HORMONE DISORDERS AND ITS CORRELATION WITH LIPID PROFILE AND OXIDATIVE STRESS BIOMARKERS IN METABOLIC SYNDROME PATIENTS
Keywords:
: Metabolic Syndrome, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Melatonin, Asprosin, Reactive Oxygen Species, Oxidative Stress, Antioxidants, Cardiovascular Disease, Free Radicals, Glucose, Lipid Profile, Insulin Resistance
Abstract
Background and aims: Metabolic syndrome" (MS) refers to a group of interrelated metabolic risk factors of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The aim of this work is investigation the correlation of melatonin and sprosin hormones with lipid profile and oxidant/antioxidant status in sera of MS patients and to assess the potential of these parameters as diagnostic biomarkers for metabolic syndrome using receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis
Methods: This case-control study involved 82 MS patients and 60 controls. The study examined serum levels of glucose, melatonin, asprosin, lipid profile, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), reduced glutathione (GSH), and total antioxidant activity (AOA).
Results:
The patients group had significantly lower serum levels of melatonin hormone, SOD, GST, GSH, and AOA. While, glucose and asprosin levels increased in MS patients compared to the controls. Similarly, the lipid profile, including cholesterol, very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), and triglyceride (TG), and low density lipoprotein (LDL), were significantly increased. Furthermore, correlation analysis revealed that levels of melatonin were negatively associated with cholesterol and positively associated with TG. Asprosin has negative significant correlation with GSH. Regarding ROC curve analysis, glucose, asprosine, VLDL, TG, and MDA were demonstrated as diagnostic biomarkers for metabolic syndrome.
Conclusions: The study found that melatonin hormone was negatively associated with cholesterol and positively associated with TG, while Asprosin has negative significant correlation with GSH. Additionally, this study proved also that glucose, asprosin, VLDL, TG, and MDA can be used as metabolic syndrome's predictive biomarkers
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References
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Al-Harbi, M. Y., Albunyan, A., Alnahari, A., Kao, K., Brandner, L., El Jammal, M., & & Dunn, T. C. (2022). Frequency of flash glucose monitoring and glucose metrics: real-world observational data from Saudi Arabia. Diabetology and Metabolic Syndrome, 14(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-022-00831-y
Al-Zaid, W. I., & Sayyah, S. G. (2023). Estimation and evaluation of (uric acid, glutathione, ceroplasmin) and the trace elements (iron , copper , zinc) levels in type _ 2 diabetic patients in Basrah. European Journal of Biomedical Research, 2(1), 12–16.
Al–Mhbashy, H. M., Hussain, S. A., Numan, N. A., & & Saed, M. A. (2006). Effect of melatonin in oxidative stress, protein glycation, microalbuminuria and lipid profile in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Iraqi J Pharm Sci, 15, 17–32.
Alsajri, A. T. M. (2022). Exploration of the relationship between asprosin with oxidative stress index in obese Iraqi patients. In Cankiri Karatekin university (Issue September).
Altun, A., & Ugur‐Altun, B. (2007). Melatonin: therapeutic and clinical utilization. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 61(5), 835–845. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-1241.2006.01191.x
Andraweera, P. H., Plummer, M. D., Garrett, A., Leemaqz, S., Wittwer, M. R., Aldridge, E., Pathirana, M. M., Dekker, G. A., Roberts, C. T., & Arstall, M. A. (2023). Early pregnancy cardio metabolic risk factors and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome 10 years after the first pregnancy. PLoS ONE, 18(1 January), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0280451
Askarpour, M., Ghalandari, H., Setayesh, L., & & Ghaedi, E. (2023). Plum supplementation and lipid profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Journal of Nutritional Science, 12, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1017/jns.2022.101
Barylski, M., Kowalczyk, E., Banach, M., Ciećwierz, J., Pawlicki, L., & Kowalski, J. (2009). Plasma total antioxidant activity in comparison with plasma NO and VEGF levels in patients with metabolic syndrome. Angiology, 60(1), 87–92. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003319708327165
Caldiroli, A., Auxilia, A. M., Capuzzi, E., Clerici, M., & & Buoli, M. (2020). Malondialdehydeand bipolar disorder: a short comprehensive review of available literature. Journal of Affective Disorders , 274, 31–37.
