SINGLE CELL PROTEIN PRODUCTION BY ISOLATED AND IDENTIFIED BACTERIA USING CRUDE OIL AS A CARBON SOURCE
Keywords:
Bacterial isolates, Biodegradation, Crude oil, SCP, Factors
Abstract
In this study, we isolated and identified the bacteria from contaminated soil with crude oil, from different oil reservoirs of Duhok city, according to their morphological characterization and biochemical activity. The identification of bacterial isolates showed five different strains of bacteria, namely, Enterobacter cloacae, Serratia marcescens, Cronobacter sakazakii, Burkholderia cepacian, Raoultella ornithinolytica that are capable of degrading crude oil and have potential to grow on Bushnell-Haas Media (BHM). We also investigated the efficiency of the identified bacteria for consumption of crude oil as a single source of carbon and energy, and for production of single cell protein (SCP). The optimal conditions for bacterial growth, decomposition of crude oil and production of SCP were also determined. Our results showed that 48 hours of incubation and 0.75% concentration of crude oil were the most optimal for the biodegradation of crude oil, bacterial growth and for production of SCP. Additionally, it was noted the increase in the final pH of fermentation media of the five isolated bacteria owing to their metabolic activity leading to the producing substances which increase the final pH value more than the initial pH of the used media
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References
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Boze, H., Moulin, G. and Galzy, P., 2001. Production of Microbial Biomass. Rehm H, editor. Biotechnology set. New Jersey. pp:165-220.
Chama, N.T., 2019. Production of single-cell protein from different substrates. Aust. J. Sci. Technol, 3, 2208-6404.
Dashti, N., Ali, N., Khanafer, M. and Radwan, S.S., 2019. Plant-based oil-sorbents harbor native microbial communities effective in spilled oil-bioremediation under nitrogen starvation and heavy metal-stresses. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 181; 78-88.
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Ehis-Eriakha, C. B., Chikere, C. B., & Akaranta, O. (2020). Functional gene diversity of selected indigenous hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria in aged crude oil. International Journal of Microbiology, 2020.
Eriksson, M., Sodersten, E., Yu, Z., Dalhammar, G., & Mohn, W. W. (2003). Degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at low temperature under aerobic and nitrate-reducing conditions in enrichment cultures from northern soils. Applied and environmental microbiology, 69(1), 275-284.
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Haider, M.H, Rages, A.A.&AL-Mergany, H. (2023) Conditional optimization of single cell protein production of crude oil by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (in press).
Henchion, M., Hayes, M., Mullen, A.M., Fenelon, M. and Tiwari, B., 2017. Future protein supply and demand: strategies and factors influencing a sustainable equilibrium. Foods, 6(7); 53.
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Kadri, T., Magdouli, S., Rouissi, T. and Brar, S.K., 2018. Ex-situ biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons using Alcanivorax borkumensis enzymes. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 132; 279-287.
Malatova, K., 2005. Isolation and characterization of hydrocarbon degrading bacteria from environmental habitats in western New York State.
Manzano, M.A., Perales, J.A., Sales, D. and Quiroga, J.M., 2003. Enhancement of aerobic microbial degradation of polychlorinated biphenyl in soil microcosms. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: An International Journal, 22(4); 699-705.
Medina‐Bellver, J.I., Marín, P., Delgado, A., Rodríguez‐Sánchez, A., Reyes, E., Ramos, J.L. and Marqués, S., 2005. Evidence for in situ crude oil biodegradation after the Prestige oil spill. Environmental microbiology, 7(6); 773-779.
Mukred, A. M., Hamid, A. A., Hamzah, A., & Yusoff, W. W. (2008). Enhancement of biodegradation of crude petroleum-oil in contaminated water by the addition of nitrogen sources. Pak. J. Biol. Sci, 11(17), 2122-2127.
Murghan, H., M., 2007. A study the ability of isolated bacterial strains from Ras El-Mingar beach on utilizing of crude oil for production of single cell protein. M.S.C. Thesis, university of Garyounis, collage of science, department of environment science and engineering, Benghazi, Libya.
Naveen Kumar, S., Manoharan, N., Ganesan, S., Manivannan, S.P. and Velsamy, G., 2010. Isolation, screening and in vitro mutational assessment of indigenous soil bacteria for enhanced capability in petroleum degradation. International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 1(4); 498-513.
