ETHEREUM BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY FOR INTERNET OF THINGS AUTHENTICATION
Keywords:
Blockchain, Decentralization, Iot, Security
Abstract
The Internet of Things (IoT) technology has grown rapidly and continuously. The IoT ecosystem comprises an increasing number of smart devices that can sense, act, process, store, and communicate via the Internet. Data within such communication technology is continuously exposed to be hacked or attacked. Therefore, there should be methods to protect the issue of data authentication and increase the security of such large-scale networks. In this article, a method of using a Blockchain network is proposed. The proposed system uses the Ethereum blockchain and benefits from several critical technologies, including distributed consensus, smart contracts, digital signatures, and cryptographic hashes. The whitelist and blacklist are the two lists that are suggested. The approved users who have obtained their private keys are included on the whitelist. The blacklist, on the other hand, is intended to stop illegal users who are flagged as spammers or attacks. According to findings, the Blockchain can drastically save expenses and boost the security of IoT networks
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
D. Hanes, G. Salgueiro, P. Grossetete, R. Barton, and J. Henry, IoT fundamentals: networking technologies, protocols, and use cases for the Internet of things. Indianapolis, Indiana, USA: Cisco Press, 2017.
D. A. Linares, C. Anumba, and N. Roofigari-Esfahan, “Overview of Supporting Technologies for Cyber-Physical Systems Implementation in the AEC Industry,” in Computing in Civil Engineering 2019, Atlanta, Georgia, Jun. 2019, pp. 495–504. doi: 10.1061/9780784482438.063.
C. Sauerwein, I. Pekaric, M. Felderer, and R. Breu, “An analysis and classification of public information security data sources used in research and practice,” Comput. Secur., vol. 82, pp. 140–155, May 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.cose.2018.12.011.
A. Yazdinejad, R. M. Parizi, A. Dehghantanha, Q. Zhang, and K.-K. R. Choo, “An Energy-Efficient SDN Controller Architecture for IoT Networks With Blockchain-Based Security,” IEEE Trans. Serv. Comput., vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 625–638, Jul. 2020, doi: 10.1109/TSC.2020.2966970.
V. K. Calastry Ramesh, “Storing IOT Data Securely in a Private Ethereum Blockchain”, doi: 10.34917/15778410.
G. Nebbione and M. C. Calzarossa, “Security of IoT Application Layer Protocols: Challenges and Findings,” Future Internet, vol. 12, no. 3, p. 55, Mar. 2020, doi: 10.3390/fi12030055.
S. M. Tahsien, H. Karimipour, and P. Spachos, “Machine Learning Based Solutions for Security of Internet of Things (IoT): A Survey,” J. Netw. Comput. Appl., vol. 161, p. 102630, Jul. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.jnca.2020.102630.
J. Huang, L. Kong, G. Chen, M.-Y. Wu, X. Liu, and P. Zeng, “Towards Secure Industrial IoT: Blockchain System With Credit-Based Consensus Mechanism,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform., vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 3680–3689, Jun. 2019, doi: 10.1109/TII.2019.2903342.
B. Ali and A. Awad, “Cyber and Physical Security Vulnerability Assessment for IoT-Based Smart Homes,” Sensors, vol. 18, no. 3, p. 817, Mar. 2018, doi: 10.3390/s18030817.
W. Alnahari and M. T. Quasim, “Authentication of IoT Device and IoT Server Using Security Key,” In Review, preprint, Feb. 2021. doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-175858/v2.
L. Vishwakarma and D. Das, “SCAB - IoTA: Secure communication and authentication for IoT applications using blockchain,” J. Parallel Distrib. Comput., vol. 154, pp. 94–105, Aug. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jpdc.2021.04.003.
Z. Zheng, S. Xie, H. N. Dai, X. Chen, and H. Wang, “Blockchain challenges and opportunities: a survey,” Int. J. Web Grid Serv., vol. 14, no. 4, p. 352, 2018, doi: 10.1504/IJWGS.2018.095647.
S. F. Aghili, H. Mala, C. Schindelhauer, M. Shojafar, and R. Tafazolli, “Closed-loop and open-loop authentication protocols for blockchain-based IoT systems,” Inf. Process. Manag., vol. 58, no. 4, p. 102568, Jul. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.ipm.2021.102568.
