DEVELOPMENT METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF Cr, Cd AND Pb IN EDIBLE SUNFLOWER OIL USING EMULSION EXTRACTION-FAAS
Keywords:
Emulsion extraction, Heavy metals, Edible oil, Flame atomic absorption spectrometry
Abstract
The presence of heavy metals in vegetable oils has negative health effects when consumed by living organisms. As a result, assessing mineral extraction methods is critical for monitoring mineral concentration levels and ensuring oil quality. This study describes a new analytical method for the determination of cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), and lead (Pb) in edible sunflower oil using emulsion extraction followed by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS). The method is based on the formation of a water-in-oil emulsion by mixing the oil sample with (1, 10-2 and 10-3 M nitric acid solution for Pb, Cr, and Cd respectively) incorporated with a certain amount of a surfactant Triton-X 100 for Pb and Cr, and Tween 80 for Cd. Once the emulsion was formed, it was broken by centrifuging the mixture at 4000 rpm for 5 minutes. This led to the extraction of metal ions into the aqueous phase which was collected, and introduced to FAAS for metal analysis. Neither an organic solvent was used nor an additional dilution was performed prior to the metal analysis. Various parameters that may affect the extraction efficiency of the target metals were evaluated and optimized. The detection limits were 20.0 μg/kg for lead, 4.0 μg/kg for chromium, and 0.2 μg/kg for cadmium. The standard addition method was used for the construction of the calibration curve to mitigate the potential interferences caused by the sample matrix. The findings confirmed that the proposed sample preparation method combined with FAAS provides a simple and reliable analytical method for the measurement of lead, chromium, and cadmium in edible oils
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Adhami, K.; Asadollahzadeh, H. and Ghazizadeh, M. (2020) ‘Preconcentration and determination of nickel (II) and copper (II) ions, in vegetable oils by [TBP][PO4] IL-based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction technique, and flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry’, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 89, p. 103457.
Adolfo, F.R.; Nascimento,P.C.; Bohrer,D.; Viana,C.; de Carvalho,L.M.; Margareth C. ; Cravo,C.; Nascimento,L.; (2020) ‘Extraction induced by emulsion breaking for simultaneous determination of Co, Fe and Ni in petroleum asphalt cement by high-resolution continuum source atomic absorption spectrometry’, Fuel, 277, p. 118098.
Jorge S. Almeida, Gabriel L. Santos, Geovani C. Brandão, Maria G.A. Korn, Leonardo S.G. Teixeira; (2019) ‘Multivariate optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction using Doehlert matrix for simultaneous determination of Fe and Ni in vegetable oils by high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry’, Food chemistry, 273, pp. 130–135.
Bagchi, D., Bagchi, M. and Stohs, S. J. (2001) ‘Chromium (VI)‐induced oxidative stress, apoptotic cell death and modulation of p53 tumor suppressor gene’, Molecular and cellular biochemistry, 222(1), pp. 149–158.
Bakircioglu, D., Kurtulus, Y. B. and Yurtsever, S. (2013) ‘Comparison of extraction induced by emulsion breaking, ultrasonic extraction and wet digestion procedures for determination of metals in edible oil samples in Turkey using ICP-OES’, Food chemistry, 138(2–3), pp. 770–775.
Bakircioglu, D., Topraksever, N. and Kurtulus, Y. B. (2014) ‘Determination of zinc in edible oils by flow injection FAAS after extraction induced by emulsion breaking procedure’, Food chemistry, 151, pp. 219–224.
Baldo,M.A.; Angela M. S.; Oliveri,P.; Leardi,R.; Ligia M .; Paolo U. (2020) ‘Electrochemical preconcentration coupled with spectroscopic techniques for trace lead analysis in olive oils’, Talanta, 210, p. 120667.
Bornhorst, J. Kipp, A. P., Haase, H., Meyer ,S., Schwerdtle ,T. (2018) ‘The crux of inept biomarkers for risks and benefits of trace elements’, TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 104, pp. 183–190.
Boskou, D. (2006) Olive oil: chemistry and technology. AOCS Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003040217.
Camera, G.,L. ; Rovasi, F. ; Maziero, M.; do Nascimento P. C.; de Carvalho L., M. ; Viana ,C. (2022) ‘Journal of Food Composition and Analysis Emulsion breaking-induced extraction of Cd and Pb from oily dietary supplements followed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry detection’, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 112(March), p. 104651. doi: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104651.