Peeples, T.L., 2014. Bioremediation using extremophiles. In Microbial biodegradation and bioremediation. Elsevier. pp; 251-268.)
Pincus, D.H., 2006. Microbial identification using the bioMérieux Vitek® 2 system. In: Encyclopedia of Rapid Microbiological Methods. Bethesda, MD: Parenteral Drug Association, 2006; 1-32
Raddadi, N., Cherif, A., Daffonchio, D., Neifar, M., Fava, F., 2015. Biotechnological applications of extremophiles, extremozymes and extremolytes. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 99; 7907–7913.
Rahman, K. S. M., Banat, I. M., Thahira, J., Thayumanavan, T., & Lakshmanaperumalsamy, P. (2002). Bioremediation of gasoline contaminated soil by a bacterial consortium amended with poultry litter, coir pith and rhamnolipid biosurfactant. Bioresource technology, 81(1), 25-32.
Ramadass, K., Megharaj, M., Venkateswarlu, K. and Naidu, R., 2018. Bioavailability of weathered hydrocarbons in engine oil-contaminated soil: Impact of bioaugmentation mediated by Pseudomonas spp. on bioremediation. Science of the Total Environment, 636; 968-974.
Ramos, J.L., Marqués, S., van Dillewijn, P., Espinosa-Urgel, M., Segura, A., Duque, E., Krell, T., Ramos-González, M.I., Bursakov, S., Roca, A. and Solano, J., 2011. Laboratory research aimed at closing the gaps in microbial bioremediation. Trends in biotechnology, 29(12); 641-647.
Sathishkumar, M., Binupriya, A. R., Baik, S. H. and India, T. M. (2010). Biodegradation of crude oil by individual bacterial strains and a mixed isolated form hydrocarbon contaminated area. Acta. Hydrochimica et hydrobiologica, 36:92-96.
Shen, T., Pi, Y., Bao, M., Xu, N., Li, Y. and Lu, J., 2015. Biodegradation of different petroleum hydrocarbons by free and immobilized microbial consortia. Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, 17(12); 2022-2033.
Spalvins, K., Zihare, L. and Blumberga, D., 2018. Single cell protein production from waste biomass: comparison of various industrial by-products. Energy Procedia, 147; 409-418.
Varjani, S. J. (2017). Microbial degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons. Bioresource technology, 223, 277-286.
Varjani, S. J., & Upasani, V. N. (2017). Crude oil degradation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCIM 5514: influence of process parameters. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 55, pp.493-497.
Varjani, S., Rana, D. P., Jain, A. K., Beteja, S., and Upasani, V. N. (2015). Synergestic ex-situ biodegradation of crude oilby halotolerant bacterial consortium of indigenous strains isolated from on shore site of Gujarat. India. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrade., 103: 116-124.
Vlaev, L., Petkov, P., Dimitrov, A. and Genieva, S., 2011. Cleanup of water polluted with crude oil or diesel fuel using rice husks ash. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 42(6); 957-964.
Zaki, D., El-Badrawy, S., Naguib, M. and Atef, N. (1983). Influence of nitrogen source,oxegen and pH on growth of Pseudomonas ovalis on petroleum hydrocarbons. Egyption Society of Applied Microbiology. Proc. Conf. Microbiol. Cairo, 1: 453 – 483.
Abduljabbar, A.H., Raouf, S.R. and Alhelu, J., 2009. Petroleum single cell protein production. Engineering and Technology Journal, 27(3); 468-480
Abdul-Qader, D. F., Arif, H. H., & Hammad, A. A. (2015). Test the efficiency of hydrocarbon degradation by isolated bacteria from soil contaminated with oil derivatives. Anbar University Journal of Pure Sciences, 9(3).
Aboud, M.F., Al-Rawi, D.F. and Hamza, H.M., 2017. Production of singl cell protein from L. cynodon dactylon with the use of Bacillus cereus and Fusarium solni. journal of the Center for Biotechnology Research. Volume, 11; 14-21.
Alegbeleye, O.O., Opeolu, B.O. and Jackson, V.A., 2017. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a critical review of environmental occurrence and bioremediation. Environmental management, 60(4); 758-783.
