PATTERNS OF URINARY BIOMARKERS AND BLOOD IMMUNOLOGICAL MARKERS OF PATIENTS WITH URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS
Keywords:
Adaptive immunity, Bacteria, Innate immunity, Pus cells, Urine analysis test
Abstract
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a serious public health problem caused by a variety of microorganisms, the most prevalent of which are bacteria. The diversity of the immune system in the urinary tract is a critical factor in the defense against infections. This research included 127 clinically suspected UTI patients that all are treated with urine analysis and complete blood count test in order to observe the increased effects of neutrophils, total white blood cells, mainly granulocytes, and lymphocytes, in response to bacteria in urinary tract infection patients. All were classified into three groups: adult males, females, and children's girls, boys were excluded as they rarely encounter with this infection. In males, significant differences appear between bacteria and pus cells, bacteria and white blood cells as well as bacteria and granulocytes. Regarding females, a significant difference was seen between bacteria and lymphocytes in asymptomatic UTI cases, in contrast, the symptomatic cases showed a significant difference between bacteria and pus cells. Girls with asymptomatic UTI showed a significant difference between bacteria and pus cells, and bacteria and white blood cells. The significant difference between men and women appeared in bacterial presence in urine, white blood cells, and granulocytes. Conclusion; this study supports the great role of neutrophil cells that fight bacteria in blood circulation and later become pus cells in urine
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References
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Pyuria without casts and bilateral kidney enlargement are probable hallmarks of severe acute kidney injury induced by acute pyelonephritis: a case report and literature review. Internal Medicine. 60(2), 293-298
Shaikh, N., Shope, T. R., Hoberman, A., Vigliotti, A., Kurs-Lasky, M., & Martin, J. M. (2016). Association between uropathogen and pyuria. Pediatrics, 138(1).
Shormanov, I. S., Solovyov, A. S., Tyuzikov, I. A., & Kulikov, S. V. 2021. Anatomical, physiological and pathophysiological features of the lower urinary tract in gender and age aspects. Urology reports (St.-Petersburg). 11(3), 241-256.
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Spencer, J. D., Schwaderer, A. L., Becknell, B., Watson, J., & Hains, D. S. (2014). The innate immune response during urinary tract infection and pyelonephritis. Pediatric Nephrology, 29(7), 1139-1149.
Sundquist, K., Li, X., & Jansåker, F. 2021. Sociodemographic factors and uncomplicated pyelonephritis in women aged 15-50 years: a nationwide Swedish cohort register study (1997-2018). International Journal of Infectious Diseases., 111,117-123.
Thakre, S. S., Dhakne, S. S., Thakre, S. B., Thakre, A. D., Ughade, S. M., & Kale, P. (2012). Can the Griess nitrite test and a urinary pus cell count of≥ 5 cells per micro liter of urine in pregnant women be used for the screening or the early detection of urinary tract infections in rural india?. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR, 6(9), 1518.
Tomasek, K., Leithner, A., Glatzova, I., Lukesch, M. S., Guet, C. C., & Sixt, M. (2022). Type 1 piliated uropathogenic Escherichia coli hijack the host immune response by binding to CD14. Elife. 11, e78995..
Utku, A. Ç. (2022). Comparison of the frequency of bacteriuria in diabetic and non-diabetic patients without symptoms of urinary tract infection. Journal of Health Sciences.
Zare, M., Vehreschild, M. J., & Wagenlehner, F. 2022. Management of uncomplicated recurrent urinary tract infections. BJU international, 129(6), 668-678
Abelson, B., Sun, D., Que, L. et al. 2018. Sex differences in lower urinary tract biology and physiology. Biol Sex Differ 9, 45, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13293-018- 0204-8.
Abelson, B., Sun, D., Que, L., Nebel, R. A., Baker, D., Popiel, P., ... & Damaser, M. S. (2018). Sex differences in lower urinary tract biology and physiology. Biology of sex differences, 9(1), 1-13.
AL-Khikani, F. H. O., & Ayit, A. S. (2019). Correlation study between urinary tract bacterial infection and some acute inflammatory responses. Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Journal (BBRJ), 3(4), 236.