Carneiro A. F. ; Carneiro C. N. ; de N Pires L. ;Teixeira L.S.G. ;Azcarate S. M. ; Dias F. de S. (2020) ‘D-optimal mixture design for the optimization of extraction induced by emulsion breaking for multielemental determination in edible vegetable oils by microwave-induced plasma optical emission spectrometry’, Talanta, 219, p. 121218.
Cassella R. J. ;Brum D. M. ;Robaina N. F.; Lima C. F. (2018) ‘Extraction induced by emulsion breaking: A model study on metal extraction from mineral oil’, Fuel, 215(July 2017), pp. 592–600. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2017.11.102.
Davudabadi Farahani, M. and Shemirani, F. (2012) ‘Supported hydrophobic ionic liquid on magnetic nanoparticles as a new sorbent for separation and preconcentration of lead and cadmium in milk and water samples’, Microchimica Acta, 179(3), pp. 219–226.
Drosaki, E. and Anthemidis, A. N. (2022) ‘Talanta A novel automatic flow-batch extraction induced by emulsion breaking platform for on-line copper determination in edible oil samples by atomic absorption spectrometry’, Talanta, 244(March), p. 123423. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123423.
European Parliament and of the Council of 5 June 2019 laying down rules on the making available on the market of EU fertilising products and amending Regulations (EC) No 1069/2009 and (EC) No 1107/2009 and repealing Regulation (EC) No 2003/2003. https://ehttps://eurl ex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32019R1009&qid=1667045552002
Fu, L., Xie, H. and Shi, S. (2018) ‘Multielement analysis of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. essential oil using ICP-MS/MS’, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry, 410(16), pp. 3769–3778.
Ghane E. T. ; Poormohammadi A. ; Khazaei S. & Mehri F. (2022) ‘Concentration of potentially toxic elements in vegetable oils and health risk assessment: a systematic review and meta-analysis’, Biological Trace Element Research, 200(1), pp. 437–446.
Guney, M. and Zagury, G. J. (2014) ‘Children’s exposure to harmful elements in toys and low-cost jewelry: characterizing risks and developing a comprehensive approach’, Journal of hazardous materials, 271, pp. 321–330.
He Y.M. ; Ling Z.X. ;Zhou Y. ;Ahmad F.& Zhao F.F. (2016) ‘Application of extraction induced by emulsion breaking for trace multi-element determination in jet fuel by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry’, Spectroscopy Letters, 49(1), pp. 37–43.
Jamali M. K. ; Kazi T.G. ; Arain M. B. ; Afridi H. I. ; Jalbani N. ; Sarfraz R. A. ; Baig J.A. (2008) ‘A multivariate study: Variation in uptake of trace and toxic elements by various varieties of Sorghum bicolor L.’, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 158(2–3), pp. 644–651.
Kim, J.-J., Kim, Y.-S. and Kumar, V. (2019) ‘Heavy metal toxicity: An update of chelating therapeutic strategies’, Journal of Trace elements in Medicine and Biology, 54, pp. 226–231.
Leal G. C. ; Rovasi F. ; Maziero M. ; do Nascimento P. C. ; de Carvalho L. M. ; Viana C. (2022) ‘Emulsion breaking-induced extraction of Cd and Pb from oily dietary supplements followed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry detection’, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, p. 104651.
Lepri F. G. ; Chaves E. S. ; Vieira M. A. ; Ribeiro A. S. ; Curtius A. J. ; De Oliveira L. C. C. & De Campos R.C. (2011) ‘Determination of trace elements in vegetable oils and biodiesel by atomic spectrometric techniques—a review’, Applied Spectroscopy Reviews, 46(3), pp. 175–206.
Luka, M. F. and Akun, E. (2019) ‘Investigation of trace metals in different varieties of olive oils from northern Cyprus and their variation in accumulation using ICP-MS and multivariate techniques’, Environmental Earth Sciences, 78(19), pp. 1–10. doi: 10.1007/s12665-019-8581-9.
Manjusha, R., Shekhar, R. and Kumar, S. J. (2019) ‘Ultrasound-assisted extraction of Pb, Cd, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn from edible oils with tetramethylammonium hydroxide and EDTA followed by determination using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer’, Food chemistry, 294, pp. 384–389.
Mdluli, N. S., Nomngongo, P. N. and Mketo, N. (2022) ‘A Critical Review on Application of Extraction Methods Prior to Spectrometric Determination of Trace-Metals in Oily Matrices’, Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry, 52(1), pp. 1–18. doi: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1781591.