Ayangbenro, A.S. and Babalola, O.O., 2017. A new strategy for heavy metal polluted environments: a review of microbial biosorbents. International journal of environmental research and public health, 14(1); 94-110
Batista, S.B., Mounteer, A.H., Amorim, F.R. and Totola, M.R., 2006. Isolation and characterization of biosurfactant/bioemulsifier-producing bacteria from petroleum contaminated sites. Bioresource technology, 97(6); 868-875.
Boze, H., Moulin, G. and Galzy, P., 2001. Production of Microbial Biomass. Rehm H, editor. Biotechnology set. New Jersey. pp:165-220.
Chama, N.T., 2019. Production of single-cell protein from different substrates. Aust. J. Sci. Technol, 3, 2208-6404.
Dashti, N., Ali, N., Khanafer, M. and Radwan, S.S., 2019. Plant-based oil-sorbents harbor native microbial communities effective in spilled oil-bioremediation under nitrogen starvation and heavy metal-stresses. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 181; 78-88.
Diaz-Ramirez,I.J.,Ramirez-Saad,H.,Gutierrez-Rojas,M. and Favela-Torres,E. (2003). Biodegradation of Maya crude oil fractions by bacterial strains and a defined mixed culture isolated from Cyperuslaxus rhizosphere Soil in a contaminated site. Can. J. Microbiol. 49: 755- 761.
Ehis-Eriakha, C. B., Chikere, C. B., & Akaranta, O. (2020). Functional gene diversity of selected indigenous hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria in aged crude oil. International Journal of Microbiology, 2020.
Eriksson, M., Sodersten, E., Yu, Z., Dalhammar, G., & Mohn, W. W. (2003). Degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at low temperature under aerobic and nitrate-reducing conditions in enrichment cultures from northern soils. Applied and environmental microbiology, 69(1), 275-284.
Gao, Y., Li, D., & Liu, Y. (2012). Production of single cell protein from soy molasses using Candida tropicalis. Annals of microbiology, 62, 1165-1172.
Guo-liang, Z., Yue-ting, W.U., Xin-ping, Q. and Qin, M., 2005. Biodegradation of crude oil by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the presence of rhamnolipids. Journal of Zhejiang University Science, 6; 725-730.
Haider, M.H, Rages, A.A.&AL-Mergany, H. (2023) Conditional optimization of single cell protein production of crude oil by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (in press).
Henchion, M., Hayes, M., Mullen, A.M., Fenelon, M. and Tiwari, B., 2017. Future protein supply and demand: strategies and factors influencing a sustainable equilibrium. Foods, 6(7); 53.
Ismail, S. and Dadrasnia, A., 2015. Biotechnological potential of Bacillus salmalaya 139SI: a novel strain for remediating water polluted with crude oil waste. PLoS One, 10(4); 0120931.
Jahangeer, A. and Kumar, V., 2013. An overview on microbial degradation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminants. Int. J. Eng. Tech. Res, 1(8); 34-37.
Kadri, T., Magdouli, S., Rouissi, T. and Brar, S.K., 2018. Ex-situ biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons using Alcanivorax borkumensis enzymes. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 132; 279-287.
Malatova, K., 2005. Isolation and characterization of hydrocarbon degrading bacteria from environmental habitats in western New York State.
Manzano, M.A., Perales, J.A., Sales, D. and Quiroga, J.M., 2003. Enhancement of aerobic microbial degradation of polychlorinated biphenyl in soil microcosms. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: An International Journal, 22(4); 699-705.
Medina‐Bellver, J.I., Marín, P., Delgado, A., Rodríguez‐Sánchez, A., Reyes, E., Ramos, J.L. and Marqués, S., 2005. Evidence for in situ crude oil biodegradation after the Prestige oil spill. Environmental microbiology, 7(6); 773-779.
Mukred, A. M., Hamid, A. A., Hamzah, A., & Yusoff, W. W. (2008). Enhancement of biodegradation of crude petroleum-oil in contaminated water by the addition of nitrogen sources. Pak. J. Biol. Sci, 11(17), 2122-2127.
