LPWAN TECHNOLOGIES FOR IOT APPLICATIONS: A REVIEW
Keywords:
IoT, LPWAN, Sigfox, LoRaWAN, LTE-M1, NB-IoT
Abstract
By 2025, there will be more than 75 billion Internet of Things (IoT) devices linked to the network. In recent years, as the IoT industry has evolved, low-power wide-area networks (LPWANs) have emerged as a preferred technology for IoT applications because of their cheap cost, low-power consumption, and wide coverage communication capability. LTE-M, NB-IoT, LoRaWAN, and Sigfox are the four most popular LPWAN technologies for large-scale deployment of IoT. This study will attempt an effort to review and compare these communication protocols, emphasizing the primary features and behaviors of key power consumption metrics, quality of service (QoS), latency, and other characteristics. The study shows that for applications requiring low latency and QoS support, LTE-M and NB-IoT are preferable. On the other hand, LoRaWAN and Sigfox are chosen when battery life and cost are the primary concern. Furthermore, this paper provides guidelines for researchers to choose the most appropriate protocol for various IoT applications
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References
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Hernandez, D. M., Peralta, G., Manero, L., Gomez, R., Bilbao, J., & Zubia, C. (2017, 24-26 May 2017). Energy and coverage study of LPWAN schemes for Industry 4.0. Paper presented at the 2017 IEEE International Workshop of Electronics, Control, Measurement, Signals and their Application to Mechatronics (ECMSM).
Hristov, G., Raychev, J., Kinaneva, D., & Zahariev, P. (2018, 26-28 Sept. 2018). Emerging Methods for Early Detection of Forest Fires Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and Lorawan Sensor Networks. Paper presented at the 2018 28th EAEEIE Annual Conference (EAEEIE).
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Lavric, A., Petrariu, A. I., & Popa, V. (2019). Long Range SigFox Communication Protocol Scalability Analysis Under Large-Scale, High-Density Conditions. IEEE Access, 7, 35816-35825. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2903157
Mdhaffar, A., Chaari, T., Larbi, K., Jmaiel, M., & Freisleben, B. (2017, 6-8 July 2017). IoT-based health monitoring via LoRaWAN. Paper presented at the IEEE EUROCON 2017 -17th International Conference on Smart Technologies.
Mekki, K., Bajic, E., Chaxel, F., & Meyer, F. (2018, 19-23 March 2018). Overview of Cellular LPWAN Technologies for IoT Deployment: Sigfox, LoRaWAN, and NB-IoT. Paper presented at the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops (PerCom Workshops).
Nair, K. K., Abu-Mahfouz, A. M., & Lefophane, S. (2019). Analysis of the narrow band internet of things (NB-IoT) technology. Paper presented at the 2019 conference on information communications technology and society (ICTAS).
Niwa, T. (2018). LPWA market is still in early stage. Marketing Analyst at Techno Systems Research (TSR), 11.
Pasqua, E. (2018). LPWAN emerging as fastest growing IoT communication technology: September.
Pasqua, E. (2020). 5 things to know about the LPWAN market in 2020. https://iot-analytics.com/5-things-to-know-about-the-lpwan-market-in-2020/.
Patel, D., & Won, M. (2017, 4-7 June 2017). Experimental Study on Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) for Mobile Internet of Things. Paper presented at the 2017 IEEE 85th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring).
Rahim, H., Ghazel, C., & Saidane, L. A. (2018, 25-29 June 2018). An Alternative Data Gathering of the Air Pollutants In the Urban Environment using LoRa and LoRaWAN. Paper presented at the 2018 14th International Wireless Communications & Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC).
Ratasuk, R., Mangalvedhe, N., Bhatoolaul, D., & Ghosh, A. (2017, 4-8 Dec. 2017). LTE-M Evolution Towards 5G Massive MTC. Paper presented at the 2017 IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps).
Ratasuk, R., Mangalvedhe, N., & Ghosh, A. (2015, 30 Aug.-2 Sept. 2015). Overview of LTE enhancements for cellular IoT. Paper presented at the 2015 IEEE 26th Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC).