Meira, L. A. and de Souza Dias, F. (2017) ‘Application of constrained mixture design and Doehlert matrix in the optimization of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction assisted by ultrasound for preconcentration and determination of cadmium in sediment and water samples by FAAS’, Microchemical Journal, 130, pp. 56–63.
Mendil D. ; Uluözlü Ö.D. ; Tüzen M. ; Soylak M., (2009) ‘Investigation of the levels of some element in edible oil samples produced in Turkey by atomic absorption spectrometry’, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 165(1–3), pp. 724–728.
Mohebbi M. ; Heydari R. ; and Ramezani M ; (2018) ‘Determination of Cu, Cd, Ni, Pb and Zn in edible oils using reversed-phase ultrasonic assisted liquid–liquid microextraction and flame atomic absorption spectrometry’, Journal of analytical chemistry, 73(1), pp. 30–35.
Moreira, G. C. and de Souza Dias, F. (2018) ‘Mixture design and Doehlert matrix for optimization of the ultrasonic assisted extraction of caffeic acid, rutin, catechin and trans-cinnamic acid in Physalis angulata L. and determination by HPLC DAD’, Microchemical Journal, 141, pp. 247–252.
Ni Z.; Chen Z.; Yu Q.; Sun X.& Tang F. (2018) ‘Microwave-assisted digestion for trace elements analysis of tree nut oil: Evaluation of residual carbon content’, Spectroscopy Letters, 51(10), pp. 518–523.
Öner M.; Bodur S.; Demir C.; Yazıcı E. ; Erarpat S. ; Bakırdere S. (2021) ‘An effective and rapid magnetic nanoparticle based dispersive solid phase extraction method for the extraction and preconcentration of cadmium from edible oil samples before ICP OES measurement’, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 101, p. 103978.
Pereira F. M.; Zimpeck R. C.; Brum D. M. ; Cassella R. J. (2013) ‘Novel extraction induced by emulsion breaking as a tool for the determination of trace concentrations of Cu, Mn and Ni in biodiesel by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry’, Talanta, 117, pp. 32–38.
Robaina, N. F., Brum, D. M. and Cassella, R. J. (2012) ‘Application of the extraction induced by emulsion breaking for the determination of chromium and manganese in edible oils by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry’, Talanta, 99, pp. 104–112. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.05.025.
Shariff R.; Aachary A. A.; Pacquette L. H.; Mittal A. K. & Girdhar R. (2018) ‘Analytical method validation and determination of iron and phosphorus in vegetable oil by inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry with microwave assisted digestion’, Analytical Letters, 51(11), pp. 1774–1788.
da Silva A. F.; Papai R.; Luz M. S.; Gaubeur I. (2021) ‘Analytical extraction procedure combined with atomic and mass spectrometry for the determination of tin in edible oil samples, and the potential application to other chemical elements’, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 96, p. 103759.
de Souza R. M. ; Mathias B. M.; da Silveira C. L. P. ; Aucélio R. Q. ; (2005) ‘Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry for trace multi-element determination in vegetable oils, margarine and butter after stabilization with propan-1-ol and water’, Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, 60(5), pp. 711–715.
Soylak, M. and Koksal, M. (2019) ‘Deep eutectic solvent microextraction of lead(II), cobalt(II), nickel(II) and manganese(II) ions for the separation and preconcentration in some oil samples from Turkey prior to their microsampling flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination’, Microchemical Journal, 147(Ii), pp. 832–837. doi: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.04.006.
Tokay, F. and Bağdat, S. (2015) ‘Determination of iron and copper in edible oils by flame atomic absorption spectrometry after liquid–liquid extraction’, Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 92(3), pp. 317–322.
Tokay, F., Günaydin, R. and Bağdat, S. (2021) ‘A novel vortex assisted dispersive solid phase extraction of some trace elements in essential oils and fish oil’, Talanta, 230, p. 122312.
Valasques G. S.; dos Santos A. M. P.; da Silva D. G.; Alves J.P. S.; Bezerra M. A. (2018) ‘Use of constrained mixture design in the optimization of a method based on extraction induced by emulsion breaking for the determination of Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe and Zn from palm oil by flame atomic absorption spectrometry’, Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 29, pp. 2189–2196.
Valasques G. S. ; dos Santos A. M. P. ; de Souza V. S. ; Teixeira L. S.G., Alves J. P.S. ; de Jesus S. M. ; dos Santos W. P.C.; Bezerra M. A., (2020) ‘Multivariate optimization for the determination of cadmium and lead in crude palm oil by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry after extraction induced by emulsion breaking’, Microchemical Journal, 153, p. 104401.