M. Šarac, N. Pavlović, N. Bacanin, F. Al-Turjman, and S. Adamović, “Increasing privacy and security by integrating a Blockchain Secure Interface into an IoT Device Security Gateway Architecture,” Energy Rep., vol. 7, pp. 8075–8082, Nov. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.egyr.2021.07.078.
R. Almadhoun, M. Kadadha, M. Alhemeiri, M. Alshehhi, and K. Salah, “A User Authentication Scheme of IoT Devices using Blockchain-Enabled Fog Nodes,” p. 8.
A. Mukherjee, M. Balachandra, C. Pujari, S. Tiwari, A. Nayar, and S. R. Payyavula, “Unified smart home resource access along with authentication using Blockchain technology,” Glob. Transit. Proc., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 29–34, Jun. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.gltp.2021.01.005.
R. Martino and A. Cilardo, “Designing a SHA-256 processor for blockchain-based IoT applications,” Internet Things, vol. 11, p. 100254, Sep. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.iot.2020.100254.
M. Ammi, S. Alarabi, and E. Benkhelifa, “Customized blockchain-based architecture for secure smart home for lightweight IoT,” Inf. Process. Manag., vol. 58, no. 3, p. 102482, May 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.ipm.2020.102482.
W. Meng, W. Li, S. Tug, and J. Tan, “Towards blockchain-enabled single character frequency-based exclusive signature matching in IoT-assisted smart cities,” J. Parallel Distrib. Comput., vol. 144, pp. 268–277, Oct. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.jpdc.2020.05.013.
A. Douglas, R. Holloway, J. Lohr, E. Morgan, and K. Harfoush, “Blockchains for constrained edge devices,” Blockchain Res. Appl., vol. 1, no. 1–2, p. 100004, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.bcra.2020.100004.
U. Guin, P. Cui, and A. Skjellum, “Ensuring Proof-of-Authenticity of IoT Edge Devices Using Blockchain Technology,” in 2018 IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things (iThings) and IEEE Green Computing and Communications (GreenCom) and IEEE Cyber, Physical and Social Computing (CPSCom) and IEEE Smart Data (SmartData), Halifax, NS, Canada, Jul. 2018, pp. 1042–1049. doi: 10.1109/Cybermatics_2018.2018.00193.
S. Shukla, S. Thakur, S. Hussain, J. G. Breslin, and S. M. Jameel, “Identification and Authentication in Healthcare Internet-of-Things Using Integrated Fog Computing Based Blockchain Model,” Internet Things, vol. 15, p. 100422, Sep. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.iot.2021.100422.
J. A. Alzubi, “Blockchain-based Lamport Merkle Digital Signature: Authentication tool in IoT healthcare,” Comput. Commun., vol. 170, pp. 200–208, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.comcom.2021.02.002.
S. Sabu, H. M. Ramalingam, M. Vishaka, H. R. Swapna, and S. Hegde, “Implementation of a secure and privacy-aware E-Health record and IoT data sharing using blockchain,” Glob. Transit. Proc., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 429–433, Nov. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.gltp.2021.08.033.
S. A. Latif et al., “AI-empowered, blockchain and SDN integrated security architecture for IoT network of cyber physical systems,” Comput. Commun., vol. 181, pp. 274–283, Jan. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.comcom.2021.09.029.
J. Zhang, Z. Wang, L. Shang, D. Lu, and J. Ma, “BTNC: A blockchain based trusted network connection protocol in IoT,” J. Parallel Distrib. Comput., vol. 143, pp. 1–16, Sep. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.jpdc.2020.04.004.
F. B. J, R. R, S. M, and G. M. N R, “IoT based Cloud Integrated Smart Classroom for smart and a sustainable Campus,” Procedia Comput. Sci., vol. 172, pp. 77–81, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.procs.2020.05.012.
[28] H. Mrabet, S. Belguith, A. Alhomoud, and A. Jemai, “A Survey of IoT Security Based on a Layered Architecture of Sensing and Data Analysis,” Sensors, vol. 20, no. 13, p. 3625, Jun. 2020, doi: 10.3390/s20133625.
L. Ante, “Smart Contracts on the Blockchain – A Bibliometric Analysis and Review”.
J. J. Hunhevicz, M. Motie, and D. M. Hall, “Digital building twins and blockchain for performance-based (smart) contracts,” Autom. Constr., vol. 133, p. 103981, Jan. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.autcon.2021.103981.
