THE EFFECT OF OLEA EUROPAEA MOUTHWASH ON C-REACTIVE PROTEIN , ANTIOXIDANT IN CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS
Keywords:
mouthwash, CRP, catalase( CAT), clinical attachment loss(CAL), (CHX mouthwash)
Abstract
Introduction: a chronic inflammatory illness with damaging of tooth supporting structures is called periodontitis Aim: to evaluate the overall effects of Olea europaea mouthwashes as an helpful to non surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT ) on inflammation ,plaque and oxidative stress (OS) compared with chlorhexidine ( 0.2%) mouthwashes for managing of chronic periodontitis
Material and methods : A study will occurred at Periodontics Department, College of Dentistry, university of Duhok , .The research composed from 72 participants with chronic periodontitis 39males, 33 females ranging from 25-55 years old, both NSPT and data collection were performed by single dentist . Randomly participants were divided into three categories , each category included 24patients,first group receiving NSPT and olive mouthwash, the second group receiving NSPT and CHX mouthwash and control group getting NSPT only. Clinical attachment loss (CAL) and Plaque Index (PI) were measured . Salivary CRP, Catalase(CAT) , eight hydroxy deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) would be measured
Results: The concentration of salivary CRP and CAT for both groups were highly significant after 2 weeks , while other parameters were non significant
Conclusion Both mouthwash have a significant reduction on inflammation CRP, ,oxidative stress and consider as powerful antioxidant properties
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References
Brecx M, Netuschil L, Hoffmann T. How to select the right mouthrinses in periodontal prevention and therapy. Part II. Clinical use and recommendations. Int J Dent Hyg. 2003.;1:188–94.
Bhat N, Mitra R, Reddy JJ, Oza S, Vinayak KM. Evaluation of efficacy of chlorhexidine and a herbal mouthwash on dental plaque: An in vitro comparative study. Int J Pharm Bio Sci. 2013;4:625–32.
Mahajan R, Khinda P, Gill A, Kaur J, Saravanan S, Sahewal A, et al. Comparison of efficacy of 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate and herbal mouthrinses on dental plaque: An in vitro comparative study. Eur J Med Plants. 2016;13:1–11.
Mali AM, Behal R, Gilda SS. Comparative evaluation of 0.1% turmeric mouthwash with 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate in prevention of plaque and gingivitis: A clinical and microbiological study. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2012;16:386–91.
Manipal S, Hussain S, Wadgave U, Duraiswamy P, Ravi K. The mouthwash war-chlorhexidine vs.herbal mouth rinses: A meta-analysis. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10:ZC81–3.
Sedef N E Olive tree (Olea europaea) leaves: potential beneficial effects on human health. 2009; Volume67, Issue11 Pages 632-638
Jain A, Bhaskar DJ, Gupta D, Agali C, Gupta V, Gupta RK, et al. Comparative evaluation of honey, chlorhexidine gluconate (0.2%) and combination of xylitol and chlorhexidine mouthwash (0.2%) on the clinical level of dental plaque: A 30 days randomized control trial. Perspect Clin Res 2015;6:53 7.
Aghili H, Jafari Nadoushan AA, Herandi V. Antimicrobial effect of zataria multiflora extract in comparison with chlorhexidine mouthwash on experimentally contaminated orthodontic elastomeric ligatures. J Dent 2015;12:1 10
Page RC. The role of inflammatory mediators in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease.J Periodontal Res.1991;26:230-42
Paraskevas S,Huizinga JD, LoosBG. A systemic review and meta-analyses on C-reactive protein in relation to periodontitis. J Clin Periodontal. 2008;35:277-90
Vidal F,Figueredo CM,Cordovl I, Fischer RG. Periodontal therapy reduces plasma level of interleukin-6,C-Reactive protein and fibrinogen in patients with sever periodontitis and refractory arterial hypertension .J Periodontal. 2009; 80:786-91
Fialkow L, Wang Y, Downey GP (2007). Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species as signaling molecules regulating neutrophil function. Free Radic Biol Med 42:153-164.
Parihar A, Parihar MS, Milner S, Bhat S (2008). Oxidative stress and antioxidative mobilization in burn injury. Burns 34:6-17.
