ALGAE AS BIOINDICATORS FOR ASSESSMENT AND MONITORING THE WATER QUALITY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO DUHOK’S DRINKING WATER PLANT
Keywords:
Algae, Bioindicator, Monitoring, Water quality, Duhok
Abstract
The physical, chemical, and biological parameters have been studied at six selected sampling sites in the Duhok Drinking water plant within Duhok city. Algal and water samples were collected monthly from October 2021 to September 2022. The water temperature ranged from 8.1 to 22.5 0C. The pH values varied from 7.31 to 8.93. Specific electrical conductivity ranged from 328.1 to 472.6 µs cm-1. Alkalinity values ranged from 120 to 195 mg/L CaCO3. Total hardness varied from 184 to 250 mg/L CaCO3. Silicate values ranged from 67.89 to 120.01 mg/L. Phosphate concentrations ranged from 0.01 to 0.73 mg/L. Values of nitrate varied from 2.3 to 5.8 mg/L. A total of 58 algal taxa were identified during this study, which belong to four divisions: 25 taxa belong to Bacillariophyta, making up 43% from the all; 21 taxa belong to Chlorophyta, making up 36% from the all; 7 taxa belong to Cyanophyta, making up 12% from the all; and 2 taxa belong to Euglenophyta, making up 3.5%. 2 taxa belong to Dinoflagellata, making up 3.5% from the all; 1 taxa belong to Xanthophyta, making up 2% from the all
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References
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Muhammad, S. (2004). An Ecological Study on the Aquatic Life of Sarchnar Spring, Chaq-Chaq and Kiliassan Streams. Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region of Iraq: M.Sc. Thesis, Univ. of Sulaimani, Iraq.
Olajire, A A, and F E Imeokparia. 2001. “Water Quality Assessment of Osun River: Studies on Inorganic Nutrients.” Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 69(1): 17–28. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010796410829.
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Patrick, Ruth, and Charles W Reimer. 1966. “The Diatoms of the United States Exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii.”
Pallerano, R. G.; Lezcano, C. A.; Marchevsky, E. and Vazquez, F. A. ''A Physico-chemical Characterization of the Mirinay River, Argentina, By Graphical Methods''. Journal of Environmental Hydrology.Vol. 10, pp. 1-4 (2002).
Perez, M. C.; Maidana, N. I. and Comas, A., (2009). Phytoplankton Composition of the Ebro River Estuary, Spain. Acta Bot. Croat.Vol. 68 (1): p 11–27.
Poland, S, and A Gata Z W Ojtal. 2014. “The Diatoms of Kobylanka Stream near Kraków ( Wy ż Yna K-Cz ȩ Stochowska.” (March).
Potapova, Marina. 2014. “Diatoms of Bering Island, Kamchatka, Russia.” Nova Hedwigia, Beiheft 143(July): 63–102.
Potapova, Marina, and Don Charles. 2003. “Distribution of Benthic Diatoms in U.S. Rivers in Relation to Conductivity and Ionic Composition.” Freshwater Biology 48: 1311–28.
Region-iraq, Kurdistan, and Mjahid Zebari. 2013. “Geometry and Evolution of Fold Structures Within the High Folded Zone : Zagros Fold-Thrust.” Earth and Atmospheric Sciences (1): 100.
Rosen, Barry H., and A. St. Amand. 2015. United States Geological Survey Field and Laboratory Guide to Freshwater Cyanobacteria Harmful Algal Blooms for Native American and Alaska Native Communities Ope.
S, Janse Van Vuuren, J Taylor, A Gerber, and Van Ginkel C. 2015. A Guide for the Identification of Microscopic Algae in South African Freshwaters.
Salomoni, S.E, and L.C. Torgan. 2008. “Epilithic Diatoms as Organic Contamination Degree Indicators in Guaíba Lake , Southern Brazil.” Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia 20(4): 313–24. http://www.sblimno.org.br/pdf/05_200402.pdf.
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Solak, Cuneyt N., Maxim S. Kulikovskiy, Aydln Kaleli, and Arif Gönülol. 2016. “Rare and New Records of Diatoms in Turkey from Kütahya Flowing Waters.” Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies 45(4): 564–87.
Solak, Cüneyt Nadir, and Agata Z. Wojtal. 2012. “Diatoms in Springs and Streams of Türkmen Mt. (Sakarya River Basin) Common in Turkish Inland Waters.” Polish Botanical Journal 57(2): 375–425.
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Soylu, Elif, and Arif Gönülol. 2003. “Phytoplankton and Seasonal Variations of the River Yesılırmak, Amasya, Turkey.” Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 3: 17–24.