K. N. Griggs, O. Ossipova, C. P. Kohlios, A. N. Baccarini, E. A. Howson, and T. Hayajneh, “Healthcare Blockchain System Using Smart Contracts for Secure Automated Remote Patient Monitoring,” J. Med. Syst., vol. 42, no. 7, p. 130, Jul. 2018, doi: 10.1007/s10916-018-0982-x.
D. A. Linares, C. Anumba, and N. Roofigari-Esfahan, “Overview of Supporting Technologies for Cyber-Physical Systems Implementation in the AEC Industry,” in Computing in Civil Engineering 2019, Atlanta, Georgia, Jun. 2019, pp. 495–504. doi: 10.1061/9780784482438.063.
C. Sauerwein, I. Pekaric, M. Felderer, and R. Breu, “An analysis and classification of public information security data sources used in research and practice,” Comput. Secur., vol. 82, pp. 140–155, May 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.cose.2018.12.011.
A. Yazdinejad, R. M. Parizi, A. Dehghantanha, Q. Zhang, and K.-K. R. Choo, “An Energy-Efficient SDN Controller Architecture for IoT Networks With Blockchain-Based Security,” IEEE Trans. Serv. Comput., vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 625–638, Jul. 2020, doi: 10.1109/TSC.2020.2966970.
V. K. Calastry Ramesh, “Storing IOT Data Securely in a Private Ethereum Blockchain”, doi: 10.34917/15778410.
G. Nebbione and M. C. Calzarossa, “Security of IoT Application Layer Protocols: Challenges and Findings,” Future Internet, vol. 12, no. 3, p. 55, Mar. 2020, doi: 10.3390/fi12030055.
S. M. Tahsien, H. Karimipour, and P. Spachos, “Machine Learning Based Solutions for Security of Internet of Things (IoT): A Survey,” J. Netw. Comput. Appl., vol. 161, p. 102630, Jul. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.jnca.2020.102630.
J. Huang, L. Kong, G. Chen, M.-Y. Wu, X. Liu, and P. Zeng, “Towards Secure Industrial IoT: Blockchain System With Credit-Based Consensus Mechanism,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform., vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 3680–3689, Jun. 2019, doi: 10.1109/TII.2019.2903342.
B. Ali and A. Awad, “Cyber and Physical Security Vulnerability Assessment for IoT-Based Smart Homes,” Sensors, vol. 18, no. 3, p. 817, Mar. 2018, doi: 10.3390/s18030817.
W. Alnahari and M. T. Quasim, “Authentication of IoT Device and IoT Server Using Security Key,” In Review, preprint, Feb. 2021. doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-175858/v2.
L. Vishwakarma and D. Das, “SCAB - IoTA: Secure communication and authentication for IoT applications using blockchain,” J. Parallel Distrib. Comput., vol. 154, pp. 94–105, Aug. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jpdc.2021.04.003.
Z. Zheng, S. Xie, H. N. Dai, X. Chen, and H. Wang, “Blockchain challenges and opportunities: a survey,” Int. J. Web Grid Serv., vol. 14, no. 4, p. 352, 2018, doi: 10.1504/IJWGS.2018.095647.
S. F. Aghili, H. Mala, C. Schindelhauer, M. Shojafar, and R. Tafazolli, “Closed-loop and open-loop authentication protocols for blockchain-based IoT systems,” Inf. Process. Manag., vol. 58, no. 4, p. 102568, Jul. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.ipm.2021.102568.
M. Šarac, N. Pavlović, N. Bacanin, F. Al-Turjman, and S. Adamović, “Increasing privacy and security by integrating a Blockchain Secure Interface into an IoT Device Security Gateway Architecture,” Energy Rep., vol. 7, pp. 8075–8082, Nov. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.egyr.2021.07.078.
R. Almadhoun, M. Kadadha, M. Alhemeiri, M. Alshehhi, and K. Salah, “A User Authentication Scheme of IoT Devices using Blockchain-Enabled Fog Nodes,” p. 8.
A. Mukherjee, M. Balachandra, C. Pujari, S. Tiwari, A. Nayar, and S. R. Payyavula, “Unified smart home resource access along with authentication using Blockchain technology,” Glob. Transit. Proc., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 29–34, Jun. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.gltp.2021.01.005.
R. Martino and A. Cilardo, “Designing a SHA-256 processor for blockchain-based IoT applications,” Internet Things, vol. 11, p. 100254, Sep. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.iot.2020.100254.
