CLINICAL AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS of THYMUS EXTRACT MOUTHWASH in PATIENTS WITH GINGIVITIS
Keywords:
Chlorhexidine, Gingivitis, Inflammation, Plaque index, Thymus vulgaris
Abstract
Herbal medicines have been using in dentistry clinics for a long history for preventing growth of microorganisms and their effects on inflammation. This novel study aimed to evaluate Thymus vulgaris (T. vulgaris) mouthwash in the treatment of gingivitis in comparison with chlorhexidine mouthwash. Patients attended periodontics department of College of Dentistry at the University of Duhok with age ranges of 15-35 years old from both sexes (females =23, males=22) were included in the study. Following the preparation of alcoholic Thymus extract 5% mouth wash, the mouthwash pH was measured on days 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 21 and 60. The patients were randomly divided into three groups of deionized water, T. vulgaris (5.00%) and chlorhexidine and rinsed twice daily for 21 days. Plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI) were assessed on days 0, 14 and 21 and salivary levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) were assessed at baseline and day 21. There were not significant changes in pH of T. vulgaris extract mouthwash on different days. However, the treatment with T. vulgaris mouthwash decreased PI, GI and the levels of salivary IL-6 as compared with baseline (P=0.001). The results showed non significant differences between T. vulgaris and chlorhexidine mouth washes for PI, GI and IL-6 in all the days (P>0.05). The efficiency of T. vulgaris mouthwash was increased with increasing time (21 days vs 14 days). In conclusion, T. vulgaris mouthwash can be used as an alternative for chlorhexidine for treatment of gingivitis
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References
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Sanz M, Beighton D, Curtis MA, Cury JA, Dige I, Dommisch H, et al. Role of microbial biofilms in the maintenance of oral health and in the development of dental caries and periodontal diseases. Consensus report of group 1 of the Joint EFP/ORCA workshop on the boundaries between caries and periodontal disease. Journal of clinical periodontology. 2017;44:S5-S11.
Huck O, Buduneli N, Bravo D. Inflammatory mediators in periodontal pathogenesis. Hindawi; 2019.
Das A, Mondal D. “Interleukin”-An Essential Mediator of the Pathophysiology of Periodontitis. Periodontology-New Insights: IntechOpen; 2022.
Lundmark A, Hu YO, Huss M, Johannsen G, Andersson AF, Yucel-Lindberg T. Identification of salivary microbiota and its association with host inflammatory mediators in periodontitis. Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology. 2019;9:216.
Kang S, Kishimoto T. Interplay between interleukin-6 signaling and the vascular endothelium in cytokine storms. Experimental & Molecular Medicine. 2021;53(7):1116-23.
Del Campo JA, Gallego P, Grande L. Role of inflammatory response in liver diseases: Therapeutic strategies. World journal of hepatology. 2018;10(1):1.
Al‐Maweri SA, Nassani MZ, Alaizari N, Kalakonda B, Al‐Shamiri HM, Alhajj MN, et al. Efficacy of aloe vera mouthwash versus chlorhexidine on plaque and gingivitis: A systematic review. International journal of dental hygiene. 2020;18(1):44-51.
Zhang J, Ab Malik N, McGrath C, Lam O. The effect of antiseptic oral sprays on dental plaque and gingival inflammation: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. International Journal of Dental Hygiene. 2019;17(1):16-26.
Yaseen SN, Qasim AA, Al-Khatib AR. The effect of different mouth washes and text messages reminder in the oral health of orthodontic patients. Brazilian Journal of Oral Sciences. 2020;19:e208189-e.
Vyas T, Bhatt G, Gaur A, Sharma C, Sharma A, Nagi R. Chemical plaque control-A brief review. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care. 2021;10(4):1562.
Melath A, Anjali K, Chandran N. Comparative Evaluation of Clinical Changes and Microbial Flora Associated with Usage of Mouth Washes Containing Green Tea, Chlorhexidine (0.2%) and Essential Oils in Patients Undergoing Orthodontic Therapy. International Journal Of Drug Research And Dental Science. 2021;3(2):1-34.
Olejnik E, Szymańska J. Active ingredients of mouthwashes. Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica. 2020;77(6).
Cai H, Chen J, Panagodage Perera NK, Liang X. Effects of herbal mouthwashes on plaque and inflammation control for patients with gingivitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2020;2020.
James P, Worthington HV, Parnell C, Harding M, Lamont T, Cheung A, et al. Chlorhexidine mouthrinse as an adjunctive treatment for gingival health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2017(3).
Singh I, Kaur P, Kaushal U, Kaur V, Shekhar N. Essential Oils in Treatment and Management of Dental Diseases. Biointerf Res Appl Chem. 2022;12:7267-86.