Carresi, C., Gliozzi, M., Musolino, V., Scicchitano, M., Scarano, F., Bosco, F., & ... & Mollace, V. (2020). The effect of natural antioxidants in the development of metabolic syndrome: focus on bergamot polyphenolic fraction. Nutrients, 12(5), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051504
Cipolla-Neto, J., & Amaral, F. G. D. (2018). Melatonin as a hormone: new physiological and clinical insights. In Endocrine Reviews (Vol. 39, Issue 6). https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2018-00084.
Daniel, P., & Daniel, E. (2017). Melatonin, mitochondria and the metabolic
syndrome. Publicado En Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 74(21), 3941–3954.
Das, U. (2002). A radical approach to cancer. Medical Science Monitor, 8(4), 79–92.
Ginsberg, H. N., & Huang, L. S. (2000). The insulin resistance syndrome: Impact on lipoprotein metebolism and atherothrombosis. Journal of Cardiovascular Risk, 7(5), 325–331. https://doi.org/10.1177/204748730000700505
Gomes Domingos, A. L., Hermsdorff, H. H. M., & Bressan, J. (2019). Melatonin intake and potential chronobiological effects on human health. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 59(1), 133–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2017.1360837
Gorter, P. M., Olijhoek, J. K., Van der Graaf, Y., Algra, A., Rabelink, T. J., Visseren, F. L., & Group, & S. S. (2004). Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral arterial disease or abdominal aortic aneurysm. Atherosclerosis, 173(2), 361–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2003.12.033
Gürpinar, T., Ekerbiçer, N., Uysal, N., Barut, T., Tarakçi, F., & Tuglu, M. I. (2012). The effects of the melatonin treatment on the oxidative stress and apoptosis in diabetic eye and brain. The Scientific World Journal, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1100/2012/498489
Habig, W. H., Pabst, M. J., & Jakoby, W. B. (1974). Glutathione S-transferases: the first enzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 249(22), 7130–7139. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(19)42083-8
Hong, T., Li, J. Y., Wang, Y. D., Qi, X. Y., Liao, Z. Z., Bhadel, P., & ... & Xiao, X. H. (2021). High serum asprosin levels are associated with presence of metabolic syndrome. International Journal of Endocrinology, 2021, 11–16. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6622129
Hoyos, M., Guerrero, J. M., Perez‐Cano, R., Olivan, J., Fabiani, F., Garcia‐Pergañeda, A., & & Osuna, C. (2000). Serum cholesterol and lipid peroxidation are decreased by melatonin in diet-induced hypercholesterolemic rats. Journal of Pineal Research, 28(3), 150–155. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-079x.2001.280304.x
Kargar, B., Zamanian, Z., Hosseinabadi, M. B., Gharibi, V., Moradi, M. S., & & Cousins, R. (2021). Understanding the role of oxidative stress in the incidence of metabolic syndrome and obstructive sleep apnea. BMC Endocrine Disorders, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-021-00735-4
Karolczak, K., & Watala, C. (2019). The mystery behind the pineal gland: melatonin affects the metabolism of cholesterol. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/4531865
Koracevic, D., Koracevic, G., Djordjevic, V., Andrejevic, S., & & Cosic, V. (2001). Method for the measurement of antioxidant activity in human fluids. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 54(5), 356–361. https://doi.org/10.1136/jcp.54.5.356
Koziróg, M., Poliwczak, A. R., Duchnowicz, P., Koter‐Michalak, M., Sikora, J., & & Broncel, M. (2011). Melatonin treatment improves blood pressure, lipid profile, and parameters of oxidative stress in patients with metabolic syndrome. Journal of Pineal Research, 50(3), 261–266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-079X.2010.00835.x
Liu, Y., Ma, C., Lv, L., Li, P., Ma, C., He, S., & ... & Li, Y. (2020). Relationship between decreased serum superoxide dismutase activity and metabolic syndrome : synergistic mediating role of insulin resistance and β -cell dysfunction. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2020.