Spellman, F. R. (2008). The Sceince of Water: Concepts and Application. 2nd edition. USA: CRC Press.
Stevenson, R Jan., M L Bothwell, and Rex L Lowe. 1996. “Algal Ecology : Freshwater Benthic Ecosystems.” http://site.ebrary.com/id/10235500.
Toma, Janan. 2011a. “Limnological Study in Dokan Lake, Kurdistan Region of Iraq.” Journal of Environmental Studies 6(1): 1–12.
Toma, Janan. 2011b. “Physical and Chemical Properties and Algal Composition of Derbendikhan Lake, Sulaimania, Iraq.” Current World Environment 6: 17–27.
Toma, Janan. 2013. “Limnological Study of Dokan, Derbendikhan and Duhok Lakes, Kurdistan Region of Iraq.” Open Journal of Ecology 3: 23–29.
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Walsh, Gina, and Victor Wepener. 2009. “The Influence of Land Use on Water Quality and Diatom Community Structures in Urban and Agriculturally Stressed Rivers.” Water S.A 35: 579–94.
Wan Omar, Wan Maznah. 2010. “Perspectives on the Use of Algae as Biological Indicators for Monitoring and Protecting Aquatic Environments, with Special Reference to Malaysian Freshwater Ecosystems.” Tropical Life Sciences Research 21: 51–67.
Zealand, New. 2000. “Identification Guide to Common Periphyton in New Zealand Streams and Rivers.” Ecology (1978): 121–209.
Zohary, M. 1950. Iraq TA - TT - The Flora of Iraq and Its Phytogeographical Subdivision. Baghdad SE -: Govt. Press.
Abowei, Jasper. 2009. “Some Physical and Chemical Characteristics in Okpoka Creek, Niger Delta, Nigeria.” Research Journal of Environmental and Earth Sciences.
Adakole, J A, and P Anunne. 2004. “Benthic Macroinvertebrates as Indicators of Environmental Quality of an Urban Stream, Zaria, Northern Nigeria.” Journal of Aquatic Sciences 18.
Adedokun, O, Olanike Adeyemo, E Adeleye, and R Yusuf. 2008. “Seasonal Limnological Variation and Nutrient Load of the River System in Ibadan Metropolis, Nigeria.” European Journal of Scientific Research 23: 98–108.
Adeyemo, O K, O A Adedokun, R K Yusuf, and E A Adeleye. 2008. “SEASONAL CHANGES IN PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PARAMETERS AND NUTRIENT LOAD OF RIVER SEDIMENTS IN IBADAN CITY , NIGERIA.” 10(3): 326–36.
Al-Nakshabandi, I. (2002). A Phycolimnological study on Duhok impoundment and its main watershed. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Duhok.
American Public Health Association (APHA), and Water Environment Federation (WEF). 1998. “Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater.” 20: 1–1220.
Bartram, Jamie, Richard Ballance, and E Kuusisto. 1996. “Water Quality Monitoring - A Practical Guide to the Design and Implementation of Freshwater Quality Studies and Monitoring Programmes.”
Bilgrami, K S, L C Saha, and S L. 2004. A Textbook of Algae. CBS Publishers \& Distributors. https://books.google.iq/books?id=k-xTPgAACAAJ.
Del Carmen Pérez, María, Nora I. Maidana, and Augusto Comas. 2009. “Phytoplankton Composition of the Ebro River Estuary, Spain.” Acta Botanica Croatica 68(1): 11–27.
Çelekli, Abuzer, and Okan Külköylüoğlu. 2007. “On the Relationship between Ecology and Phytoplankton Composition in a Karstic Spring (Çepni, Bolu).” Ecological Indicators 7: 497–503.
Cetin, Ahmet, and Bulent Sen. 2004. “Seasonal Distribution of Phytoplankton in Orduzu Dam Lake (Malatya, Turkey).” Turkish Journal of Botany 28.
Cronberg, Gertrud. 2006. Manual on aquatic cyanobacteria : a photo guide and a synopsis of their toxicology Manual on Aquatic Cyanobacteria : A Photo Guide and a Synopsis of Their Toxicology. Copenhagen: International Society for the Study of Harmful Algae.
El-Awamri, AHMED A, A M Shaaban, and AMAL I Saleh. 2005. “Diatom Flora from Different Aquatic Habitats in the Greater Cairo (Egypt).” International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 7(2): 230–39.
Enache, Irina et al. 2009. “The Danube River Water Quality Characteristics in the Braila Town.” 20(2): 146–52.
Evans, Richard I., and G. W. Prescott. 1956. “How to Know the Fresh-Water Algae.” Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 83(4): 311.
Fattah, A. (2010). Phyco-limnological study on KhabourRiver. M.Sc. Thesis. University of Duhok- Duhok, Iraq.
