PREVALENCE OF GIARDIA LAMBLIA IN DIARRHEA IN SOME HEALTH CENTERS IN DUHOK CITY, IRAQ
Keywords:
prevalence, giardia lamblia, children, duhok, iraq
Abstract
Giardia lamblia is an intestinal protozoan disease that is common in developing nations, particularly among children, as a result of inadequate sanitation, poor sewage drainage, and a lack of attention to personal health. The purpose of this study was to estimate the incidence and identify the risk factors for Giardia lamblia infection in children who had been attended in different health centers in Duhok city, North of Iraq. A total of 642 fecal samples were collected from children aged from (0 - 6) years in different health centers in Duhok city during the period between June 2022 to November 2022, and were examined for detection of Giardia lamblia by using direct microscopic examination and floatation method. Out of 642 samples examined, 61 (9.50%) were positive for Giardia lamblia. The age group (5-6) years had the highest rate of infection (16.74%). The prevalence rate among males (10.09%) was higher than females (8.88%). According to months the greatest rates of infection being observed in June and July (2.80 and 2.65%, respectively), and lowest rate was observed in November (0.16%). Based on the results of this study, it is concluded that the prevalence of Giardia lamblia parasite in Duhok cities is still high and it’s required effective techniques and plans to stop the spread of these parasites
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References
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Kumar, S., A., V., & gh, S. (2016). Prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia infection in a Rural Area of Haryana, India. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 5(6), 204–209. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2016.506.024
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Mama, M., & Alemu, G. (2016). Prevalence and factors associated with intestinal parasitic infections among food handlers of Southern Ethiopia: Cross sectional study Infectious Disease epidemiology. BMC Public Health, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-2790-x
Mohy, A. A., Al-Hadraawy, S. K., Falah hasan hadi, ALhadrawi, K. K., & Jaloob Aljanaby, A. A. (2022). Incidence and age distribution of Giardia lamblia infection for sex years in Al-Najaf province in Iraq. Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results, 13, 1041–1046. https://doi.org/10.47750/pnr.2022.13.S06.138
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Newman, R. D., Moore, S. R., Lima, A. A. M., Nataro, J. P., Guerrant, R. L., & Sears, C. L. (2001). A longitudinal study of Giardia lamblia infection in north-east Brazilian children. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 6(8), 624–634. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3156.2001.00757.x
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Saeed Jaeffer, H. (2011). Prevalence of Gairdia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytic /Entamoeba dispare infections among Children in AL-Shulaa and AL-khadimya –Baghdad-Iraq. Journal of University of Anbar for Pure Science, 5(2), 6–10. https://doi.org/10.37652/juaps.2011.44106
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Sellau, J., Groneberg, M., Fehling, H., Thye, T., Hoenow, S., Marggraff, C., Weskamm, M., Hansen, C., Stanelle-Bertram, S., Kuehl, S., Noll, J., Wolf, V., Metwally, N. G., Hagen, S. H., Dorn, C., Wernecke, J., Ittrich, H., Tannich, E., Jacobs, T., … Lotter, H. (2020). Androgens predispose males to monocyte-mediated immunopathology by inducing the expression of leukocyte recruitment factor CXCL1. Nature Communications, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17260-y
Ubaid, M. M., & Ubaid, M. M. (2022). Prevalence of parasitic infection among diarrhetic patients attending the hospital in Ain Al-Tamur district, Karbala, Iraq. J. Med. Res, 6, 27–31. https://doi.org/10.37623/sjomr.v06i24.06
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Ul Haq, K. A., Gul, N. A., Muhammad Hammad, H., Bibi, Y., Bibi, A., & Mohsan, J. (2015). Prevalence of giardia intestinalis and hymenolepis nana in afghan refugee population of mianwali district, pakistan. African Health Sciences, 15(2), 394–400. https://doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v15i2.12
Wegayehu, T., Tsalla, T., Seifu, B., & Teklu, T. (2013). Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among highland and lowland dwellers in Gamo area, South Ethiopia. BMC Public Health, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-151
Yousif Ali, I., Mohammed Salih Mero, W., & Basheer Mohammed, A. (2022). Prevalence and risk factors of Giardia lamblia among infants and children in Duhok province/Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Academic Journal of Nawroz University, 11(4), 147–152. https://doi.org/10.25007/ajnu.v11n4a1597
Zajaczkowski, P., Mazumdar, S., Conaty, S., Ellis, J. T., & Fletcher-Lartey, S. M. (2019). Epidemiology and associated risk factors of giardiasis in a peri-urban setting in New South Wales Australia. Epidemiology and Infection, 147. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268818002637
Ahmad Hama Hasan, T., Khaleq Alwan Muhaimid, A., & Rashid Mahmoud, A. (2020). Epidemiological Study of Giardia lamblia in Tikrit city, Iraq. In Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy (Vol. 11, Issue 9).
