G. ., & Bekker, R. . (1996). Soil seed bank composition along a gradient from dry alvar grassland to Juniperus shrubland . Journal of Vegetation Science, 7(2), 165–176.
Ball, D. A., & Miller, S. D. (1989). A comparison of techniques for estimation of arable soil seedbanks and their relationship to weed flora. Weed Research, 29(5), 365–373.
Baskin, C. C., & Baskin, J. M. (1998a). Seeds: ecology, biogeography, and, evolution of dormancy and germination. Elsevier.
Baskin, C. C., & Baskin, M. (1998b). Seeds.
Bennie, J., Huntley, B., Wiltshire, A., Hill, M. O., & Baxter, R. (2008). Slope, aspect and climate: Spatially explicit and implicit models of topographic microclimate in chalk grassland. Ecological Modelling, 216(1), 47–59.
Bertiller, M. B. (1998). Spatial patterns of the germinable soil seed bank in northern Patagonia. Seed Science Research, 8(1), 39–45.
Bochet, E., & García-Fayos, P. (2004). Factors controlling vegetation establishment and water erosion on motorway slopes in Valencia, Spain. Restoration Ecology, 12(2), 166–174.
Bowes, G. G., Thomas, A. G., & Lefkovitch, L. P. (1995). Changes with time in the germination of buried scentless chamomile (Matricaria perforata Merat) seeds. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 75(1), 277–281.
Cavieres, L. A., & Arroyo, M. T. K. (2001). Persistent soil seed banks in Phacelia secunda (Hydrophyllaceae): Experimental detection of variation along an altitudinal gradient in the Andes of central Chile (33° S). Journal of Ecology, 89(1), 31–39.
Crowley, G., & Garnett, S. (1999). Seeds of the annual grasses Schizachyrium spp. as a food resource for tropical granivorous birds. Austral Ecology, 24(3), 208–220.
Cummins, R. P., & Miller, G. R. (2002). Altitudinal gradients in seed dynamics of Calluna vulgaris in eastern Scotland. Journal of Vegetation Science, 13(6), 859–866.
D.J.Snelder, & R.B.Bryan. (1995). No Title:The use of rainfall simulation tests to assess the influence of vegetation density on soil loss on degraded rangelands in the Baringo District, Kenya. CATENA, 25(1–4), 105–116.
Daubenmire, R. F. (1948). No Title: Plants and environment. A textbook of plant autecology.
Decocq, G., Valentin, B., Toussaint, B., Hendoux, F., Saguez, R., & Bardat, J. (2004). Soil seed bank composition and diversity in a managed temperate deciduous forest. Biodiversity and Conservation, 13(13), 2485–2509.
Duncan, D. B. (1955). Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics, 11(1), 1–42.
Esmailzadeh, O., Hosseini, S. M., Tabari, M., Baskin, C. C., & Asadi, H. (2011). Persistent soil seed banks and floristic diversity in Fagus orientalis forest communities in the Hyrcanian vegetation region of Iran. Flora: Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants, 206(4), 365–372.
Espeland, E. K., Perkins, L. B., & Leger, E. A. (2010). Comparison of seed bank estimation techniques using six weed species in two soil types. Rangeland Ecology and Management, 63(2), 243–247.
Forcella, F., Webster, T., & Cardina, J. (2003). Protocols for weed seed bank determination in agro-ecosystems. FAO PLANT PRODUCTION AND PROTECTION PAPERS, 3–18.
Funes, G., Basconcelo, S., Díaz, S., & Cabido, M. (2003). Seed bank dynamics in tall-tussock grasslands along an altitudinal gradient. Journal of Vegetation Science, 14(2), 253–258.
Garwood, N. C. (1989). Tropical soil seed banks: a review. Ecology of Soil Seed Banks, 149–209.
Ghazanfar, S. A., & McDaniel, T. (2015). Floras of the middle east: A quantitative analysis and biogeography of the flora of Iraq. Edinburgh Journal of Botany, 73(1), 1–24.