Vicentino, P. O. and Cassella, R. J. (2017) ‘Novel extraction induced by microemulsion breaking: a model study for Hg extraction from Brazilian gasoline’, Talanta, 162, pp. 249–255.
Zeiner, M., Steffan, I. and Cindric, I. J. (2005) ‘Determination of trace elements in olive oil by ICP-AES and ETA-AAS: A pilot study on the geographical characterization’, Microchemical Journal, 81(2), pp. 171–176.
Adolfo, F.R.; Nascimento,P.C.; Bohrer,D.; Viana,C.; de Carvalho,L.M.; Margareth C. ; Cravo,C.; Nascimento,L.; (2020) ‘Extraction induced by emulsion breaking for simultaneous determination of Co, Fe and Ni in petroleum asphalt cement by high-resolution continuum source atomic absorption spectrometry’, Fuel, 277, p. 118098.
Jorge S. Almeida, Gabriel L. Santos, Geovani C. Brandão, Maria G.A. Korn, Leonardo S.G. Teixeira; (2019) ‘Multivariate optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction using Doehlert matrix for simultaneous determination of Fe and Ni in vegetable oils by high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry’, Food chemistry, 273, pp. 130–135.
Bagchi, D., Bagchi, M. and Stohs, S. J. (2001) ‘Chromium (VI)‐induced oxidative stress, apoptotic cell death and modulation of p53 tumor suppressor gene’, Molecular and cellular biochemistry, 222(1), pp. 149–158.
Bakircioglu, D., Kurtulus, Y. B. and Yurtsever, S. (2013) ‘Comparison of extraction induced by emulsion breaking, ultrasonic extraction and wet digestion procedures for determination of metals in edible oil samples in Turkey using ICP-OES’, Food chemistry, 138(2–3), pp. 770–775.
Bakircioglu, D., Topraksever, N. and Kurtulus, Y. B. (2014) ‘Determination of zinc in edible oils by flow injection FAAS after extraction induced by emulsion breaking procedure’, Food chemistry, 151, pp. 219–224.
Baldo,M.A.; Angela M. S.; Oliveri,P.; Leardi,R.; Ligia M .; Paolo U. (2020) ‘Electrochemical preconcentration coupled with spectroscopic techniques for trace lead analysis in olive oils’, Talanta, 210, p. 120667.
Bornhorst, J. Kipp, A. P., Haase, H., Meyer ,S., Schwerdtle ,T. (2018) ‘The crux of inept biomarkers for risks and benefits of trace elements’, TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 104, pp. 183–190.
Boskou, D. (2006) Olive oil: chemistry and technology. AOCS Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003040217.
Camera, G.,L. ; Rovasi, F. ; Maziero, M.; do Nascimento P. C.; de Carvalho L., M. ; Viana ,C. (2022) ‘Journal of Food Composition and Analysis Emulsion breaking-induced extraction of Cd and Pb from oily dietary supplements followed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry detection’, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 112(March), p. 104651. doi: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104651.
Carneiro A. F. ; Carneiro C. N. ; de N Pires L. ;Teixeira L.S.G. ;Azcarate S. M. ; Dias F. de S. (2020) ‘D-optimal mixture design for the optimization of extraction induced by emulsion breaking for multielemental determination in edible vegetable oils by microwave-induced plasma optical emission spectrometry’, Talanta, 219, p. 121218.
Cassella R. J. ;Brum D. M. ;Robaina N. F.; Lima C. F. (2018) ‘Extraction induced by emulsion breaking: A model study on metal extraction from mineral oil’, Fuel, 215(July 2017), pp. 592–600. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2017.11.102.
Davudabadi Farahani, M. and Shemirani, F. (2012) ‘Supported hydrophobic ionic liquid on magnetic nanoparticles as a new sorbent for separation and preconcentration of lead and cadmium in milk and water samples’, Microchimica Acta, 179(3), pp. 219–226.
Drosaki, E. and Anthemidis, A. N. (2022) ‘Talanta A novel automatic flow-batch extraction induced by emulsion breaking platform for on-line copper determination in edible oil samples by atomic absorption spectrometry’, Talanta, 244(March), p. 123423. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123423.