Hyslop PA, Hinshaw DB, Halsey WA Jr, Schraufstatter IU, Sauerheber RD, Spragg RG, et al. (1988). Mechanisms of oxidant-mediated cell injury. The glycolytic and mitochondrial pathways of ADP phosphorylation are major intracellular targets inactivated by hydrogen peroxide. J Biol Chem 263:1665-1675.
Downey GP, Fukushima T, Fialkow L (1995). Signaling mechanisms in human neutrophils. Curr Opin Hematol 2:76-88
Camera A, Hopps E, Caimi G (2007). Diabetic microangiopathy: physiopathological, clinical and therapeutic aspects. Minerva Endocrinol 32:209-229
Di Filippo C, Verza M, Coppola L, Rossi F, D’Amico M, Marfella R (2007). Insulin resistance and postprandial hyperglycemia the bad companions in natural history of diabetes: effects on health of vascular tree. Curr Diabetes Rev 3:268-273
Castelao JE, Gago-Dominguez M (2008). Risk factors for cardiovascular disease in women: relationship to lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress. Med Hypotheses 79:31-44
Chapple IL, Matthews JB. The role of reactive oxygen and antioxidant species in periodontal tissue destruction. Periodontol 2000.2007; 43:160-232
Basu S, Helmersson J, Jarosinska D, Sallsten G, Mazzolai B, Barregard L (2009). Regulatory factors of basal F(2)-isoprostane formation: population, age, gender and smoking habits in humans. Free Radic Res 43:85-91.
Loe H ,Brown.Early-onset periodontitis in adolescents and young adult. periodontal. 1991 ;62:608-616.
Silness J and Loe H..Periodontal disease in pregnancy II.Correlation between oral hygiene periodontal condition. Act odontologica scandinavica. 1964; 22(1):121-135
Kamodyová, N, Baňasová, L, Janšáková, K, Koborová, I, Tóthová, L, Stanko, P, et al.. Blood contamination in saliva: impact on the measurement of salivary oxidative stress markers. Dis Markers 2015;2015:1–10
Aebi H. Catalase in Vitro. Methods Enzymol. 1984 Jan;105:121-6
Andrés García-Sánchez,1 Jorge Iván Gámez-Nava,1 Elodia Nataly Díaz-de la Cruz,1 Ernesto Germán Cardona-Muñoz,1 Itzel Nayar Becerra-Alvarado,1 Javier Alejandro Aceves-Aceves,1 Esther Nérida Sánchez-Rodríguez,1 and Alejandra Guillermina Miranda-Díaz1. The Effect of Visceral Abdominal Fat Volume on Oxidative Stress and Proinflammatory Cytokines in Subjects with Normal Weight, Overweight and Obesity. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2020; 13: 1077–1087.
[26]Ridker PM, Buring JE, Cook NR, Rifai N. C-reactive protein, the metabolic syndrome, and risk of incident cardiovascular events: an 8-year follow-up of 14 719 initially healthy American women. Circulation. 2003;107(3):391-7.
Lem , M.F; Vincent1,K.P; Josue1,W.P; Jeannette1,Y;Gertrude1,M.T and Joseph, T.(2014). In Vitro Ovicidal and Larvicidal Activities of Stem Bark of Terminalia glaucescens(Combretaceae) against Haemonchus contortus. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 2014, 5, 2859-2868
Aghayan SH , Zaker S , Shahlaei M. Evaluation the effect of concentration of ginger extract on the growth rate of Actinomyces Naslundicolony (in-vitro). Journal of Research in Dental Sciences. (2017);Vol. 14; No. 1
Amano A. Disruption of epithelial barrier and impairment of cellular function by porphyromonas gingivalis. Front Biosci 2007;12:3965-74. Back to cited text no. 16
D’Aiuto F, Nibali L, Parkar M, Suvan J, Tonetti MS. Short-term effects of intensive periodontal therapy on serum inflammatory markers and cholesterol. J Dent Res 2005; 84: 269-273.