Ghermandi, L. (2018). Seasonal Patterns in the Seed Bank of a Grassland in North-Western Patagonia Seasonal patterns in the seed bank of a grassland in north-western Patagonia. February 1997.
Gomaa, N. H. (2012). Soil seed bank in different habitats of the Eastern Desert of Egypt. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 19(2), 211–220.
Gotelli, N. J., & Chao, A. (2018). Measuring and Estimating Species Richness , Species Diversity , and Biotic Similarity from Sampling Data Provided for non-commercial research and educational use only . Not for reproduction , distribution or commercial use . In Encyclopedia of Biodiversity (Issue December 2013). Elsevier Ltd.
Guest, E., & Townsend, C. C. (1966). Flora of Iraq: Introduction to the flora (Vol. 1). Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Iraq.
Harper, J. L. (1977). Population biology of plants. Population Biology of Plants.
Hegazy, A. K., Lovett-Doust, J., Hammouda, O., & Gomaa, N. H. (2007). Vegetation distribution along the altitudinal gradient in the northwestern Red Sea region. Community Ecology, 8(2), 151–162.
Hnatiuk, R. J., Thackway, R., & Walker, J. (2009). Explanatory notes for the Vegetation field handbook , version 2 (Issue October).
Hopfensperger, K. N. (2007). A review of similarity between seed bank and standing vegetation across ecosystems. Oikos, 116(9), 1438–1448.
Huang, R. L., Zhou, H. K., Liu, Z. H., Lei, Z. L., Yao, B. Q., Wang, X. C., Wang, W. Y., & Zhao, X. Q. (2013). Effects of slope aspect and altitude on the soil seed bank under different vegetations in Laji Mountains of Qinghai Province Northwest China. Chinese Journal of E-Cology, 32(10), 2679–2686.
Institute, S. A. S. (2017). Base SAS 9.4 procedures guide: Statistical procedures. SAS Institute.
Ismail, K., Besefky, S., Al-alousy, Y. M. Q., & Khalaf, A. S. (2014). Natural vegetation cover of some locations in Duhok Governorate as affected by elevations and aspects. 3(June), 80–88.
Looney, P. B., & Gibson, D. J. (1995). The relationship between the soil seed bank and above-ground vegetation of a coastal barrier island. Journal of Vegetation Science, 6(6), 825–836.
Lyon, L. J. (1968). An Evaluation of Density Sampling Methods in a Shrub Community. Journal of Range Management, 21(1), 16.
Ma, M., Zhou, X., & Du, G. (2010). Role of soil seed bank along a disturbance gradient in an alpine meadow on the Tibet plateau. Flora: Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants, 205(2), 128–134.
Marone, L., Lopez De Casenave, J., & Cueto, V. R. (2000). Granivory in Southern South American Deserts: Conceptual issues and current evidence. BioScience, 50(2), 123–132.
Mata-González, R., Pieper, R. D., & Cárdenas, M. M. (2002). Vegetation patterns as affected by aspect and elevation in small desert mountains. Southwestern Naturalist, 47(3), 440–448.
McGovern, R. J., & McSorley, R. (2018). Physical methods of soil sterilization for disease management including soil solarization. In Environmentally safe approaches to crop disease control (pp. 283–314). CRC Press.
McGraw, J. B. (1989). The role of buried viable seeds in arctic and alpine plant communities. Ecology of Soil Seed Banks.
Mirzaei, J., & Karami, A. (2015). Plant Diversity and Richness in Relation to Environmental Gradient in Zagros Ecosystems, West of Iran. Journal of Rangeland Science, 5(4).
Murdoch, A. J., & Ellis, R. H. (2000). Dormancy, viability and longevity. Seeds: The Ecology of Regeneration in Plant Communities, 2, 183–214.