Murghan, H., M., 2007. A study the ability of isolated bacterial strains from Ras El-Mingar beach on utilizing of crude oil for production of single cell protein. M.S.C. Thesis, university of Garyounis, collage of science, department of environment science and engineering, Benghazi, Libya.
Naveen Kumar, S., Manoharan, N., Ganesan, S., Manivannan, S.P. and Velsamy, G., 2010. Isolation, screening and in vitro mutational assessment of indigenous soil bacteria for enhanced capability in petroleum degradation. International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 1(4); 498-513.
Peeples, T.L., 2014. Bioremediation using extremophiles. In Microbial biodegradation and bioremediation. Elsevier. pp; 251-268.)
Pincus, D.H., 2006. Microbial identification using the bioMérieux Vitek® 2 system. In: Encyclopedia of Rapid Microbiological Methods. Bethesda, MD: Parenteral Drug Association, 2006; 1-32
Raddadi, N., Cherif, A., Daffonchio, D., Neifar, M., Fava, F., 2015. Biotechnological applications of extremophiles, extremozymes and extremolytes. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 99; 7907–7913.
Rahman, K. S. M., Banat, I. M., Thahira, J., Thayumanavan, T., & Lakshmanaperumalsamy, P. (2002). Bioremediation of gasoline contaminated soil by a bacterial consortium amended with poultry litter, coir pith and rhamnolipid biosurfactant. Bioresource technology, 81(1), 25-32.
Ramadass, K., Megharaj, M., Venkateswarlu, K. and Naidu, R., 2018. Bioavailability of weathered hydrocarbons in engine oil-contaminated soil: Impact of bioaugmentation mediated by Pseudomonas spp. on bioremediation. Science of the Total Environment, 636; 968-974.
Ramos, J.L., Marqués, S., van Dillewijn, P., Espinosa-Urgel, M., Segura, A., Duque, E., Krell, T., Ramos-González, M.I., Bursakov, S., Roca, A. and Solano, J., 2011. Laboratory research aimed at closing the gaps in microbial bioremediation. Trends in biotechnology, 29(12); 641-647.
Sathishkumar, M., Binupriya, A. R., Baik, S. H. and India, T. M. (2010). Biodegradation of crude oil by individual bacterial strains and a mixed isolated form hydrocarbon contaminated area. Acta. Hydrochimica et hydrobiologica, 36:92-96.
Shen, T., Pi, Y., Bao, M., Xu, N., Li, Y. and Lu, J., 2015. Biodegradation of different petroleum hydrocarbons by free and immobilized microbial consortia. Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, 17(12); 2022-2033.
Spalvins, K., Zihare, L. and Blumberga, D., 2018. Single cell protein production from waste biomass: comparison of various industrial by-products. Energy Procedia, 147; 409-418.
Varjani, S. J. (2017). Microbial degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons. Bioresource technology, 223, 277-286.
Varjani, S. J., & Upasani, V. N. (2017). Crude oil degradation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCIM 5514: influence of process parameters. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 55, pp.493-497.
Varjani, S., Rana, D. P., Jain, A. K., Beteja, S., and Upasani, V. N. (2015). Synergestic ex-situ biodegradation of crude oilby halotolerant bacterial consortium of indigenous strains isolated from on shore site of Gujarat. India. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrade., 103: 116-124.
Vlaev, L., Petkov, P., Dimitrov, A. and Genieva, S., 2011. Cleanup of water polluted with crude oil or diesel fuel using rice husks ash. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 42(6); 957-964.
Zaki, D., El-Badrawy, S., Naguib, M. and Atef, N. (1983). Influence of nitrogen source,oxegen and pH on growth of Pseudomonas ovalis on petroleum hydrocarbons. Egyption Society of Applied Microbiology. Proc. Conf. Microbiol. Cairo, 1: 453 – 483.
Published
2023-10-01
How to Cite
MOHAMMEDSALIH , K. Q., & HAIDER, M. M. (2023). SINGLE CELL PROTEIN PRODUCTION BY ISOLATED AND IDENTIFIED BACTERIA USING CRUDE OIL AS A CARBON SOURCE. Journal of Duhok University, 26(2), 133-144. https://doi.org/10.26682/sjuod.2023.26.2.12
Section
Pure and Engineering Sciences
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