Raza, U., Kulkarni, P., & Sooriyabandara, M. (2017). Low Power Wide Area Networks: An Overview. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 19(2), 855-873. doi:10.1109/COMST.2017.2652320
Sinha, R. S., Wei, Y., & Hwang, S.-H. (2017). A survey on LPWA technology: LoRa and NB-IoT. ICT Express, 3(1), 14-21. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icte.2017.03.004
Thu, M. Y., Htun, W., Aung, Y. L., Shwe, P. E. E., & Tun, N. M. (2018, 1-3 Nov. 2018). Smart Air Quality Monitoring System with LoRaWAN. Paper presented at the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things and Intelligence System (IOTAIS).
Tsavalos, N., & Abu Hashem, A. (2018). Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) Technologies for Industrial IoT Applications.
Varsier, N., & Schwoerer, J. (2017, 21-25 May 2017). Capacity limits of LoRaWAN technology for smart metering applications. Paper presented at the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC).
Villanueva-Bayona, V., Lezama, J., & Arizaca-Cusicuna, J. (2022). Smart City Based on LoRaWAN: Coverage Study for Cusco Urban Area Smart Trends in Computing and Communications (pp. 21-30): Springer.
Vondrouš, O., Kocur, Z., Hégr, T., & Slavíček, O. (2016, 7-9 Dec. 2016). Performance evaluation of IoT mesh networking technology in ISM frequency band. Paper presented at the 2016 17th International Conference on Mechatronics - Mechatronika (ME).
Xu, J., Yao, J., Wang, L., Ming, Z., Wu, K., & Chen, L. (2017). Narrowband internet of things: Evolutions, technologies, and open issues. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 5(3), 1449-1462.
Yu, F., Zhu, Z., & Fan, Z. (2017). Study on the feasibility of LoRaWAN for smart city applications. Paper presented at the 2017 IEEE 13th International conference on wireless and mobile computing, networking and communications (WiMob).
Zayas, A. D., & Merino, P. (2017). The 3GPP NB-IoT system architecture for the Internet of Things. Paper presented at the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC Workshops).
Aldmour, I. (2017). Wireless Broadband Tools and Their Evolution Towards 5G Networks. Wireless Personal Communications, 95(4), 4185-4210. doi:10.1007/s11277-017-4058-x
Ali, Z., Henna, S., Akhunzada, A., Raza, M., & Kim, S. W. (2019). Performance evaluation of LoRaWAN for green Internet of Things. IEEE Access, 7, 164102-164112.
Alliance, L. (2015a). LPWA technologies unlock new IoT market potential. White Paper. LoRa.
Alliance, L. (2015b). A technical overview of LoRa and LoRaWAN. white paper, November, 20.
Alliance, L. (2017). Lorawan regional parameters v1. 1rb.
Andreev, S., Galinina, O., Pyattaev, A., Gerasimenko, M., Tirronen, T., Torsner, J., . . . Koucheryavy, Y. (2015). Understanding the IoT connectivity landscape: a contemporary M2M radio technology roadmap. IEEE Communications Magazine, 53(9), 32-40. doi:10.1109/MCOM.2015.7263370
Baharudin, A. M., & Yan, W. (2016, 29-30 Sept. 2016). Long-range wireless sensor networks for geo-location tracking: Design and evaluation. Paper presented at the 2016 International Electronics Symposium (IES).
Ballerini, M., Polonelli, T., Brunelli, D., Magno, M., & Benini, L. (2020). NB-IoT Versus LoRaWAN: An Experimental Evaluation for Industrial Applications. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 16(12), 7802-7811. doi:10.1109/TII.2020.2987423
Barriquello, C. H., Bernardon, D. P., Canha, L. N., e Silva, F. E. S., Porto, D. S., & da Silveira Ramos, M. J. (2017). Performance assessment of a low power wide area network in rural smart grids. Paper presented at the 2017 52nd international universities power engineering conference (UPEC).
Battle, S., & Gaster, B. (2017). Lorawan bristol. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 21st international database engineering & applications symposium.
Borkar, S. R. (2020). 7 - Long-term evolution for machines (LTE-M). In B. S. Chaudhari & M. Zennaro (Eds.), LPWAN Technologies for IoT and M2M Applications (pp. 145-166): Academic Press.
Buyukakkaslar, M. T., Erturk, M. A., Aydin, M. A., & Vollero, L. (2017). LoRaWAN as an e-health communication technology. Paper presented at the 2017 IEEE 41st Annual computer software and applications conference (COMPSAC).