M. Ammi, S. Alarabi, and E. Benkhelifa, “Customized blockchain-based architecture for secure smart home for lightweight IoT,” Inf. Process. Manag., vol. 58, no. 3, p. 102482, May 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.ipm.2020.102482.
W. Meng, W. Li, S. Tug, and J. Tan, “Towards blockchain-enabled single character frequency-based exclusive signature matching in IoT-assisted smart cities,” J. Parallel Distrib. Comput., vol. 144, pp. 268–277, Oct. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.jpdc.2020.05.013.
A. Douglas, R. Holloway, J. Lohr, E. Morgan, and K. Harfoush, “Blockchains for constrained edge devices,” Blockchain Res. Appl., vol. 1, no. 1–2, p. 100004, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.bcra.2020.100004.
U. Guin, P. Cui, and A. Skjellum, “Ensuring Proof-of-Authenticity of IoT Edge Devices Using Blockchain Technology,” in 2018 IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things (iThings) and IEEE Green Computing and Communications (GreenCom) and IEEE Cyber, Physical and Social Computing (CPSCom) and IEEE Smart Data (SmartData), Halifax, NS, Canada, Jul. 2018, pp. 1042–1049. doi: 10.1109/Cybermatics_2018.2018.00193.
S. Shukla, S. Thakur, S. Hussain, J. G. Breslin, and S. M. Jameel, “Identification and Authentication in Healthcare Internet-of-Things Using Integrated Fog Computing Based Blockchain Model,” Internet Things, vol. 15, p. 100422, Sep. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.iot.2021.100422.
J. A. Alzubi, “Blockchain-based Lamport Merkle Digital Signature: Authentication tool in IoT healthcare,” Comput. Commun., vol. 170, pp. 200–208, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.comcom.2021.02.002.
S. Sabu, H. M. Ramalingam, M. Vishaka, H. R. Swapna, and S. Hegde, “Implementation of a secure and privacy-aware E-Health record and IoT data sharing using blockchain,” Glob. Transit. Proc., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 429–433, Nov. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.gltp.2021.08.033.
S. A. Latif et al., “AI-empowered, blockchain and SDN integrated security architecture for IoT network of cyber physical systems,” Comput. Commun., vol. 181, pp. 274–283, Jan. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.comcom.2021.09.029.
J. Zhang, Z. Wang, L. Shang, D. Lu, and J. Ma, “BTNC: A blockchain based trusted network connection protocol in IoT,” J. Parallel Distrib. Comput., vol. 143, pp. 1–16, Sep. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.jpdc.2020.04.004.
F. B. J, R. R, S. M, and G. M. N R, “IoT based Cloud Integrated Smart Classroom for smart and a sustainable Campus,” Procedia Comput. Sci., vol. 172, pp. 77–81, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.procs.2020.05.012.
[28] H. Mrabet, S. Belguith, A. Alhomoud, and A. Jemai, “A Survey of IoT Security Based on a Layered Architecture of Sensing and Data Analysis,” Sensors, vol. 20, no. 13, p. 3625, Jun. 2020, doi: 10.3390/s20133625.
L. Ante, “Smart Contracts on the Blockchain – A Bibliometric Analysis and Review”.
J. J. Hunhevicz, M. Motie, and D. M. Hall, “Digital building twins and blockchain for performance-based (smart) contracts,” Autom. Constr., vol. 133, p. 103981, Jan. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.autcon.2021.103981.
K. N. Griggs, O. Ossipova, C. P. Kohlios, A. N. Baccarini, E. A. Howson, and T. Hayajneh, “Healthcare Blockchain System Using Smart Contracts for Secure Automated Remote Patient Monitoring,” J. Med. Syst., vol. 42, no. 7, p. 130, Jul. 2018, doi: 10.1007/s10916-018-0982-x.
Published
2023-05-17
How to Cite
HASSAN, N. S., & AL-KHALIL, A. B. (2023). ETHEREUM BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY FOR INTERNET OF THINGS AUTHENTICATION. Journal of Duhok University, 26(1), 256-265. https://doi.org/10.26682/sjuod.2023.26.1.25
Section
Pure and Engineering Sciences
It is the policy of the Journal of Duhok University to own the copyright of the technical contributions. It publishes and facilitates the appropriate re-utilize of the published materials by others. Photocopying is permitted with credit and referring to the source for individuals use.
Copyright © 2017. All Rights Reserved.