Lönn, et al. (2012). Actions of “antioxidants” in the protection against atherosclerosis. Free Radical Biology & Medicine, 53(4), 863–884.
Miller, N. J., Paganga, G., Wiseman, S., Van Nielen, W., Tijburg, L., Chowienczyk, P., & & Rice-Evans, C. A. (1995). Total antioxidant activity of low density lipoproteins and the relationship with α-tocopherol status. FEBS Letters, 365(2–3), 164–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(95)00448-I
Naiemian, S., Naeemipour, M., Zarei, M., Lari Najafi, M., Gohari, A., Behroozikhah, M. R., & ... & Miri, M. (2020). Serum concentration of asprosin in new-onset type 2 diabetes. Diabetology and Metabolic Syndrome, 12(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-020-00564-w
Niles, L. P., Wang, J., Shen, L., Lobb, D. K., & Younglai, E. V. (1999). Melatonin receptor mRNA expression in human granulosa cells. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 156(1–2), 107–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0303-7207(99)00135-5
Nourazarian, A. R., Kangari, P., & Salmaninejad, A. (2014). Roles of oxidative stress in the development and progression of breast cancer. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 15(12), 4745–4751. https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2014.15.12.4745
Pillon, N. J., & Soulage, C. O. (2012). Lipid peroxidation by-products and the metabolic syndrome. Lipid Peroxidation, 409–436. https://doi.org/10.5772/46019
Rahman, I., Kode, A., & Biswas, S. K. (2006). Assay for quantitative determination of glutathione and glutathione disulfide levels using enzymatic recycling method. Nature Protocols, 1(6), 3159–3165. https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2006.378
Rao, V. S. N., Santos, F. A., Silva, R. M., & & Teixiera, M. G. (2002). Effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors and melatonin on the hyperglycemic response to streptozotocin in rats. Vascular Pharmacology, 38(3), 127–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1537-1891(02)00212-4
Reiter, R., Tan, D. X., Cabrera, J., D’Arpa, D., Sainz, R., Mayo, J., & & Ramos, S. (1999). The oxidant / antioxidant network : role of melatonin. Biol Signals Recept, 7762, 56–63.
Roberts, C. K., Barnard, R. J., Sindhu, R. K., Jurczak, M., Ehdaie, A., & & Vaziri, N. D. (2006). Oxidative stress and dysregulation of NAD(P)H oxidase and antioxidant enzymes in diet-induced metabolic syndrome. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental, 55(7), 928–934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2006.02.022
Romere, C., Duerrschmid, C., Bournat, J., Constable, P., Jain, M., Xia, F., & ... & Chopra, A. R. (2016). Asprosin, a fasting-induced glucogenic protein hormone. Cell, 165(3), 566–579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2016.02.063
Sandyk, R., & Awerbuch, G. I. (1994). The relationship between melatonin secretion and serum cholesterol in patients with multiple sclerosis. International Journal of Neuroscience, 76(1–2), 81–86. https://doi.org/10.3109/00207459408985994
Shrestha, S., Chandra, L., Aryal, M., Das, B. K. L., Pandey, S., & & Baral, N. (2010). Evaluation of lipid peroxidation and antioxidants’ status in metabolic syndrome. Kathmandu University Medical Journal, 8(32), 382–386. https://doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v8i4.6236
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Published
2023-07-04
How to Cite
KHALEEL , S. M., & MOSA, A. A. (2023). HORMONE DISORDERS AND ITS CORRELATION WITH LIPID PROFILE AND OXIDATIVE STRESS BIOMARKERS IN METABOLIC SYNDROME PATIENTS. Journal of Duhok University, 26(1), 403-418. https://doi.org/10.26682/sjuod.2023.26.1.39
Section
Pure and Engineering Sciences
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