USING PREDICTIVE JUSTICE ALGORITHMS FOR ISSUING COURT JUDGMENTS WITH EFFICIENT PREDICTION “Development of Legal-Tech Prospects in the Judiciary System in Iraq and Kurdistan Region”
Keywords:
Artificial Intelligence-AI, Predictive Justice Algorithms, Court Judgement Prediction, Technological Model of the Criminal Process, Machine Learning (ML), Deep Learning (DL), Neural Network(NN)
Abstract
After the emergence of Artificial Intelligence-AI algorithms and the mechanisation of human life by combining the physical and digital dimensions of things, and harnessing this mechanisation to serve human civilisation by simulating human intelligence, through digital technology programs (Algorithm) and Machine Learning-ML models, the research suggests to the criminal-judicial institution of the Iraq and the Kurdistan Region, the use of the latest Deep Learning-DL model in the field of criminal justice, the Hybrid Neural Network, namely a Long Short-Term Memory-LSTM network with a Convolutional Neural Network-CNN, in order to predict court judgments effectively, using effective judicial data (DataSets), this would be achieve through the following steps:
1-Selecting priorities for judicial work;
2-Testing features with a high degree of reliability and accuracy within the total of legal data entered;
3-Choosing only the features that are most relevant to the legal case (Crime Analysis Process);
4-Using the LSTM-CNN model to predict the lawsuit judgments.
Noting that the recent judicial authorities' use of this model showing accuracy with a percentage 92.05 and precision with a percentage of 93, recall with a percentage of 94, and F1-score1 with a percentage of 93
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References
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Hsieh, D.; Chen, L.; Sun, T. (2021). “Legal Judgment Prediction Based on Machine Learning: Predicting the Discretionary Damages of Mental Suffering in Fatal Car Accident Cases”. Appl. Sci, 11, 10361.
John Villasenor, Virginia Foggo. (2019). “Algorithms and sentencing: What does due process require?”. Brookings.
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Oleg Metsker, Egor Trofimov, Sofia Grechishcheva, (2018). “Natural Language Processing of Russian Court Decisions for Digital Indicators Mapping for Oversight Process Control Efficiency: Disobeying a Police Officer Case”. (Electronic Governance and Open Society: Challenges in Eurasia, 5th International Conference, EGOSE 2018, St. Petersburg 2018).
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Khattak, A.; Habib, A.; Asghar, M.Z.; Subhan, F.; Razzak, I.; Habib, A. (2021). “Applying deep neural networks for user intention identification”. Soft Comput. 25, 2191–2220.
Ma, L.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, T.; Liu, X.; Ye, W.; Sun, C.; Zhang, S. (2021). “Legal Judgment Prediction with Multi-Stage Case Representation Learning in the Real Court Setting”. In Proceedings of the 44th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, Virtual, pp. 993–1002.
Leach, P., Paraskeva, C. and Uzelac, G. (2010). “Human Rights Fact-Finding. The European Court of Human Rights at a Crossroads”, Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights, 28(1), pp. 41–77. doi: 10.1177/016934411002800103.
Pound, R. (1908). “Mechanical Jurisprudence”. Columbia Law Review, 8(8), 605–623. https://doi.org/10.2307/1108954.
Berk, R. (2013). “Algorithmic criminology”. Secur Inform 2, 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/2190-8532-2-5.
R. Katarya and P. Srinivas. (2020). “Predicting Heart Disease at Early Stages using Machine Learning: A Survey”. International Conference on Electronics and Sustainable Communication Systems (ICESC), pp. 302-305, doi: 10.1109/ICESC48915.2020.9155586.
R. Keown. (1980). “Mathematical Models For Legal Prediction”, 2 Computer L.J. 829. https://repository.law.uic.edu/jitpl/vol2/iss1/29
[24] Tania, S. and Richard C. (2018). “Do Judges Need to Be Human? The Implications of Technology for Responsive Judging”. Edited by Tania Sourdin and Archie Zariski, Springer Singapore, pp. 87–119.
Stephanie Weber. (2018). “How artificial intelligence is transforming the criminal justice system” thoughtworks.
Sylvie Delacroix. (2018). “Computer systems fit for the legal profession?”, Legal Ethics, 21:2, 119-135, DOI: 10.1080/1460728x.2018.1551702.
Shaikh, R.A.; Sahu, T.P.; Anand, V. (2020). “Predicting Outcomes of Legal Cases based on Legal Factors using Classifiers”. Procedia Computer Science, 167, 2393–2402.