Iwamoto Y, Nishimura F, Soga Y, Takeuchi K, Kurihara M, Takashiba S, et al. Antimicrobial periodontal treatment decreases serum C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, but not adiponectin levels in patients with chronic periodontitis. J Periodontol 2003; 74: 1231-1236
D’Aiuto F, Parkar M, Andreou G, Suvan J, Brett PM, Ready D, et al. Periodontitis and systemic inflammation: control of the local infection is associated with a reduction in serum inflammatory markers. J Dent Res 2004; 83: 156-160.
Higashi Y, Goto C, Jitsuiki D, Umemura T, Nishioka K, Hidaka T, et al. Periodontal infection is associated with endothelial dysfunction in healthy subjects and hypertensive patients. Hypertension 2008; 51: 446-453.
Mattila K, Vesanen M, Valtonen V, Nieminen M, Palosuo T, Rasi V, et al. Effect of treating periodontitis on C-reactive protein levels: a pilot study. BMC Infect Dis 2002; 2: 30.
Ide M, McPartlin D, Coward PY, Crook M, Lumb P, Wilson RF. Effect of treatment of chronic periodontitis on levels of serum markers of acute-phase inflammatory and vascular responses. J Clin Periodontol 2003; 30: 334-340.
Yamazaki K, Honda T, Oda T, Ueki-Maruyama K, Nakajima T, Yoshie H, et al. Effect of periodontal treatment on the Creactive protein and proinflammatory cytokine levels in Japanese periodontitis patients. J Periodontal Res 2005; 40: 53-58.
Walker M. Antimicrobial attributes of olive leaf extract. Townsend letter for 8 doctors and patients. July. 1996; 156: 80-85.
Castro M. The Complete Homeopathy Handbook. MacMillan: London. 1990. ISBN: 0–333–55581–3
Baseman JB, Tully JG. Mycoplasms: Sophisticated remerging and burdened by their notoriety. Emerging Inf Dis. 1997; 3: 21-32.
Dewick PM. Medical Natural Product. 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 2002; Pp: 196-197.
Bown D. Encyclopedia of Herbs and Their Uses. Dorling Kindersley, London. 1995. ISBN: 0–7513–020–31.
Chevalier A. The Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants. Dorling Kindersley, London. 1996. ISBN: 9–780751–303148.
Gottumukkala SN, Koneru S, Mannem S, Mandalapu N. Effectiveness of sub gingival irrigation of an indigenous 1% curcumin solution on clinical and microbiological parameters in chronic periodontitis patients: A pilot randomized clinical trial. Contemp Clin Dent 2013;4:186-91.
Benavente-García, O., Castillo, J., Lorente, J., Ortuño, A., & Del-Rio, J. A.. Antioxidant activity of phenolics from Olea europaea L. leaves. Food Chemistry, 2000; 49, 2480–2485.
Hambire CU, Jawade R, Patil A, Wani VR, Kulkarni AA, Nehete PB. Comparing the Antiplaque Efficacy of 0.5% Camellia Sinensis Extract, 0.05% Sodium Fluoride, and 0.2% Chlorhexidine Gluconate Mouthwash in Children. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2015;5:218 26.
Biswas S, Rithesh K, Savita S, Shivaprasad BM. Comparative Evaluation of the Effect of Green Tea, Listerine and Chlorhexidine Mouth Wash in Gingivitis Patients: A Randomized Controlled trial. Indian J Dent Res 2015;2:104 12.
Kaur H, Jain S, Kaur A. Comparative Evaluation of the Antiplaque Effectiveness of Green Tea Catechin Mouthwash with Chlorhexidine Gluconate. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2014;18:178 82.