Hosny N, El Khodary S, El Boghdadi R, Shaker O. Effect of Neem (Azadirachta indica) versus 2.5% sodium hypochlorite as root canal irrigants on the intensity of post‐operative pain and the amount of endotoxins in mandibular molars with necrotic pulps: a randomized controlled trial. International Endodontic Journal. 2021;54(9):1434-47.
Sasi M, Kumar S, Kumar M, Thapa S, Prajapati U, Tak Y, et al. Garlic (Allium sativum L.) bioactives and its role in alleviating oral pathologies. Antioxidants. 2021;10(11):1847.
Sinduja P, Rajeshkumar S, Priyadharshini R, Selvapriya S. Anti-Inflammatory and Cytotoxic Effect of Stevia and Neem Based Herbal Formulation. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International. 2021:150-60.
Alkufeidy RM, Al Farraj DA, Aljowaie RM, Ali MA, Elshikh MS. Chemical composition of Thymus vulgaris extracts and antibacterial activity against pathogenic multidrug resistance bacteria. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology. 2022;117:101745.
Alsakhawy SA, Baghdadi HH, El-Shenawy MA, Sabra SA, El-Hosseiny LS. Encapsulation of thymus vulgaris essential oil in caseinate/gelatin nanocomposite hydrogel: In vitro antibacterial activity and in vivo wound healing potential. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2022;628:122280.
Benameur Q, Gervasi T, Pellizzeri V, Pľuchtová M, Tali-Maama H, Assaous F, et al. Antibacterial activity of Thymus vulgaris essential oil alone and in combination with cefotaxime against bla ESBL producing multidrug resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolates. Natural product research. 2019;33(18):2647-54.
Antih J, Houdkova M, Urbanova K, Kokoska L. Antibacterial activity of Thymus vulgaris L. essential oil vapours and their GC/MS analysis using solid-phase microextraction and syringe headspace Sampling Techniques. Molecules. 2021;26(21):6553.
Patil SM, Ramu R, Shirahatti PS, Shivamallu C, Amachawadi RG. A systematic review on ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacological aspects of Thymus vulgaris Linn. Heliyon. 2021;7(5):e07054.
Pandur E, Micalizzi G, Mondello L, Horváth A, Sipos K, Horváth G. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) essential oils prepared at different plant phenophases on Pseudomonas aeruginosa LPS-activated THP-1 macrophages. Antioxidants. 2022;11(7):1330.
Pandey J, Bhusal S, Nepali L, Khatri M, Ramdam R, Barakoti H, et al. Anti-inflammatory activity of Artemisia vulgaris leaves, originating from three different altitudes of Nepal. The Scientific World Journal. 2021;2021.
Al-Timimi EA, Al-Casey M. Effect of thymus vulgaris extract on streptococci and mutans streptococci, in comparison to chlorhexidine gluconate (in vivo study). J Bagh Coll Dent. 2012;24:116-21.
Venâncio GN, Rodrigues IC, Souza TPd, Marreiro RdO, Bandeira MFCL, Conde NCdO. Herbal mouthwash based on Libidibia ferrea: microbiological control, sensory characteristics, sedimentation, pH and density. Revista de Odontologia da UNESP. 2015;44:118-24.
Aspalli S, Shetty VS, Devarathnamma M, Nagappa G, Archana D, Parab P. Evaluation of antiplaque and antigingivitis effect of herbal mouthwash in treatment of plaque induced gingivitis: A randomized, clinical trial. Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology. 2014;18(1):48.
Khalessi A, Pack A, Thomson W, Tompkins G. An in vivo study of the plaque control efficacy of Persica™: a commercially available herbal mouthwash containing extracts of Salvadora persica. International Dental Journal. 2004;54(5):279-83.
Jenabian N, Moghadamnia AA, Karami E, Mir A PB. The effect of Camellia Sinensis (green tea) mouthwash on plaque-induced gingivitis: a single-blinded randomized controlled clinical trial. DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2012;20:1-6.
Khairnar MS, Pawar B, Marawar PP, Mani A. Evaluation of Calendula officinalis as an anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis agent. Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology. 2013;17(6):741.
Chandrahas B, Jayakumar A, Naveen A, Butchibabu K, Reddy PK, Muralikrishna T. A randomized, double-blind clinical study to assess the antiplaque and antigingivitis efficacy of Aloe vera mouth rinse. Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology. 2012;16(4):543.
Karim B, Bhaskar DJ, Agali C, Gupta D, Gupta RK, Jain A, et al. Effect of Aloe vera mouthwash on periodontal health: triple blind randomized control trial. Oral Health and Dental Management. 2014;13(1):14-9.
Rezaei S, Rezaei K, Mahboubi M, Jarahzadeh MH, Momeni E, Bagherinasab M, et al. Comparison the efficacy of herbal mouthwash with chlorhexidine on gingival index of intubated patients in Intensive Care Unit. Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology. 2016;20(4):404.