Fadhil, Ayad Mohammed. 2011. “Drought Mapping Using Geoinformation Technology for Some Sites in the Iraqi Kurdistan Region.” International Journal of Digital Earth 4(3): 239–57.
Goran, S. (2006). Limnological and non-diatom phytoplankton composition of Dilope spring and Kesnezan impoundment. M.Sc. Thesis. University of Salahaddin - Hawler, Iraq.
Hassan, Fikrat M., Nuha F. Kathim, and Falah H. Hussein. 2008. “Effect of Chemical and Physical Properties of River Water in Shatt Al-Hilla on Phytoplankton Communities.” E-Journal of Chemistry 5(2): 323–30.
Ibrahim, A. M. (1981). A study on the algal ecology of springs in Sulaimany province. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Sulaimany, Iraq.
Ismail, S. A. (1994). Geographical Analysis of the Rainfall characteristic in the Iraqi Kurdistan region. Msc. Thesis, Salahaddin University, Iraq.
Javed, Muhammad. 2006. “Studies on Metal Contamination Levels in Plankton and Their Role as Biological Indicator of Water Pollution in the River Ravi.” Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 9.
Kurunc, Ahmet, Kadri Yurekli, and Fazli Ozturk. 2005. “Effect of Discharge Fluctuation on Water Quality Variables from the Yeşilırmak River.” Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi 11: 1.
Lampert, W, and U Sommer. 1997. Limnoecology: The Ecology of Lakes and Streams. Oxford University Press. https://books.google.iq/books?id=ZJpuJ7bdpSMC.
Lawson, Laurie L, and Samuel R Rushforth. 1975. “The Diatom Flora of the Provo River, Utah, U.S.A.” : 149.
Leghari, M, and Muqarrab Shah. 2002. “Ecological Study of Algal Flora of Jhelum River - Azad Kashmir.”
Lelková, Eva, Alena Kočárková, and Aloisie Poulíčková. 2004. “Phytoplankton Ecology of Two Floodplain Pools near Olomouc Ekologie Fytoplanktonu Dvou Tůní u Olomouce.” Czech Phycology 4: 111–21.
Maulood, Bahram K., Hassan, Fikrat M., Al-Lami, Ali A. Z., Toma, Janan J., and Ismail, Abbas. M. 2013. “Checklist of Algal Flora in Iraq.” (December 2013): 93.https://www.academia.edu/6644006/Checklist_of_Algal_Flora_in_Iraq%0Ahttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/261322958_Checklist_of_Algal_Flora_in_Iraq.
Moonsyn, P, Y Peerapornpisal, N Swasdipan, and A Pimmongkol. 2009. “Benthic Diatoms Diversity and Water Quality in the Mekong River in the Vicinity of Ubon Ratchathani Province.” Journal of Microscopy society of Thailand 23(1): 47–51.
Muhammad, S. (2004). An Ecological Study on the Aquatic Life of Sarchnar Spring, Chaq-Chaq and Kiliassan Streams. Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region of Iraq: M.Sc. Thesis, Univ. of Sulaimani, Iraq.
Olajire, A A, and F E Imeokparia. 2001. “Water Quality Assessment of Osun River: Studies on Inorganic Nutrients.” Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 69(1): 17–28. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010796410829.
Organization, World Health. 2008. Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality [Electronic Resource]: Incorporating 1st and 2nd Addenda,Vol.1, Recommendations. 3rd ed. Geneva PP - Geneva: World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/204411.
Patrick, Ruth, and Charles W Reimer. 1966. “The Diatoms of the United States Exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii.”
Pallerano, R. G.; Lezcano, C. A.; Marchevsky, E. and Vazquez, F. A. ''A Physico-chemical Characterization of the Mirinay River, Argentina, By Graphical Methods''. Journal of Environmental Hydrology.Vol. 10, pp. 1-4 (2002).
Perez, M. C.; Maidana, N. I. and Comas, A., (2009). Phytoplankton Composition of the Ebro River Estuary, Spain. Acta Bot. Croat.Vol. 68 (1): p 11–27.
Poland, S, and A Gata Z W Ojtal. 2014. “The Diatoms of Kobylanka Stream near Kraków ( Wy ż Yna K-Cz ȩ Stochowska.” (March).
Potapova, Marina. 2014. “Diatoms of Bering Island, Kamchatka, Russia.” Nova Hedwigia, Beiheft 143(July): 63–102.
Potapova, Marina, and Don Charles. 2003. “Distribution of Benthic Diatoms in U.S. Rivers in Relation to Conductivity and Ionic Composition.” Freshwater Biology 48: 1311–28.
