CATEGORIZATION OF DEBRIS FLOW AND ITS PREDICTION ALONG THE HIGHWAY ROADSIDE OF DUHOK- SHEKHAN
Keywords:
Debris flow, classification, Volume, coefficient, plastic index
Abstract
Debris flow is caused by various triggers including intensive rainfall, snowmelt, and earthquakes. Quantifying the number, area, and volume of debris is critical to determine debris volume and its risks. Soil physical analysis in conjunction with laboratory geotechnical soil properties of some selected site along the highway roadsides of Duhok-Shekhan assisted in developing empirical models to predict debris flows volume from some input parameters like area, vegetation cover percent, and, the site slope. The debris flow volume was based on measuring (the length, width, and depth) of the individual debris flow sites. The results indicated that debris flows were significantly correlated with debris flow area. In contrast, it was poorly correlated with each of the vegetation cover percentages and site slope; Furthermore, it was shown that the debris flow can be predicted with reasonable accuracy at this stage of study by an exponential model based on debris flow area only. This will enable the responsible agents to take measures to mitigate the risk of a debris flow along the highway roadsides in the study area
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References
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Varnes, D.J. (1978). Slope Movement Types and Processes. Transportation Research Board Special Report: 11–33. In SpecialReport176: Landslides: Analysis and Control; Transportation Research Board: Washington, DC, USA.
Black,C.A., D.D.Evans, L.E.Ensminger, J.L.White and F.E.Clark.1965. Methods of soil analysis. part1, 2 . Agron, Mono. Am. Soc.Agron. Madison, Wisconsin.
Blake, G. R. and K. H. Hartage. (1984). Bulk density. In A. Klute (ed.) Methods of Soil Analysis,2nd ed., Agronomy Monograph no.
9. Madison, WI, American Society Agron., pp. 363–375.
Bottino, G., Chiarle, M., Joly, A., & Mortara, G. (2002). Modelling rock avalanches and their relation to permafrost degradation in glacial environments. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes,
13(4), 283–288. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.432
Cardenal, J., Mata, E., Delgado, J., Hernandez, M. A., and Gonzalez, A.( 2001). Close range digital photogrammetry techniques applied to landslides monitoring, Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci., XXXVII, 235–240,
Chen, I. C., Hill, J. K., Ohlemüller, R., Roy, D. B., & Thomas, C. D. (2011). Rapid range shifts of species associated with high levels of climate warming. Science, 333(6045), 1024-1026. Cruden, D.M and Varnes, D. (1996). Landslide types and processes. In Landslides Investigation and Mitigation; Transportation Research Board: Washington, DC, USA, pp. 36–75.
Cruden, D.M. (1991). A simple definition of a landslide. Bull. Int. Assoc. Eng. Geol., 43, 27–29.
Evans, S. G., & Clague, J. J. (1999). Rock avalanches on glaciers in the Coast and St. Elias Mountains, British Columbia. In: Proceedings of the 13th Annual Vancouver Geotechnical Society Symposium, Vancouver, (pp. 115-123).
Guthrie RH. 2002. The effects of logging on frequency and distribution of landslides in three watersheds on Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Geomorphology. 43:273–292.
Guzzetti, F., Manunta, M., Ardizzone, F., Pepe, A., Cardinali, M., Zeni, G., Reichenbach, P., and Lanari, R. (2009) Analysis of Ground Deformation Detected Using the SBAS-DInSAR Technique in Umbria, Central Italy, Pure Appl. Geophys., 166, 1425–1459,
Guzzetti, F., Mondini, A. C., Cardinali, M., Pepe, A., Cardinali, M., Zeni, G., Reichenbach, P., and Lanari, R.( 2012). Landslide inventory maps: New tools for an old problem, Earth-Science Rev., 112, 42–66,
Hungr, O.; Leroueil, S.; Picarelli, L (2014).The Varnes classification of landslide types, an update. Landslides, 11, 167–194.
Iverson, R.M., 1997, The physics of debris flows, Reviews of Geophysics, 35(3): 245–296" (PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on 2013-06-03. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
Johnson, R. C., Schmid, G. P., Hyde, F. W., Steigerwalt, A. G., & Brenner, D. J. (1984). Borrelia burgdorferi sp. nov.: etiologic agent of Lyme disease. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 34(4), 496-497.
Kean, J.W., Staley, D.M., Lancaster, J.T., Rengers, F.K., Swanson, B.J., Coe, J.A., Hernandez,
Larsen IJ, Montgomery DR, Korup O. (2010). Landslide erosion is controlled by hillslope material. Nat Geosci. 3:247–251.
Legros, F. (2002). The mobility of long-runout landslides. Engineering Geology, 63(3–4), 301– 331. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(01)00090-4
Martha, T. R., Kerle, N., Jetten, V., van Westen, C. J., & Kumar, K. V. (2010). Characterising spectral, spatial and morphometric properties of landslides for semi-automatic detection using object-oriented methods. Geomorphology, 116(1-2), 24-36.
Morton, D.M. R.M. Alvarez, and R.H.(2003) Campbell. "PRELIMINARY SOIL-SLIP SUSCEPTIBILITY MAPS, SOUTHWESTERN CALIFORNIA" (Open-File Report OF 03-17 USGS)
Park JW, Choi BK, Cha DS. (2017). Spatial distribution and casual causes of shallow landslides in the Jinbu area of Korea. J For Environ Sci. 32 (2):130–135.
Pierson, Thomas C. (2005). Distinguishing between debris flows and floods from field evidence in small watersheds. US Department of the Interior, US Geological Survey,
Potree and ch,(1962.) revised by (Al-Lame and Al Janaby,1992), also, the soil bulk density was measured in the field using the core method as outlined by (Blake and Hartage ,1984).
Pudasaini, S. P., & Krautblatter, M. (2014). A two-phase mechanical model for rock-ice avalanches. Journal of Geophysical Research 119(10), 2272–2290.
Schneider, D., Huggel, C., Haeberli, W., & Kaitna, R. (2011a). Unraveling driving factors for large rock-ice avalanche mobility. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 36(14), 19481966. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.2218
Schneider, D., Kaitna, R., Dietrich, W. E., Hsu, L., Huggel, C., & McArdell, B. W. (2011b). Frictional behavior of granular gravel-ice mixtures in vertically rotating drum experiments and implications for rock-ice avalanches. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 69(1), 70– 90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2011.07.001
Schwarz M, Preti F, Giadrossich F, Lehmannb P, Or D. 2010. Quantifying the role of vegetation in slope stability: a case study in Tuscany (Italy). Ecol Eng. 36:285–291.
Sigman, J.L. A.J., Allstadt, K.E. and Lindsay, D.N., 2019. Inundation, flow dynamics, and damage in the 9 January 2018 Montecito debris-flow event, California, USA: Opportunities and challenges for post-wildfire risk assessment. Geosphere, 15(4), pp.1140-1163.
Varnes, D.J. (1978). Slope Movement Types and Processes. Transportation Research Board Special Report: 11–33. In SpecialReport176: Landslides: Analysis and Control; Transportation Research Board: Washington, DC, USA.
Published
2022-11-08
How to Cite
AHMAD, H. M. (2022). CATEGORIZATION OF DEBRIS FLOW AND ITS PREDICTION ALONG THE HIGHWAY ROADSIDE OF DUHOK- SHEKHAN. Journal of Duhok University, 25(2), 108-115. https://doi.org/10.26682/ajuod.2022.25.2.10
Section
Agriculture and Veterinary Science
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