European Parliament and of the Council of 5 June 2019 laying down rules on the making available on the market of EU fertilising products and amending Regulations (EC) No 1069/2009 and (EC) No 1107/2009 and repealing Regulation (EC) No 2003/2003. https://ehttps://eurl ex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32019R1009&qid=1667045552002
Fu, L., Xie, H. and Shi, S. (2018) ‘Multielement analysis of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. essential oil using ICP-MS/MS’, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry, 410(16), pp. 3769–3778.
Ghane E. T. ; Poormohammadi A. ; Khazaei S. & Mehri F. (2022) ‘Concentration of potentially toxic elements in vegetable oils and health risk assessment: a systematic review and meta-analysis’, Biological Trace Element Research, 200(1), pp. 437–446.
Guney, M. and Zagury, G. J. (2014) ‘Children’s exposure to harmful elements in toys and low-cost jewelry: characterizing risks and developing a comprehensive approach’, Journal of hazardous materials, 271, pp. 321–330.
He Y.M. ; Ling Z.X. ;Zhou Y. ;Ahmad F.& Zhao F.F. (2016) ‘Application of extraction induced by emulsion breaking for trace multi-element determination in jet fuel by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry’, Spectroscopy Letters, 49(1), pp. 37–43.
Jamali M. K. ; Kazi T.G. ; Arain M. B. ; Afridi H. I. ; Jalbani N. ; Sarfraz R. A. ; Baig J.A. (2008) ‘A multivariate study: Variation in uptake of trace and toxic elements by various varieties of Sorghum bicolor L.’, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 158(2–3), pp. 644–651.
Kim, J.-J., Kim, Y.-S. and Kumar, V. (2019) ‘Heavy metal toxicity: An update of chelating therapeutic strategies’, Journal of Trace elements in Medicine and Biology, 54, pp. 226–231.
Leal G. C. ; Rovasi F. ; Maziero M. ; do Nascimento P. C. ; de Carvalho L. M. ; Viana C. (2022) ‘Emulsion breaking-induced extraction of Cd and Pb from oily dietary supplements followed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry detection’, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, p. 104651.
Lepri F. G. ; Chaves E. S. ; Vieira M. A. ; Ribeiro A. S. ; Curtius A. J. ; De Oliveira L. C. C. & De Campos R.C. (2011) ‘Determination of trace elements in vegetable oils and biodiesel by atomic spectrometric techniques—a review’, Applied Spectroscopy Reviews, 46(3), pp. 175–206.
Luka, M. F. and Akun, E. (2019) ‘Investigation of trace metals in different varieties of olive oils from northern Cyprus and their variation in accumulation using ICP-MS and multivariate techniques’, Environmental Earth Sciences, 78(19), pp. 1–10. doi: 10.1007/s12665-019-8581-9.
Manjusha, R., Shekhar, R. and Kumar, S. J. (2019) ‘Ultrasound-assisted extraction of Pb, Cd, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn from edible oils with tetramethylammonium hydroxide and EDTA followed by determination using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer’, Food chemistry, 294, pp. 384–389.
Mdluli, N. S., Nomngongo, P. N. and Mketo, N. (2022) ‘A Critical Review on Application of Extraction Methods Prior to Spectrometric Determination of Trace-Metals in Oily Matrices’, Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry, 52(1), pp. 1–18. doi: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1781591.
Meira, L. A. and de Souza Dias, F. (2017) ‘Application of constrained mixture design and Doehlert matrix in the optimization of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction assisted by ultrasound for preconcentration and determination of cadmium in sediment and water samples by FAAS’, Microchemical Journal, 130, pp. 56–63.
Mendil D. ; Uluözlü Ö.D. ; Tüzen M. ; Soylak M., (2009) ‘Investigation of the levels of some element in edible oil samples produced in Turkey by atomic absorption spectrometry’, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 165(1–3), pp. 724–728.
Mohebbi M. ; Heydari R. ; and Ramezani M ; (2018) ‘Determination of Cu, Cd, Ni, Pb and Zn in edible oils using reversed-phase ultrasonic assisted liquid–liquid microextraction and flame atomic absorption spectrometry’, Journal of analytical chemistry, 73(1), pp. 30–35.
Moreira, G. C. and de Souza Dias, F. (2018) ‘Mixture design and Doehlert matrix for optimization of the ultrasonic assisted extraction of caffeic acid, rutin, catechin and trans-cinnamic acid in Physalis angulata L. and determination by HPLC DAD’, Microchemical Journal, 141, pp. 247–252.