Zhong, H.; Guo, Z.; Tu, C.; Xiao, C.; Liu, Z.; Sun, M. (2018), “Legal Judgment Prediction via Topological Learning”. In Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, Brussels, Belgium, pp. 3540–3549.
Брестер, А. А. и Юришина, Е. А. (2018).“Критерии, лежащие в основе принятия решения о наказании: эмпирический анализ правоприменительной практики”. Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета. Право, 9(4), сс. 535-553. doi: 10.21638/spbu14.2018.406. (In Russian)
Туликов А.В. (2016). “Зарубежная правовая мысль в условиях развития информационных технологий” // Право. Журнал Высшей школы экономики. № 3. С. 235–243.
ạiḥ̊mad̊ kẖalīla .( 2017 ). “ạl̊ạ̹ʿ̊lāana ạl̊qaḍāyỉyã biạlṭãrīqaẗi ạl̊ạ̹lik̊turwnīãẗi , ḥālātihi waʿadami min̊ṭaqīãtihi ạảḥayãạnā: musāhamaẗuⁿ fī ại̹dāraẗi ạl̊ʿadālaẗi ạ̹lik̊turwnīaⁿ̃ạ”. waraqaẗa ʿamali muqadãmaẗi ại̹lay̱ ạl̊mū̊̉tamari ạldãẘlīĩ ạl̊kẖāmsi wāl̊ʿusẖuraẙni likulĩyãẗi ạl̊qānūni , jāmiʿaẗa ạl̊ạ̹mārāti. (In Arabic)
ạl̊kẖaṭīb , muḥamãd ʿir̊fānⁿ .( 2018 ). “ạl̊mar̊kaza ạl̊qānūnīã llại̹n̊sậlaẗ " Robots ": ạlsẖãkẖ̊ṣīãẗa wāl̊mas̊wủwlīãẗa: dirāsaẗu tā̊̉ṣīlīãẗu muqāranaẗiⁿ: qirāʾẗuⁿ fī ạl̊qawāʿidi ạl̊ạ̉wrūbĩyãẗa lil̊qānūni ạl̊madanīĩ llại̹n̊sậlaẗ liʿāmi 2017”. majalãẗu kulĩyãẗi ạl̊qānūni ạl̊kūaẙtīãẗi ạl̊ʿālamīãẗi , muj̊ 6, ʿ 24 , 97 - 136. http :// search. mandumah. com / Record / 1100427. (In Arabic)
ạl̊kẖaṭīb , muḥamãd ʿir̊fānⁿ .( 2018 ). “ḍamānāti ạl̊ḥaqĩ fī ạl̊ʿaṣ̊ri ạlrãq̊mīĩ: min̊ tabadãla ạl̊maf̊hūmu litabadãla ạl̊ḥimāyaẗu: qirāʾẗuⁿ fī ạl̊maẘqifi ạltãsẖ̊rīʿīĩ ạl̊ạ̉wrūbĩyĩ wāl̊faran̊sīĩ wāi̹s̊qāṭiⁿ ʿalay̱ ạl̊maẘqifi ạltãsẖ̊rīʿīĩ ạl̊kūaẙtīĩ”. majalãẗu kulĩyãẗi ạl̊qānūni ạl̊kūaẙtīãẗi ạl̊ʿālamīãẗi, mj6, mul̊ḥaquⁿ , 251 - 324. http :// search. mandumah. com / Record / 1100489. (In Arabic)
ABDULKAREEM, F. A. A .( 2023 ).“ daẘr ạltĩk̊nūlūjīā ạlrãq̊mīãẗi fī taḥ̊qīqi ạl̊ʿadālaẗi ạl̊jināyỉyãẗi: ạl̊furaṣu wāltãḥadĩyātu ”, Journal of Duhok University, 25 ( 2 ), pp. 908 - 924. doi: 10. 26682 / hjuod. 2022. 25. 2. 47. (In Arabic)
An, F., Liu, Z. . (2020). “Facial expression recognition algorithm based on parameter adaptive initialization of CNN and LSTM”. Vis Comput 36, 483–498. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00371-019-01635-4.
An, Hw., Moon, N. (2022). “Design of recommendation system for tourist spot using sentiment analysis based on CNN-LSTM”. J Ambient Intell Human Comput 13, 1653–1663. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-019-01521-w.
Chalkidis, I.; Androutsopoulos, I.; Aletras, N. (2019). “Neural Legal Judgment Prediction in English”. arXiv:1906.02059.