Akil Khudhair Al-Daoody, A., Mohammad Ismail, S., Yassin Ezadin, Z., & Kakl Ahmad, D. (2020). Prevalence of Giardia lamblia among Residents of Hawler, Soran and Chamchamal Cities, North of Iraq. Pak-Euro Journal of Medical and Life Sciences, 3(2), 28–36. https://doi.org/10.31580/pjmls.v3i2.1388
Al-Fahadawi, S. M., Al-Ani, S. F., & Yaseen, Y. G. (2017). Detection of genotypes for Giardia lamblia in Iraqi patients feces by using PCR-RFLP techniques based on GDH gene characterization. J. of University of Anbar for Pure Science, 11(2), 18-24.
Al-Mekhlafi, M. S. H., Azlin, M., Nor Aini, U., Shaik, A., Sa’iah, A., Fatmah, M. S., Ismail, M. G., Ahmad Firdaus, M. S., Aisah, M. Y., Rozlida, A. R., & Norhayati, M. (2005). Giardiasis as a predictor of childhood malnutrition in Orang Asli children in Malaysia. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 99(9), 686–691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trstmh.2005.02.006
Al-Saeed, A. T., & Issa, S. H. (2006). Frequency of Giardia lamblia among children in Dohuk, northern Iraq. In Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal (Vol. 12, Issue 5).
Cedric, Y., Alhadj Moussa Ibrahim, M., Roméo Ngangnang, G., Signaboubo, D., Khan Payne, V., Mahamat Alhadji Moussa, I., Kollins Nfor, E., Ghislain Romeo, N., Megwi, L., Mbida, M., Ramesh Kumar, K., & Baba Victor, O. (2019). Prevalence of Gastro-intestinal Parasitic Infections among Patients in Bafia Health District, Center Region Cameroon: A Retrospective Study. In South Asian Journal of Parasitology (Vol. 3, Issue 1).
Choy, S. H., Al-Mekhlafi, H. M., Mahdy, M. A. K., Nasr, N. N., Sulaiman, M., Lim, Y. A. L., & Surin, J. (2014). Prevalence and associated risk factors of Giardia infection among indigenous communities in rural Malaysia. Scientific Reports, 4. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep06909
Pereira, M.G.C.; Atwill, E.R. & Barbosa, A.P. (2007). Prevalence and associated risk factors for Giardia lamblia infection among children hospitalized for diarrhea in Goiânia, Goiás State, Brazil. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, 49(3): 139-145.
Espinosa Aranzales, A. F., Radon, K., Froeschl, G., Pinzón Rondón, Á. M., & Delius, M. (2018). Prevalence and risk factors for intestinal parasitic infections in pregnant women residing in three districts of Bogotá, Colombia. BMC Public Health, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5978-4
Haji, H. M.., & Bamarni, S. S. I. (2023). PREVALENCE OF ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA AND GIARDIA LAMBLIA IN CHILDREN IN DUHOK PROVINCE, KURDISTAN REGION, IRAQ. In Journal of University of Duhok, 26(1), 274-280.
Júlio, C., Vilares, A., Oleastro, M., Ferreira, I., Gomes, S., Monteiro, L., Nunes, B., Tenreiro, R., & Ngelo, H. (2012). Prevalence and risk factors for Giardia duodenalis infection among children: Acase study in Portugal. Parasites and Vectors, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-5-22
Khorsheed Rasheed, Z., Farhood Jumaah, L., Sakran Abass, K., Ahmed Mohammed, B., Khorsheed Rasheed, Z., Jumaah Jihad, L., & Author, C. (2020). Frequency of Giardia lamblia among Iraqi children in Kirkuk governorate The influence of different variables on adverse effect of dental local anesthesia in Kirkuk City View project Frequency of Giardia lamblia among Iraqi children in Kirkuk governorate. In Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy (Vol. 11, Issue 12). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/345317954
Hussein, T. kh. (2010). PREVALENCE AND RELATED RISK FACTORS FOR GIARDIA LAMBLIA INFECTION AMONG CHILDREN WITH ACUTE DIARRHEA IN THI-QAR , SOUTHERN IRAQ. Thi-Qar Medical Journal; Vol(4) No(4): 68-74.