Ni Z.; Chen Z.; Yu Q.; Sun X.& Tang F. (2018) ‘Microwave-assisted digestion for trace elements analysis of tree nut oil: Evaluation of residual carbon content’, Spectroscopy Letters, 51(10), pp. 518–523.
Öner M.; Bodur S.; Demir C.; Yazıcı E. ; Erarpat S. ; Bakırdere S. (2021) ‘An effective and rapid magnetic nanoparticle based dispersive solid phase extraction method for the extraction and preconcentration of cadmium from edible oil samples before ICP OES measurement’, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 101, p. 103978.
Pereira F. M.; Zimpeck R. C.; Brum D. M. ; Cassella R. J. (2013) ‘Novel extraction induced by emulsion breaking as a tool for the determination of trace concentrations of Cu, Mn and Ni in biodiesel by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry’, Talanta, 117, pp. 32–38.
Robaina, N. F., Brum, D. M. and Cassella, R. J. (2012) ‘Application of the extraction induced by emulsion breaking for the determination of chromium and manganese in edible oils by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry’, Talanta, 99, pp. 104–112. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.05.025.
Shariff R.; Aachary A. A.; Pacquette L. H.; Mittal A. K. & Girdhar R. (2018) ‘Analytical method validation and determination of iron and phosphorus in vegetable oil by inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry with microwave assisted digestion’, Analytical Letters, 51(11), pp. 1774–1788.
da Silva A. F.; Papai R.; Luz M. S.; Gaubeur I. (2021) ‘Analytical extraction procedure combined with atomic and mass spectrometry for the determination of tin in edible oil samples, and the potential application to other chemical elements’, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 96, p. 103759.
de Souza R. M. ; Mathias B. M.; da Silveira C. L. P. ; Aucélio R. Q. ; (2005) ‘Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry for trace multi-element determination in vegetable oils, margarine and butter after stabilization with propan-1-ol and water’, Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, 60(5), pp. 711–715.
Soylak, M. and Koksal, M. (2019) ‘Deep eutectic solvent microextraction of lead(II), cobalt(II), nickel(II) and manganese(II) ions for the separation and preconcentration in some oil samples from Turkey prior to their microsampling flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination’, Microchemical Journal, 147(Ii), pp. 832–837. doi: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.04.006.
Tokay, F. and Bağdat, S. (2015) ‘Determination of iron and copper in edible oils by flame atomic absorption spectrometry after liquid–liquid extraction’, Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 92(3), pp. 317–322.
Tokay, F., Günaydin, R. and Bağdat, S. (2021) ‘A novel vortex assisted dispersive solid phase extraction of some trace elements in essential oils and fish oil’, Talanta, 230, p. 122312.
Valasques G. S.; dos Santos A. M. P.; da Silva D. G.; Alves J.P. S.; Bezerra M. A. (2018) ‘Use of constrained mixture design in the optimization of a method based on extraction induced by emulsion breaking for the determination of Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe and Zn from palm oil by flame atomic absorption spectrometry’, Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 29, pp. 2189–2196.
Valasques G. S. ; dos Santos A. M. P. ; de Souza V. S. ; Teixeira L. S.G., Alves J. P.S. ; de Jesus S. M. ; dos Santos W. P.C.; Bezerra M. A., (2020) ‘Multivariate optimization for the determination of cadmium and lead in crude palm oil by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry after extraction induced by emulsion breaking’, Microchemical Journal, 153, p. 104401.
Vicentino, P. O. and Cassella, R. J. (2017) ‘Novel extraction induced by microemulsion breaking: a model study for Hg extraction from Brazilian gasoline’, Talanta, 162, pp. 249–255.
Zeiner, M., Steffan, I. and Cindric, I. J. (2005) ‘Determination of trace elements in olive oil by ICP-AES and ETA-AAS: A pilot study on the geographical characterization’, Microchemical Journal, 81(2), pp. 171–176.
Published
2023-05-11
How to Cite
MOHAMMED, I. A., & SALEEM, P. H. (2023). DEVELOPMENT METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF Cr, Cd AND Pb IN EDIBLE SUNFLOWER OIL USING EMULSION EXTRACTION-FAAS. Journal of Duhok University, 26(1), 198-210. https://doi.org/10.26682/sjuod.2023.26.1.19
Section
Pure and Engineering Sciences
It is the policy of the Journal of Duhok University to own the copyright of the technical contributions. It publishes and facilitates the appropriate re-utilize of the published materials by others. Photocopying is permitted with credit and referring to the source for individuals use.
Copyright © 2017. All Rights Reserved.
