A STUDY OF ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID ANTIBODIES IN WOMEN WITH HISTORY OF MISCARRIAGES AT ZAKHO DISTRICTS, KURDISTAN REGION, IRAQ
Abstract
Background and aims: Antiphospholipid antibodies are associated with miscarriage and abortion, and this association has been reported in different countries. The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of antiphospholipid antibodies IgM and IgG among pregnant women with previous history of miscarriage in Zakho City, Kurdistan region, Iraq.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Zakho city among women who had history of miscarriages from 1st April 2019 to 31st May 2021. A total of 460 women age ranged between 16-46 years (Average age 29.73± 5.93 STDEV) were recruited in the study. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure antiphospholipid IgM and IgG antibodies. The relationship between age and level of antiphospholipid antibodies was performed using the Chi-Square test (Fisher Exact Test).
Results: The overall rate of antiphospholipid antibodies was 31 (6.74%) for IgM, 16 (3.48%) for IgG and 9 (1.96%) was seropositive for both IgM and IgG antibodies. The study found that the highest IgM was 18 (11.25%) and IgG 10 (6.2%) seropositivity among age group >30 years old. There was a significant association between age groups and IgM seropositivity (P=0.02; OR=0.4; 95% CI 0.2-0.9) but statistically not significant between age groups and IgG seropositivity (P=0.79; OR=0.9; 95% CI 0.3-2). It was also found no significant differences between age groups and both IgM and IgG seropositivity (P=0.28; OR=0.4; 95% CI 0.1-1).
Conclusion: The prevalence of antiphospholipid antibodies among aborted women was relatively low compared to other study. There was a positively association between IgM seropositivity and age group. Therefore, it is essential to conduct APA screening for women who have recurrent pregnancy loss and investigate the therapeutic effects of heparin and aspirin; this approach might improve fetal survival by starting anticoagulant treatment early
Downloads
References
AL SAMARRAI, A. A., HILMI, F. A., AL-ALLAWI, N. A. & MURAD, A. F. 2012. Antiphospholipid antibodies in iraqi women with recurrent mid-trimester abortions. J Lab Physicians, 4, 78-82.
ARIELA, H. & PAOLO, S. 2022. Obstetric Antiphospholipid Syndrome. In: POLONA, Ž. (ed.) Antiphospholipid Syndrome. Rijeka: IntechOpen.
CERVERA, R. 2017. Antiphospholipid syndrome. Thromb Res, 151 Suppl 1, S43-s47.
CLIFFORD, K., RAI, R. & REGAN, L. 1997. Future pregnancy outcome in unexplained recurrent first trimester miscarriage. Hum Reprod, 12, 387-9.
DI PRIMA, F. A. F., VALENTI, O., HYSENI, E., GIORGIO, E., FARACI, M., RENDA, E., DE DOMENICO, R. & MONTE, S. 2011. Antiphospholipid Syndrome during pregnancy: the state of the art. Journal of prenatal medicine, 5, 41-53.
DMITROVIC, R., SIMUNIC, V. & JIVRAJ, S. 2009. Recurrent Miscarriage and the Role of Genetic Thrombophilic Mutations. Current Women`s Health Reviews, 5, 14-23.
DUARTE-GARCÍA, A., PHAM, M. M. & CROWSON, C. S. 2019. The Epidemiology of Antiphospholipid Syndrome: A Population-Based Study. 71, 1545-1552.
HANLY, J. G. 2003. Antiphospholipid syndrome: an overview. Cmaj, 168, 1675-82.
HAYDAR, S. O. & NAQID, I. 2022. A Study of Bacterial Vaginosis and Associated Risk Factors among Married Women in Zakho City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Journal of Life and Bio Sciences Research, 3, 33 -39.
HUGHES, G. R. & KHAMASHTA, M. A. 1994. The antiphospholipid syndrome. Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London, 28, 301-304.
KHAMASHTA, M., TARABORELLI, M., SCIASCIA, S. & TINCANI, A. 2016. Antiphospholipid syndrome. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol, 30, 133-48.
LEVINE, J. S., BRANCH, D. W. & RAUCH, J. 2002. The antiphospholipid syndrome. N Engl J Med, 346, 752-63.
LOCKSHIN, M. D., SAMMARITANO, L. R. & SCHWARTZMAN, S. 2000. Validation of the Sapporo criteria for antiphospholipid syndrome. Arthritis Rheum, 43, 440-3.
MIALDEA, M., SANGLE, S. R. & D'CRUZ, D. P. 2009. Antiphospholipid (Hughes) syndrome: beyond pregnancy morbidity and thrombosis. J Autoimmune Dis, 6, 3.
NAQID, A. I., H. YOUSIF, S. & R. HUSSEIN, N. 2020a. Seroprevalence of Rubella and Herpes Simplex Virus in Women with Miscarriage and Stillbirth in Zakho City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq: A Cross- Sectional Study. Women’s Health Bulletin, 7, 18-22.
NAQID, I. A., YOUSIF, S. H., BALATAY, A. A., KHASHO, D. A. & HUSSEIN, N. R. 2020b. Study on Anticardiolipin Antibodies in Women With Recurrent Abortion in Duhok Province, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. ACTA MEDICA IRANICA, 58, -.
NAQID, I. A., YOUSIF, S. H. & HUSSEIN, N. R. 2019. Serological Study of IgG and IgM Antibodies to Cytomegalovirus and Toxoplasma Infections in Pregnant Women in Zakho City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Women’s Health Bulletin, 6, 8-12.
RAND, J. H. 2002. Molecular pathogenesis of the antiphospholipid syndrome. Circ Res, 90, 29-37.
RUIZ-IRASTORZA, G., CROWTHER, M., BRANCH, W. & KHAMASHTA, M. A. 2010. Antiphospholipid syndrome. Lancet, 376, 1498-509.
SAMARRAI, A. A., HILMI, F., AL-ALLAWI, N. & MURAD, A. 2012. Antiphospholipid Antibodies in Iraqi Women with Recurrent Mid-Trimester Abortions. Journal of Laboratory Physicians, 4, 78.
SAUER, R., ROUSSEV, R., JEYENDRAN, R. S. & COULAM, C. B. 2010. Prevalence of antiphospholipid antibodies among women experiencing unexplained infertility and recurrent implantation failure. Fertil Steril, 93, 2441-3.
XU, J., CHEN, D., DUAN, X., LI, L., TANG, Y. & PENG, B. 2019. The association between antiphospholipid antibodies and late fetal loss: A systematic review and meta-analysis. 98, 1523-1533.
It is the policy of the Journal of Duhok University to own the copyright of the technical contributions. It publishes and facilitates the appropriate re-utilize of the published materials by others. Photocopying is permitted with credit and referring to the source for individuals use.
Copyright © 2017. All Rights Reserved.