Danielle Kehl, Priscilla Guo, and Samuel Kessler, (2017). “Algorithms in the Criminal Justice System: Assessing the Use of Risk Assessments in Sentencing”, The Harvard Library.
D’Amato, Anthony, (1977). “Can/Should Computers Replace Judges?”. Faculty Working Papers. Paper 129.
David G. Post, Anarchy, (1995). “State, and the Internet: An Essay on Law-Making in Cyberspace”. L. art.3, 10 available at http://www.law.cornell.edu/jol/jol.table.html.
Darrel C. Menthe, (1998). “Jurisdiction in Cyberspace: A Theory of International Spaces”, 4 Mich. Telecomm. & Tech. L. Rev. 69.
European Commission, Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers, (2020). “Study on the use of innovative technologies in the justice field” : final report, Publications Office. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2838/585101
Eric Miller, (2019). “Can AI Be a Fair Judge in Court? Estonia Thinks So”. wired.
Hsieh, D.; Chen, L.; Sun, T. (2021). “Legal Judgment Prediction Based on Machine Learning: Predicting the Discretionary Damages of Mental Suffering in Fatal Car Accident Cases”. Appl. Sci, 11, 10361.
John Villasenor, Virginia Foggo. (2019). “Algorithms and sentencing: What does due process require?”. Brookings.
Johnson, D. R. and Post, D. (1996). “Law and Borders - The rise of law in Cyberspace”, First Monday, 1(1). doi: 10.5210/fm.v1i1.468.
Johnson, D. R., & Post, D. (1996). “Law and Borders: The Rise of Law in Cyberspace”. Stanford Law Review, 48(5), 1367–1402. https://doi.org/10.2307/1229390
Oleg Metsker, Egor Trofimov, Sofia Grechishcheva, (2018). “Natural Language Processing of Russian Court Decisions for Digital Indicators Mapping for Oversight Process Control Efficiency: Disobeying a Police Officer Case”. (Electronic Governance and Open Society: Challenges in Eurasia, 5th International Conference, EGOSE 2018, St. Petersburg 2018).
Magrish, James L. (1961). “The Common Law Tradition: Deciding Appeals, by Karl N. Llewellyn”. Indiana Law Journal: Vol. 36 : Iss. 4 , Article 9. https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/ilj/vol36/iss4/9.
Khattak, A.; Habib, A.; Asghar, M.Z.; Subhan, F.; Razzak, I.; Habib, A. (2021). “Applying deep neural networks for user intention identification”. Soft Comput. 25, 2191–2220.
Ma, L.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, T.; Liu, X.; Ye, W.; Sun, C.; Zhang, S. (2021). “Legal Judgment Prediction with Multi-Stage Case Representation Learning in the Real Court Setting”. In Proceedings of the 44th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, Virtual, pp. 993–1002.
Leach, P., Paraskeva, C. and Uzelac, G. (2010). “Human Rights Fact-Finding. The European Court of Human Rights at a Crossroads”, Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights, 28(1), pp. 41–77. doi: 10.1177/016934411002800103.
Pound, R. (1908). “Mechanical Jurisprudence”. Columbia Law Review, 8(8), 605–623. https://doi.org/10.2307/1108954.
Berk, R. (2013). “Algorithmic criminology”. Secur Inform 2, 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/2190-8532-2-5.
R. Katarya and P. Srinivas. (2020). “Predicting Heart Disease at Early Stages using Machine Learning: A Survey”. International Conference on Electronics and Sustainable Communication Systems (ICESC), pp. 302-305, doi: 10.1109/ICESC48915.2020.9155586.
R. Keown. (1980). “Mathematical Models For Legal Prediction”, 2 Computer L.J. 829. https://repository.law.uic.edu/jitpl/vol2/iss1/29
[24] Tania, S. and Richard C. (2018). “Do Judges Need to Be Human? The Implications of Technology for Responsive Judging”. Edited by Tania Sourdin and Archie Zariski, Springer Singapore, pp. 87–119.
Stephanie Weber. (2018). “How artificial intelligence is transforming the criminal justice system” thoughtworks.
Sylvie Delacroix. (2018). “Computer systems fit for the legal profession?”, Legal Ethics, 21:2, 119-135, DOI: 10.1080/1460728x.2018.1551702.
Shaikh, R.A.; Sahu, T.P.; Anand, V. (2020). “Predicting Outcomes of Legal Cases based on Legal Factors using Classifiers”. Procedia Computer Science, 167, 2393–2402.