Ortega, M., Levassor, C., & Peco, B. (1997). Seasonal dynamics of Mediterranean pasture seed banks along environmental gradients. Journal of Biogeography, 24(2), 177–195.
Özaslan Parlak, A., Gökkuş, A., & Demiray, H. C. (2011). Soil seed bank and aboveground vegetation in grazing lands of southern Marmara, Turkey. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 39(1), 96–106.
Peco, B., Ortega, M., & Levassor, C. (1998). Similarity between seed bank and vegetation in Mediterranean grassland: a predictive model. Journal of Vegetation Science, 9(6), 815–828.
Poiani, K. A., & Johnson, W. C. (1988). Evaluation of the emergence method in estimating seed bank composition of prairie wetlands. Aquatic Botany, 32(1–2), 91–97.
Pugnaire, F., & Luque, M. T. (2001). No Title: Changes in plant interactions along a gradient of environmental stress. OIKOS, 93(1), 42–49.
Pugnaire, F., & Valladares, F. (1999). Handbook of functional plant ecology. CRC Press.
Robertson, S. G., & Hickman, K. R. (2012). Aboveground plant community and seed bank composition along an invasion gradient. Plant Ecology, 213(9), 1461–1475.
Schneider, H. E., & Allen, E. B. (2012). Effects of elevated nitrogen and exotic plant invasion on soil seed bank composition in Joshua Tree National Park. Plant Ecology, 213(8), 1277–1287.
Senbeta, F., & Teketay, D. (2001). Regeneration of indigenous woody species under the canopies of tree plantations in Central Ethiopia. Tropical Ecology, 42(2), 175–185.
Shahbaz, S. E. (2018). Illustrated Flora of Bikhair Mountain Track.
Steckel, L. E., Sprague, C. L., Stoller, E. W., Wax, L. M., & Simmons, F. W. (2007). Tillage, cropping system, and soil depth effects on common waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) seed-bank persistence. Weed Science, 55(3), 235–239.
Sorensen, T. A. (1948). A method of establishing groups of equal amplitude in plant sociology based on similarity of species content and its application to analyses of the vegetation on Danish commons. Biol. Skar., 5, 1-34.
Taiwo, D. M., Oyelowo, O. J., Ogedengbe, T. C., & Woghiren, A. I. (2018). The Role of Soil Seed Bank in Forest Regeneration. Asian Journal of Research in Agriculture and Forestry, 1(4), 1–10.
Thompson, K., Bakker, J. P., & Bekker, R. M. (1997). The soil seed banks of North West Europe: methodology, density and longevity. Cambridge university press.
Tilman, D. (1994). No Title:Competition and Biodiversity in Spatially Structured Habitats. Ecology, 75(1), 2–16.
Warr, S. J., & Thompson, K. (1993). Seed banks as a literature and sampling techniques. 329–347.
Wischmeier, W. H., & Smith, D. D. (1978). No Title:Predicting Rainfall Erosion Losses: A Guide to Conservation Planning.
Zhang, H., John, R., Peng, Z., Yuan, J., Chu, C., Du, G., & Zhou, S. (2012). The relationship between species richness and evenness in plant communities along a successional gradient: a study from sub-alpine meadows of the Eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China. PloS One, 7(11), e49024.
Zhang, J. T., Xu, B., & Li, M. (2013). Vegetation patterns and species diversity along elevational and disturbance gradients in the Baihua Mountain reserve, Beijing, China. Mountain Research and Development, 33(2), 170–178.
Published
2022-10-25
How to Cite
AHMED, G. B., KHALAF, A. S., & SHABAZ, S. I. (2022). SOIL SEED BANK COMPATIBILITY WITH ABOVEGROUND PLANTS UNDER DIFFERENT TOPOGRAPHICAL PARAMETERS IN THE ZAWITA MOUNTAINS FOREST. Journal of Duhok University, 25(2), 37-55. https://doi.org/10.26682/ajuod.2022.25.2.5
Section
Agriculture and Veterinary Science
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