Kolsin, J. M., Lopman, B. A., Payne, D. C., Wikswo, M. E., Dunn, J. R., Halasa, N. B., & Hall, A. J. (2018). Evaluating Previous Antibiotic Use as a Risk Factor for Acute Gastroenteritis among Children in Davidson County, Tennessee, 2014-2015. Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, 7(3), E86–E91. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piy044
Kumar, S., A., V., & gh, S. (2016). Prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia infection in a Rural Area of Haryana, India. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 5(6), 204–209. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2016.506.024
M Abdullah, A. (2017). Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites (Entamoeba species and Giardia lamblia) in Duhok and Erbil cities, Northern Iraq. Journal of Microbiology & Experimentation, 4(6). https://doi.org/10.15406/jmen.2017.04.00132
Mahmud Tariq, T. (2016). Prevalence of Giardiasis in Afghan Population. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287318505
Mama, M., & Alemu, G. (2016). Prevalence and factors associated with intestinal parasitic infections among food handlers of Southern Ethiopia: Cross sectional study Infectious Disease epidemiology. BMC Public Health, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-2790-x
Mohy, A. A., Al-Hadraawy, S. K., Falah hasan hadi, ALhadrawi, K. K., & Jaloob Aljanaby, A. A. (2022). Incidence and age distribution of Giardia lamblia infection for sex years in Al-Najaf province in Iraq. Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results, 13, 1041–1046. https://doi.org/10.47750/pnr.2022.13.S06.138
Naz, A., Nawaz, Z., Rasool, M. H., & Zahoor, M. A. (2018). Cross-sectional epidemiological investigations of Giardia lamblia in children in Pakistan. Sao Paulo Medical Journal, 136(5), 449–453. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-3180.2018.0350060918
Newman, R. D., Moore, S. R., Lima, A. A. M., Nataro, J. P., Guerrant, R. L., & Sears, C. L. (2001). A longitudinal study of Giardia lamblia infection in north-east Brazilian children. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 6(8), 624–634. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3156.2001.00757.x
Quihui-Cota, L., Morales-Figueroa, G. G., Javalera-Duarte, A., Ponce-Martínez, J. A., Valbuena-Gregorio, E., & López-Mata, M. A. (2017). Prevalence and associated risk factors for Giardia and Cryptosporidium infections among children of northwest Mexico: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4822-6
Quihui, L., Valencia, M. E., Crompton, D. W. T., Phillips, S., Hagan, P., Morales, G., & Díaz-Camacho, S. P. (2006). Role of the employment status and education of mothers in the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in Mexican rural schoolchildren. BMC Public Health, 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-6-225
Saeed Jaeffer, H. (2011). Prevalence of Gairdia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytic /Entamoeba dispare infections among Children in AL-Shulaa and AL-khadimya –Baghdad-Iraq. Journal of University of Anbar for Pure Science, 5(2), 6–10. https://doi.org/10.37652/juaps.2011.44106
Samer, S., & Al-Mosawe1, E. (2021). Study of Prevalences of Giardia Lamblia in a Missan Governorate (Vol. 25). http://annalsofrscb.ro
Sellau, J., Groneberg, M., Fehling, H., Thye, T., Hoenow, S., Marggraff, C., Weskamm, M., Hansen, C., Stanelle-Bertram, S., Kuehl, S., Noll, J., Wolf, V., Metwally, N. G., Hagen, S. H., Dorn, C., Wernecke, J., Ittrich, H., Tannich, E., Jacobs, T., … Lotter, H. (2020). Androgens predispose males to monocyte-mediated immunopathology by inducing the expression of leukocyte recruitment factor CXCL1. Nature Communications, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17260-y
Ubaid, M. M., & Ubaid, M. M. (2022). Prevalence of parasitic infection among diarrhetic patients attending the hospital in Ain Al-Tamur district, Karbala, Iraq. J. Med. Res, 6, 27–31. https://doi.org/10.37623/sjomr.v06i24.06
Ugboko, H. U., Nwinyi, O. C., Oranusi, S. U., & Oyewale, J. O. (2020). Childhood diarrhoeal diseases in developing countries. In Heliyon (Vol. 6, Issue 4). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03690
Ul Haq, K. A., Gul, N. A., Muhammad Hammad, H., Bibi, Y., Bibi, A., & Mohsan, J. (2015). Prevalence of giardia intestinalis and hymenolepis nana in afghan refugee population of mianwali district, pakistan. African Health Sciences, 15(2), 394–400. https://doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v15i2.12
Wegayehu, T., Tsalla, T., Seifu, B., & Teklu, T. (2013). Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among highland and lowland dwellers in Gamo area, South Ethiopia. BMC Public Health, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-151
Yousif Ali, I., Mohammed Salih Mero, W., & Basheer Mohammed, A. (2022). Prevalence and risk factors of Giardia lamblia among infants and children in Duhok province/Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Academic Journal of Nawroz University, 11(4), 147–152. https://doi.org/10.25007/ajnu.v11n4a1597
Zajaczkowski, P., Mazumdar, S., Conaty, S., Ellis, J. T., & Fletcher-Lartey, S. M. (2019). Epidemiology and associated risk factors of giardiasis in a peri-urban setting in New South Wales Australia. Epidemiology and Infection, 147. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268818002637
Published
2023-10-09
How to Cite
KHALID, K. S., AL-BADRANI, M. A., & ISSA, A. R. (2023). PREVALENCE OF GIARDIA LAMBLIA IN DIARRHEA IN SOME HEALTH CENTERS IN DUHOK CITY, IRAQ. Journal of Duhok University, 26(2), 249-255. https://doi.org/10.26682/sjuod.2023.26.2.21
Section
Pure and Engineering Sciences
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