Zhong, H.; Guo, Z.; Tu, C.; Xiao, C.; Liu, Z.; Sun, M. (2018), “Legal Judgment Prediction via Topological Learning”. In Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, Brussels, Belgium, pp. 3540–3549.
Брестер, А. А. и Юришина, Е. А. (2018).“Критерии, лежащие в основе принятия решения о наказании: эмпирический анализ правоприменительной практики”. Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета. Право, 9(4), сс. 535-553. doi: 10.21638/spbu14.2018.406. (In Russian)
Туликов А.В. (2016). “Зарубежная правовая мысль в условиях развития информационных технологий” // Право. Журнал Высшей школы экономики. № 3. С. 235–243.
ạiḥ̊mad̊ kẖalīla .( 2017 ). “ạl̊ạ̹ʿ̊lāana ạl̊qaḍāyỉyã biạlṭãrīqaẗi ạl̊ạ̹lik̊turwnīãẗi , ḥālātihi waʿadami min̊ṭaqīãtihi ạảḥayãạnā: musāhamaẗuⁿ fī ại̹dāraẗi ạl̊ʿadālaẗi ạ̹lik̊turwnīaⁿ̃ạ”. waraqaẗa ʿamali muqadãmaẗi ại̹lay̱ ạl̊mū̊̉tamari ạldãẘlīĩ ạl̊kẖāmsi wāl̊ʿusẖuraẙni likulĩyãẗi ạl̊qānūni , jāmiʿaẗa ạl̊ạ̹mārāti. (In Arabic)
ạl̊kẖaṭīb , muḥamãd ʿir̊fānⁿ .( 2018 ). “ạl̊mar̊kaza ạl̊qānūnīã llại̹n̊sậlaẗ " Robots ": ạlsẖãkẖ̊ṣīãẗa wāl̊mas̊wủwlīãẗa: dirāsaẗu tā̊̉ṣīlīãẗu muqāranaẗiⁿ: qirāʾẗuⁿ fī ạl̊qawāʿidi ạl̊ạ̉wrūbĩyãẗa lil̊qānūni ạl̊madanīĩ llại̹n̊sậlaẗ liʿāmi 2017”. majalãẗu kulĩyãẗi ạl̊qānūni ạl̊kūaẙtīãẗi ạl̊ʿālamīãẗi , muj̊ 6, ʿ 24 , 97 - 136. http :// search. mandumah. com / Record / 1100427. (In Arabic)
ạl̊kẖaṭīb , muḥamãd ʿir̊fānⁿ .( 2018 ). “ḍamānāti ạl̊ḥaqĩ fī ạl̊ʿaṣ̊ri ạlrãq̊mīĩ: min̊ tabadãla ạl̊maf̊hūmu litabadãla ạl̊ḥimāyaẗu: qirāʾẗuⁿ fī ạl̊maẘqifi ạltãsẖ̊rīʿīĩ ạl̊ạ̉wrūbĩyĩ wāl̊faran̊sīĩ wāi̹s̊qāṭiⁿ ʿalay̱ ạl̊maẘqifi ạltãsẖ̊rīʿīĩ ạl̊kūaẙtīĩ”. majalãẗu kulĩyãẗi ạl̊qānūni ạl̊kūaẙtīãẗi ạl̊ʿālamīãẗi, mj6, mul̊ḥaquⁿ , 251 - 324. http :// search. mandumah. com / Record / 1100489. (In Arabic)
ABDULKAREEM, F. A. A .( 2023 ).“ daẘr ạltĩk̊nūlūjīā ạlrãq̊mīãẗi fī taḥ̊qīqi ạl̊ʿadālaẗi ạl̊jināyỉyãẗi: ạl̊furaṣu wāltãḥadĩyātu ”, Journal of Duhok University, 25 ( 2 ), pp. 908 - 924. doi: 10. 26682 / hjuod. 2022. 25. 2. 47. (In Arabic)
Published
2023-04-30
How to Cite
ABDULKAREEM, F. A. A. (2023). USING PREDICTIVE JUSTICE ALGORITHMS FOR ISSUING COURT JUDGMENTS WITH EFFICIENT PREDICTION “Development of Legal-Tech Prospects in the Judiciary System in Iraq and Kurdistan Region”. Journal of Duhok University, 26(1), 152-157. https://doi.org/10.26682/hjuod.2023.26.1.11
Section
Humanities and Social Sciences
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