Almaiman, L., Allemailem, K. S., El-Kady, A. M., Alrasheed, M., Almatroudi, A., Alekezem, F. S. & Elshabrawy, H. A.2021. Prevalence and Significance of Pyuria in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Personalized Medicine., 11(9), 831.
Alrumyyan, R. A. R., Alradhi, Z. M., Alotaibi, L. S., Alharbi, Z. M., Khubrani, A. A. 2021. Aldhubiani, D. S., ... & Hussein, M. S.. Causes and Management of Acute Pyelonephritis. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International., 13-19.
Alsamarai, A. M., Khorshed, S. A., & Ali, H. (2017). Urinary tract infection in female in Kirkuk city, Iraq: Association between risk factors and bacterial type. Our Dermatology Online, 8(3), 242
Azab, K. (2021). PREVALENCE AND RELATION OF URINARY TRACT INFECTION BACTERIAL PATHOGENS TO SEX AND AGES AMONG PATIENTS IN THREE ARAB COUNTRIES. Al-Azhar Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 63(1), 194-206.
Bitew, A., Zena, N., & Abdeta, A. 2022. Bacterial and fungal profile, antibiotic susceptibility patterns of bacterial pathogens and associated risk factors of urinary tract infection among symptomatic pediatrics patients attending St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College: a cross-sectional study. Infection and drug resistance, 15, 1613.
Cheng, B., Zaman, M., & Cox, W. Correlation of Pyuria and Bacteriuria in Acute Care. .(2022).The American Journal of Medicine. 135, e353-e358
Ching, C., Schwartz, L., Spencer, J. D., & Becknell, B. 2020. Innate immunity and urinary tract infection. Pediatric Nephrology. 35(7), 1183-1192.
Czajkowski, K., Broś-Konopielko, M., & Teliga-Czajkowska, J.2021,Urinary tract infection in women. Menopause Review/Przegląd Menopauzalny. 20(1), 40-47.
Davidson, K. W., Barry, M. J., Mangione, C. M., Cabana, M., Caughey, A. B., Davis, E. M., ... & US Preventive Services Task Force. (2021). Screening for Chlamydia and Gonorrhea: US preventive services task force recommendation statement. JAMA, 326(10), 949-956.
Gad, M. H., & AbdelAziz, H. H. 2021. Catheter-associated urinary tract infections in the adult patient group: A qualitative systematic review on the adopted preventative and interventional protocols from the literature. Cureus., 13(7).
Han, S. Y., Lee, I. R., Park, S. J., Kim, J. H., & Shin, J. I. 2016. Usefulness of neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio in young children with febrile urinary tract infection. Korean journal of pediatrics. 59(3), 139.
Hantoosh, S. F., Al-rubai, H. K., Zageer, D. S., & Al-musawi, I. H. N. (2016). Association between age, body mass index, waist circumference, lipid profile parameters, and symptomatic bacterial urinary tract infection in iraqi adult women. Asian J Pharm Clin Res, 1, 57-60.
İnce, F. D., Ellidağ, H. Y., Koseoğlu, M., Şimşek, N., Yalçın, H., & Zengin, M. O. (2016). The comparison of automated urine analyzers with manual microscopic examination for urinalysis automated urine analyzers and manual urinalysis. Practical laboratory medicine, 5, 14-20.
İncir, S., Taşdemir, M., Palaoglu, K. E., Kant Calti, H., Baygül, A., & Bilge, I. 2021. Can immature granulocyte count and hemogram indices be good predictors of urinary tract infection in children?. International Journal of Medical Biochemistry. 4(3), 178-184.
Joseph, M., & Enting, D. 2019.Immune responses in bladder cancer-role of immune cell populations, prognostic factors and therapeutic implications. Frontiers in oncology. 9, 1270.
Kazimoglu, H., Uysal, E., Dokur, M., & Gunerkan, H. R. (2019). Evaluation of the relationship between neutrophil lymphocyte ratio and the most common bacterial urinary tract infections after transplantation.