Candia, A., Represa, S. N., Giuliani, D., Luengo, M. Á., Porta, A. A., & Marrone, L. A. (2018). Solutions for SmartCities: proposal of a monitoring system of air quality based on a LoRaWAN network with low-cost sensors. Paper presented at the 2018 Congreso Argentino de Ciencias de la Informática y Desarrollos de Investigación (CACIDI).
Centenaro, M., Vangelista, L., Zanella, A., & Zorzi, M. (2016). Long-range communications in unlicensed bands: the rising stars in the IoT and smart city scenarios. IEEE Wireless Communications, 23(5), 60-67. doi:10.1109/MWC.2016.7721743
Chaudhari, B. S., & Zennaro, M. (2020). 1 - Introduction to low-power wide-area networks. In B. S. Chaudhari & M. Zennaro (Eds.), LPWAN Technologies for IoT and M2M Applications (pp. 1-13): Academic Press.
Davcev, D., Mitreski, K., Trajkovic, S., Nikolovski, V., & Koteli, N. (2018, 13-15 June 2018). IoT agriculture system based on LoRaWAN. Paper presented at the 2018 14th IEEE International Workshop on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS).
e Silva, F. S., Barriquello, C., Canha, L., Bernardon, D., & Hokama, W. S. (2018). Deployment of LoRA WAN Network for Rural Smart Grid in Brazil. Paper presented at the 2018 IEEE PES Transmission & Distribution Conference and Exhibition-Latin America (T&D-LA).
Ertürk, M. A., Aydın, M. A., Büyükakkaşlar, M. T., & Evirgen, H. (2019). A Survey on LoRaWAN Architecture, Protocol and Technologies. Future Internet, 11(10), 216.
Fattah, H. (2018). 5G LTE Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT): CRC Press.
Gbadamosi, S. A., Hancke, G. P., & Abu-Mahfouz, A. M. (2020). Building Upon NB-IoT Networks: A Roadmap Towards 5G New Radio Networks. IEEE Access, 8, 188641-188672. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3030653
Guibene, W., Nowack, J., Chalikias, N., Fitzgibbon, K., Kelly, M., & Prendergast, D. (2017, 19-22 March 2017). Evaluation of LPWAN Technologies for Smart Cities: River Monitoring Use-Case. Paper presented at the 2017 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference Workshops (WCNCW).
Hernandez, D. M., Peralta, G., Manero, L., Gomez, R., Bilbao, J., & Zubia, C. (2017, 24-26 May 2017). Energy and coverage study of LPWAN schemes for Industry 4.0. Paper presented at the 2017 IEEE International Workshop of Electronics, Control, Measurement, Signals and their Application to Mechatronics (ECMSM).
Hristov, G., Raychev, J., Kinaneva, D., & Zahariev, P. (2018, 26-28 Sept. 2018). Emerging Methods for Early Detection of Forest Fires Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and Lorawan Sensor Networks. Paper presented at the 2018 28th EAEEIE Annual Conference (EAEEIE).
Ibrahim, N. H. N., Ibrahim, A. R., Mat, I., Harun, A. N., & Witjaksono, G. (2018). LoRaWAN in climate monitoring in advance precision agriculture system. Paper presented at the 2018 International Conference on Intelligent and Advanced System (ICIAS).
Kadir, E. A., Efendi, A., & Rosa, S. L. (2018, 16-18 Oct. 2018). Application of LoRa WAN Sensor and IoT for Environmental Monitoring in Riau Province Indonesia. Paper presented at the 2018 5th International Conference on Electrical Engineering, Computer Science and Informatics (EECSI).
Khan, T. A., Lin, X., Löwenmark, S. E., Liberg, O., Euler, S., Sedin, J., . . . Määttänen, H.-L. (2021). Internet of Things from Space: Transforming LTE Machine Type Communications for Non-terrestrial Networks. arXiv preprint arXiv:2103.14169.
Laveyne, J. I., Zwaenepoel, B., Eetvelde, G. V., & Vandevelde, L. (2017, 28-31 Aug. 2017). Potential of domestically provided ancillary services to the electrical grid. Paper presented at the 2017 52nd International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC).
Lavric, A., Petrariu, A. I., & Popa, V. (2019). Long Range SigFox Communication Protocol Scalability Analysis Under Large-Scale, High-Density Conditions. IEEE Access, 7, 35816-35825. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2903157
Mdhaffar, A., Chaari, T., Larbi, K., Jmaiel, M., & Freisleben, B. (2017, 6-8 July 2017). IoT-based health monitoring via LoRaWAN. Paper presented at the IEEE EUROCON 2017 -17th International Conference on Smart Technologies.