Region-iraq, Kurdistan, and Mjahid Zebari. 2013. “Geometry and Evolution of Fold Structures Within the High Folded Zone : Zagros Fold-Thrust.” Earth and Atmospheric Sciences (1): 100.
Rosen, Barry H., and A. St. Amand. 2015. United States Geological Survey Field and Laboratory Guide to Freshwater Cyanobacteria Harmful Algal Blooms for Native American and Alaska Native Communities Ope.
S, Janse Van Vuuren, J Taylor, A Gerber, and Van Ginkel C. 2015. A Guide for the Identification of Microscopic Algae in South African Freshwaters.
Salomoni, S.E, and L.C. Torgan. 2008. “Epilithic Diatoms as Organic Contamination Degree Indicators in Guaíba Lake , Southern Brazil.” Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia 20(4): 313–24. http://www.sblimno.org.br/pdf/05_200402.pdf.
Shashi, Jayesh Singh, and Anil Dwivedi. 2009. “Numerical Interdependence in PH, Acidity and Alkalinity of a Polluted River Water.” Journal of environmental biology / Academy of Environmental Biology, India 30: 773–75.
Sigee, David. 2005. Freshwater Microbiology: Biodiversity and Dynamic Interactions of Microorganisms in the Aquatic Environment.
Solak, Cuneyt N., Maxim S. Kulikovskiy, Aydln Kaleli, and Arif Gönülol. 2016. “Rare and New Records of Diatoms in Turkey from Kütahya Flowing Waters.” Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies 45(4): 564–87.
Solak, Cüneyt Nadir, and Agata Z. Wojtal. 2012. “Diatoms in Springs and Streams of Türkmen Mt. (Sakarya River Basin) Common in Turkish Inland Waters.” Polish Botanical Journal 57(2): 375–425.
Soler, Alfredo, Maria Pérez, Aguilar; Edibelrto, and Ilka Villareal. 2012. “Diatomeas Del Canal de Panamá: Bioindicadores y Otros Estudios Pioneros.” : 253.
Soylu, Elif, and Arif Gönülol. 2003. “Phytoplankton and Seasonal Variations of the River Yesılırmak, Amasya, Turkey.” Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 3: 17–24.
Spellman, F. R. (2008). The Sceince of Water: Concepts and Application. 2nd edition. USA: CRC Press.
Stevenson, R Jan., M L Bothwell, and Rex L Lowe. 1996. “Algal Ecology : Freshwater Benthic Ecosystems.” http://site.ebrary.com/id/10235500.
Toma, Janan. 2011a. “Limnological Study in Dokan Lake, Kurdistan Region of Iraq.” Journal of Environmental Studies 6(1): 1–12.
Toma, Janan. 2011b. “Physical and Chemical Properties and Algal Composition of Derbendikhan Lake, Sulaimania, Iraq.” Current World Environment 6: 17–27.
Toma, Janan. 2013. “Limnological Study of Dokan, Derbendikhan and Duhok Lakes, Kurdistan Region of Iraq.” Open Journal of Ecology 3: 23–29.
Walker, D.B., D.J. Baumgartner, C.P. Gerba, and K. Fitzsimmons. 2019. Environmental and Pollution Science Contaminación de Las Aguas Superficiales. https://books.google.com.pe/books?id=6ZrBZCllgeIC&lpg=PA144&hl=es&pg=PA147#v=onepage&q&f=false%0Ahttps://www.docdroid.net/js84/environmental-pollution-science-pdf.
Walsh, Gina, and Victor Wepener. 2009. “The Influence of Land Use on Water Quality and Diatom Community Structures in Urban and Agriculturally Stressed Rivers.” Water S.A 35: 579–94.
Wan Omar, Wan Maznah. 2010. “Perspectives on the Use of Algae as Biological Indicators for Monitoring and Protecting Aquatic Environments, with Special Reference to Malaysian Freshwater Ecosystems.” Tropical Life Sciences Research 21: 51–67.
Zealand, New. 2000. “Identification Guide to Common Periphyton in New Zealand Streams and Rivers.” Ecology (1978): 121–209.
Zohary, M. 1950. Iraq TA - TT - The Flora of Iraq and Its Phytogeographical Subdivision. Baghdad SE -: Govt. Press.
Published
2023-09-20
How to Cite
SULAIMAN, A. W., & RAOOF, E. Y. (2023). ALGAE AS BIOINDICATORS FOR ASSESSMENT AND MONITORING THE WATER QUALITY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO DUHOK’S DRINKING WATER PLANT. Journal of Duhok University, 26(2), 67-89. https://doi.org/10.26682/sjuod.2023.26.2.8
Section
Pure and Engineering Sciences
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