Kazımoğlu, H., Uysal, E., Dokur, M., & Günerkan, R. H. 2019. Evaluation of the relationship between neutrophil lymphocyte ratio and the most common bacterial urinary tract infections after transplantation 0006-9248
Kwon, Y. E., Oh, D. J., Kim, M. J., & Choi, H. M. 2020.Prevalence and clinical characteristics of asymptomatic pyuria in chronic kidney disease. Annals of laboratory medicine, 40(3), 238-244.
Medina, M., & Castillo-Pino, E.. An introduction to the epidemiology and burden of urinary tract infections. 2019. Therapeutic advances in urology., 11, 1756287219832172.
Moon, J. H., Yoo, K. H., & Yim, H. E. (2021). Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin: a marker of urinary tract infection among febrile children. Clinical and experimental pediatrics, 64(7), 347.
Neupane, S., Raghubanshi, B. R., Manandhar, R., Lama, R., & Priyadarshinee, A. (2022). Pyuria and Bacteriuria Correlation among Suspected Urinary Tract infection in a Tertiary Care Centre in Lalitpur. Journal of KIST Medical College, 4(8), 44-49.
Omoregie, R., Igbarumah, I. O., Egbe, C. A., & Ogefere, H. (2010). Urinary tract infections among the elderly in Benin City, Nigeria. Fooyin Journal of Health Sciences, 2(3-4), 90-93
Pyuria without casts and bilateral kidney enlargement are probable hallmarks of severe acute kidney injury induced by acute pyelonephritis: a case report and literature review. Internal Medicine. 60(2), 293-298
Shaikh, N., Shope, T. R., Hoberman, A., Vigliotti, A., Kurs-Lasky, M., & Martin, J. M. (2016). Association between uropathogen and pyuria. Pediatrics, 138(1).
Shormanov, I. S., Solovyov, A. S., Tyuzikov, I. A., & Kulikov, S. V. 2021. Anatomical, physiological and pathophysiological features of the lower urinary tract in gender and age aspects. Urology reports (St.-Petersburg). 11(3), 241-256.
Sijad-Ur-Rehman, B. N., Ishaq, M., Ullah, K., Lala, G., & Bibi, R. (2022). Infection of the Urinary Tract and its Prevalence Among Children Presenting with Malnutrition. Pakistan Journal of Medical & Health Sciences, 16(04), 857-857.
Spencer, J. D., Schwaderer, A. L., Becknell, B., Watson, J., & Hains, D. S. (2014). The innate immune response during urinary tract infection and pyelonephritis. Pediatric Nephrology, 29(7), 1139-1149.
Sundquist, K., Li, X., & Jansåker, F. 2021. Sociodemographic factors and uncomplicated pyelonephritis in women aged 15-50 years: a nationwide Swedish cohort register study (1997-2018). International Journal of Infectious Diseases., 111,117-123.
Thakre, S. S., Dhakne, S. S., Thakre, S. B., Thakre, A. D., Ughade, S. M., & Kale, P. (2012). Can the Griess nitrite test and a urinary pus cell count of≥ 5 cells per micro liter of urine in pregnant women be used for the screening or the early detection of urinary tract infections in rural india?. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR, 6(9), 1518.
Tomasek, K., Leithner, A., Glatzova, I., Lukesch, M. S., Guet, C. C., & Sixt, M. (2022). Type 1 piliated uropathogenic Escherichia coli hijack the host immune response by binding to CD14. Elife. 11, e78995..
Utku, A. Ç. (2022). Comparison of the frequency of bacteriuria in diabetic and non-diabetic patients without symptoms of urinary tract infection. Journal of Health Sciences.
Zare, M., Vehreschild, M. J., & Wagenlehner, F. 2022. Management of uncomplicated recurrent urinary tract infections. BJU international, 129(6), 668-678
Published
2023-05-04
How to Cite
IBRAHIM, H. R., DARWEESH, S. H., AHMED , I. K., & JASIM, K. H. (2023). PATTERNS OF URINARY BIOMARKERS AND BLOOD IMMUNOLOGICAL MARKERS OF PATIENTS WITH URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS. Journal of Duhok University, 26(1), 130-138. https://doi.org/10.26682/sjuod.2023.26.1.13
Section
Pure and Engineering Sciences
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