Mekki, K., Bajic, E., Chaxel, F., & Meyer, F. (2018, 19-23 March 2018). Overview of Cellular LPWAN Technologies for IoT Deployment: Sigfox, LoRaWAN, and NB-IoT. Paper presented at the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops (PerCom Workshops).
Nair, K. K., Abu-Mahfouz, A. M., & Lefophane, S. (2019). Analysis of the narrow band internet of things (NB-IoT) technology. Paper presented at the 2019 conference on information communications technology and society (ICTAS).
Niwa, T. (2018). LPWA market is still in early stage. Marketing Analyst at Techno Systems Research (TSR), 11.
Pasqua, E. (2018). LPWAN emerging as fastest growing IoT communication technology: September.
Pasqua, E. (2020). 5 things to know about the LPWAN market in 2020. https://iot-analytics.com/5-things-to-know-about-the-lpwan-market-in-2020/.
Patel, D., & Won, M. (2017, 4-7 June 2017). Experimental Study on Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) for Mobile Internet of Things. Paper presented at the 2017 IEEE 85th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring).
Rahim, H., Ghazel, C., & Saidane, L. A. (2018, 25-29 June 2018). An Alternative Data Gathering of the Air Pollutants In the Urban Environment using LoRa and LoRaWAN. Paper presented at the 2018 14th International Wireless Communications & Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC).
Ratasuk, R., Mangalvedhe, N., Bhatoolaul, D., & Ghosh, A. (2017, 4-8 Dec. 2017). LTE-M Evolution Towards 5G Massive MTC. Paper presented at the 2017 IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps).
Ratasuk, R., Mangalvedhe, N., & Ghosh, A. (2015, 30 Aug.-2 Sept. 2015). Overview of LTE enhancements for cellular IoT. Paper presented at the 2015 IEEE 26th Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC).
Raza, U., Kulkarni, P., & Sooriyabandara, M. (2017). Low Power Wide Area Networks: An Overview. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 19(2), 855-873. doi:10.1109/COMST.2017.2652320
Sinha, R. S., Wei, Y., & Hwang, S.-H. (2017). A survey on LPWA technology: LoRa and NB-IoT. ICT Express, 3(1), 14-21. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icte.2017.03.004
Thu, M. Y., Htun, W., Aung, Y. L., Shwe, P. E. E., & Tun, N. M. (2018, 1-3 Nov. 2018). Smart Air Quality Monitoring System with LoRaWAN. Paper presented at the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things and Intelligence System (IOTAIS).
Tsavalos, N., & Abu Hashem, A. (2018). Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) Technologies for Industrial IoT Applications.
Varsier, N., & Schwoerer, J. (2017, 21-25 May 2017). Capacity limits of LoRaWAN technology for smart metering applications. Paper presented at the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC).
Villanueva-Bayona, V., Lezama, J., & Arizaca-Cusicuna, J. (2022). Smart City Based on LoRaWAN: Coverage Study for Cusco Urban Area Smart Trends in Computing and Communications (pp. 21-30): Springer.
Vondrouš, O., Kocur, Z., Hégr, T., & Slavíček, O. (2016, 7-9 Dec. 2016). Performance evaluation of IoT mesh networking technology in ISM frequency band. Paper presented at the 2016 17th International Conference on Mechatronics - Mechatronika (ME).
Xu, J., Yao, J., Wang, L., Ming, Z., Wu, K., & Chen, L. (2017). Narrowband internet of things: Evolutions, technologies, and open issues. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 5(3), 1449-1462.
Yu, F., Zhu, Z., & Fan, Z. (2017). Study on the feasibility of LoRaWAN for smart city applications. Paper presented at the 2017 IEEE 13th International conference on wireless and mobile computing, networking and communications (WiMob).
Zayas, A. D., & Merino, P. (2017). The 3GPP NB-IoT system architecture for the Internet of Things. Paper presented at the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC Workshops).
Published
2023-04-25
How to Cite
ALBEYBONI, H. J., & ALI, I. A. (2023). LPWAN TECHNOLOGIES FOR IOT APPLICATIONS: A REVIEW. Journal of Duhok University, 26(1), 29-42. https://doi.org/10.26682/sjuod.2023.26.1.4
Section
Pure and Engineering Sciences
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