Shahakbari R, Eshghpour M, Rajaei A, Rezaei NM, Golfakhrabadi P, Nejat A. Effectiveness of Green Tea Mouthwash in Comparison to Chlorhexidine Mouthwash in Patients with Acute Pericoronitis: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Int J Oral Max Surg 2014;43:1394-8
Addy M. Chlorhexidine compared with other locally delivered antimicrobials. A short review. J Clin Periodontol. 1986;13:957–64. [PubMed][50] Mathur A, Gopalakrishnan D, Mehta V, Rizwan SA, Shetiya S, Bagwe Sh. Efficacy of Green Tea Based Mouthwashes on Dental Plaque and Gingival Inflammation: A Systematic Review and Meta analysis. Indian J Dent Res 2018;29:225-32
Kaur H, Jain S, Kaur A. Comparative Evaluation of the Antiplaque Effectiveness of Green Tea Catechin Mouthwash with Chlorhexidine Gluconate. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2014;18:178 82
Lalitha Tanjore Arunachalam, Uma Sudhakar, Johney Vasanth, Sophia Khumukchum, and Varsha Vardhini Selvam. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2017 Nov-Dec; 21(6): 478–483.
Bhat N, Mitra R, Reddy JJ, Oza S, Vinayak KM. Evaluation of efficacy of chlorhexidine and a herbal mouthwash on dental plaque: An in vitro comparative study. Int J Pharm Bio Sci. 2013;4:625–32.
Mahajan R, Khinda P, Gill A, Kaur J, Saravanan S, Sahewal A, et al. Comparison of efficacy of 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate and herbal mouthrinses on dental plaque: An in vitro comparative study. Eur J Med Plants. 2016;13:1–11.
Mali AM, Behal R, Gilda SS. Comparative evaluation of 0.1% turmeric mouthwash with 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate in prevention of plaque and gingivitis: A clinical and microbiological study. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2012;16:386–91.
Manipal S, Hussain S, Wadgave U, Duraiswamy P, Ravi K. The mouthwash war-chlorhexidine vs.herbal mouth rinses: A meta-analysis. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10:ZC81–3.
Sedef N E Olive tree (Olea europaea) leaves: potential beneficial effects on human health. 2009; Volume67, Issue11 Pages 632-638
Jain A, Bhaskar DJ, Gupta D, Agali C, Gupta V, Gupta RK, et al. Comparative evaluation of honey, chlorhexidine gluconate (0.2%) and combination of xylitol and chlorhexidine mouthwash (0.2%) on the clinical level of dental plaque: A 30 days randomized control trial. Perspect Clin Res 2015;6:53 7.
Aghili H, Jafari Nadoushan AA, Herandi V. Antimicrobial effect of zataria multiflora extract in comparison with chlorhexidine mouthwash on experimentally contaminated orthodontic elastomeric ligatures. J Dent 2015;12:1 10
Page RC. The role of inflammatory mediators in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease.J Periodontal Res.1991;26:230-42
Paraskevas S,Huizinga JD, LoosBG. A systemic review and meta-analyses on C-reactive protein in relation to periodontitis. J Clin Periodontal. 2008;35:277-90
Vidal F,Figueredo CM,Cordovl I, Fischer RG. Periodontal therapy reduces plasma level of interleukin-6,C-Reactive protein and fibrinogen in patients with sever periodontitis and refractory arterial hypertension .J Periodontal. 2009; 80:786-91
Fialkow L, Wang Y, Downey GP (2007). Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species as signaling molecules regulating neutrophil function. Free Radic Biol Med 42:153-164.
Parihar A, Parihar MS, Milner S, Bhat S (2008). Oxidative stress and antioxidative mobilization in burn injury. Burns 34:6-17.
Hyslop PA, Hinshaw DB, Halsey WA Jr, Schraufstatter IU, Sauerheber RD, Spragg RG, et al. (1988). Mechanisms of oxidant-mediated cell injury. The glycolytic and mitochondrial pathways of ADP phosphorylation are major intracellular targets inactivated by hydrogen peroxide. J Biol Chem 263:1665-1675.
Downey GP, Fukushima T, Fialkow L (1995). Signaling mechanisms in human neutrophils. Curr Opin Hematol 2:76-88
Camera A, Hopps E, Caimi G (2007). Diabetic microangiopathy: physiopathological, clinical and therapeutic aspects. Minerva Endocrinol 32:209-229
Di Filippo C, Verza M, Coppola L, Rossi F, D’Amico M, Marfella R (2007). Insulin resistance and postprandial hyperglycemia the bad companions in natural history of diabetes: effects on health of vascular tree. Curr Diabetes Rev 3:268-273
Castelao JE, Gago-Dominguez M (2008). Risk factors for cardiovascular disease in women: relationship to lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress. Med Hypotheses 79:31-44
Chapple IL, Matthews JB. The role of reactive oxygen and antioxidant species in periodontal tissue destruction. Periodontol 2000.2007; 43:160-232
Basu S, Helmersson J, Jarosinska D, Sallsten G, Mazzolai B, Barregard L (2009). Regulatory factors of basal F(2)-isoprostane formation: population, age, gender and smoking habits in humans. Free Radic Res 43:85-91.
Loe H ,Brown.Early-onset periodontitis in adolescents and young adult. periodontal. 1991 ;62:608-616.
Silness J and Loe H..Periodontal disease in pregnancy II.Correlation between oral hygiene periodontal condition. Act odontologica scandinavica. 1964; 22(1):121-135
Kamodyová, N, Baňasová, L, Janšáková, K, Koborová, I, Tóthová, L, Stanko, P, et al.. Blood contamination in saliva: impact on the measurement of salivary oxidative stress markers. Dis Markers 2015;2015:1–10
Aebi H. Catalase in Vitro. Methods Enzymol. 1984 Jan;105:121-6
Andrés García-Sánchez,1 Jorge Iván Gámez-Nava,1 Elodia Nataly Díaz-de la Cruz,1 Ernesto Germán Cardona-Muñoz,1 Itzel Nayar Becerra-Alvarado,1 Javier Alejandro Aceves-Aceves,1 Esther Nérida Sánchez-Rodríguez,1 and Alejandra Guillermina Miranda-Díaz1. The Effect of Visceral Abdominal Fat Volume on Oxidative Stress and Proinflammatory Cytokines in Subjects with Normal Weight, Overweight and Obesity. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2020; 13: 1077–1087.
[26]Ridker PM, Buring JE, Cook NR, Rifai N. C-reactive protein, the metabolic syndrome, and risk of incident cardiovascular events: an 8-year follow-up of 14 719 initially healthy American women. Circulation. 2003;107(3):391-7.
Lem , M.F; Vincent1,K.P; Josue1,W.P; Jeannette1,Y;Gertrude1,M.T and Joseph, T.(2014). In Vitro Ovicidal and Larvicidal Activities of Stem Bark of Terminalia glaucescens(Combretaceae) against Haemonchus contortus. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 2014, 5, 2859-2868
Aghayan SH , Zaker S , Shahlaei M. Evaluation the effect of concentration of ginger extract on the growth rate of Actinomyces Naslundicolony (in-vitro). Journal of Research in Dental Sciences. (2017);Vol. 14; No. 1
Amano A. Disruption of epithelial barrier and impairment of cellular function by porphyromonas gingivalis. Front Biosci 2007;12:3965-74. Back to cited text no. 16
D’Aiuto F, Nibali L, Parkar M, Suvan J, Tonetti MS. Short-term effects of intensive periodontal therapy on serum inflammatory markers and cholesterol. J Dent Res 2005; 84: 269-273.
Iwamoto Y, Nishimura F, Soga Y, Takeuchi K, Kurihara M, Takashiba S, et al. Antimicrobial periodontal treatment decreases serum C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, but not adiponectin levels in patients with chronic periodontitis. J Periodontol 2003; 74: 1231-1236
D’Aiuto F, Parkar M, Andreou G, Suvan J, Brett PM, Ready D, et al. Periodontitis and systemic inflammation: control of the local infection is associated with a reduction in serum inflammatory markers. J Dent Res 2004; 83: 156-160.
Higashi Y, Goto C, Jitsuiki D, Umemura T, Nishioka K, Hidaka T, et al. Periodontal infection is associated with endothelial dysfunction in healthy subjects and hypertensive patients. Hypertension 2008; 51: 446-453.
Mattila K, Vesanen M, Valtonen V, Nieminen M, Palosuo T, Rasi V, et al. Effect of treating periodontitis on C-reactive protein levels: a pilot study. BMC Infect Dis 2002; 2: 30.
Ide M, McPartlin D, Coward PY, Crook M, Lumb P, Wilson RF. Effect of treatment of chronic periodontitis on levels of serum markers of acute-phase inflammatory and vascular responses. J Clin Periodontol 2003; 30: 334-340.
Yamazaki K, Honda T, Oda T, Ueki-Maruyama K, Nakajima T, Yoshie H, et al. Effect of periodontal treatment on the Creactive protein and proinflammatory cytokine levels in Japanese periodontitis patients. J Periodontal Res 2005; 40: 53-58.
Walker M. Antimicrobial attributes of olive leaf extract. Townsend letter for 8 doctors and patients. July. 1996; 156: 80-85.
Castro M. The Complete Homeopathy Handbook. MacMillan: London. 1990. ISBN: 0–333–55581–3
Baseman JB, Tully JG. Mycoplasms: Sophisticated remerging and burdened by their notoriety. Emerging Inf Dis. 1997; 3: 21-32.
Dewick PM. Medical Natural Product. 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 2002; Pp: 196-197.
Bown D. Encyclopedia of Herbs and Their Uses. Dorling Kindersley, London. 1995. ISBN: 0–7513–020–31.
Chevalier A. The Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants. Dorling Kindersley, London. 1996. ISBN: 9–780751–303148.
Gottumukkala SN, Koneru S, Mannem S, Mandalapu N. Effectiveness of sub gingival irrigation of an indigenous 1% curcumin solution on clinical and microbiological parameters in chronic periodontitis patients: A pilot randomized clinical trial. Contemp Clin Dent 2013;4:186-91.
Benavente-García, O., Castillo, J., Lorente, J., Ortuño, A., & Del-Rio, J. A.. Antioxidant activity of phenolics from Olea europaea L. leaves. Food Chemistry, 2000; 49, 2480–2485.
Hambire CU, Jawade R, Patil A, Wani VR, Kulkarni AA, Nehete PB. Comparing the Antiplaque Efficacy of 0.5% Camellia Sinensis Extract, 0.05% Sodium Fluoride, and 0.2% Chlorhexidine Gluconate Mouthwash in Children. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2015;5:218 26.
Biswas S, Rithesh K, Savita S, Shivaprasad BM. Comparative Evaluation of the Effect of Green Tea, Listerine and Chlorhexidine Mouth Wash in Gingivitis Patients: A Randomized Controlled trial. Indian J Dent Res 2015;2:104 12.
Kaur H, Jain S, Kaur A. Comparative Evaluation of the Antiplaque Effectiveness of Green Tea Catechin Mouthwash with Chlorhexidine Gluconate. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2014;18:178 82.
Shahakbari R, Eshghpour M, Rajaei A, Rezaei NM, Golfakhrabadi P, Nejat A. Effectiveness of Green Tea Mouthwash in Comparison to Chlorhexidine Mouthwash in Patients with Acute Pericoronitis: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Int J Oral Max Surg 2014;43:1394-8
Addy M. Chlorhexidine compared with other locally delivered antimicrobials. A short review. J Clin Periodontol. 1986;13:957–64. [PubMed][50] Mathur A, Gopalakrishnan D, Mehta V, Rizwan SA, Shetiya S, Bagwe Sh. Efficacy of Green Tea Based Mouthwashes on Dental Plaque and Gingival Inflammation: A Systematic Review and Meta analysis. Indian J Dent Res 2018;29:225-32
Kaur H, Jain S, Kaur A. Comparative Evaluation of the Antiplaque Effectiveness of Green Tea Catechin Mouthwash with Chlorhexidine Gluconate. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2014;18:178 82
Lalitha Tanjore Arunachalam, Uma Sudhakar, Johney Vasanth, Sophia Khumukchum, and Varsha Vardhini Selvam. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2017 Nov-Dec; 21(6): 478–483.
Published
2022-11-15
How to Cite
MOUSA, H. D. (2022). THE EFFECT OF OLEA EUROPAEA MOUTHWASH ON C-REACTIVE PROTEIN , ANTIOXIDANT IN CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS. Journal of Duhok University, 25(2), 204-209. https://doi.org/10.26682/sjuod.2022.25.2.19
Section
Pure and Engineering Sciences
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