Yamazaki K, Nakajima T, Gemmell E, Polak B, Seymour GJ, Hara K. IL‐4‐and IL‐6‐producing cells in human periodontal disease tissue. Journal of oral pathology & medicine. 1994;23(8):347-53.
Andriankaja O, Barros S, Moss K, Panagakos F, DeVizio W, Beck J, et al. Levels of serum interleukin (IL)‐6 and gingival crevicular fluid of IL‐1β and prostaglandin E2 among non‐smoking subjects with gingivitis and type 2 diabetes. Journal of Periodontology. 2009;80(2):307-16.
Pourkarim R, Farahpour MR, Rezaei SA. Comparison effects of platelet-rich plasma on healing of infected and non-infected excision wounds by the modulation of the expression of inflammatory mediators: experimental research. European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery. 2022;48(4):3339-47.
Kim E-H, Kim J-C, Kim HK, Jang Y-A. Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects of the ethanol extract of polygonum cuspidatum as a mouthwash component. Natural Product Communications. 2021;16(4):1934578X211005255.
Mohamed NS, El-Zehery RRA, Mourad MI, Grawish ME-A. Impact of three different mouthwashes on the incidence of gingival overgrowth induced by cyclosporine-A: a randomized controlled experimental animal study. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology. 2015;120(3):346-56.
Pop A, Bogdan C, Fizesan I, Iurian S, Carpa R, Bacali C, et al. In vitro evaluation of biological activities of canes and pomace extracts from several varieties of Vitis vinifera L. for inclusion in freeze-drying mouthwashes. Antioxidants. 2022;11(2):218.
Houri‐Haddad Y, Halabi A, Soskolne WA. Inflammatory response to chlorhexidine, minocycline HCl and doxycycline HCl in an in vivo mouse model. Journal of clinical periodontology. 2008;35(9):783-8.
Collins JR, Veras K, Hernández M, Hou W, Hong H, Romanos GE. Anti-inflammatory effect of salt water and chlorhexidine 0.12% mouthrinse after periodontal surgery: a randomized prospective clinical study. Clinical Oral Investigations. 2021;25:4349-57.
Ejeil AL, Gaultier F, Igondjo‐Tchen S, Senni K, Pellat B, Godeau G, et al. Are cytokines linked to collagen breakdown during periodontal disease progression? Journal of periodontology. 2003;74(2):196-201.
Honda T, Domon H, Okui T, Kajita K, Amanuma R, Yamazaki K. Balance of inflammatory response in stable gingivitis and progressive periodontitis lesions. Clinical & Experimental Immunology. 2006;144(1):35-40.
Nejati H, Farahpour MR, Nagadehi MN. Topical Rosemary officinalis essential oil improves wound healing against disseminated Candida albicans infection in rat model. Comparative Clinical Pathology. 2015;24:1377-83.
Farahpour MR, Hamishehkar H. Effectiveness of topical caraway essential oil loaded into nanostructured lipid carrier as a promising platform for the treatment of infected wounds. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 2021;610:125748.
Vigo E, Cepeda A, Perez‐Fernandez R, Gualillo O. In‐vitro anti‐inflammatory effect of Eucalyptus globulus and Thymus vulgaris: nitric oxide inhibition in J774A. 1 murine macrophages. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2004;56(2):257-63.
El-Newary SA, Shaffie NM, Omer E. The protection of Thymus vulgaris leaves alcoholic extract against hepatotoxicity of alcohol in rats. Asian Pacific journal of tropical medicine. 2017;10(4):361-71.
Fayad N, AL-Obaidi OHS, Al-Noor TH, Ezzat MO. Water and alcohol extraction of Thyme plant (Thymus vulgaris) and activity study against bacteria, tumors and used as anti-oxidant in margarine manufacture. Innovative Systems Design and Engineering. 2013;4(1):41-51.
Shaban NS, Tohamy M, El-Banna H, Abeer M, El-Gendy A, Asmaa O. Phytochemical and pharmacological studies of ethanolic extract of Thymus vulgaris. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2015;4(10):1988-2001.
Sanz M, Beighton D, Curtis MA, Cury JA, Dige I, Dommisch H, et al. Role of microbial biofilms in the maintenance of oral health and in the development of dental caries and periodontal diseases. Consensus report of group 1 of the Joint EFP/ORCA workshop on the boundaries between caries and periodontal disease. Journal of clinical periodontology. 2017;44:S5-S11.
Huck O, Buduneli N, Bravo D. Inflammatory mediators in periodontal pathogenesis. Hindawi; 2019.
Das A, Mondal D. “Interleukin”-An Essential Mediator of the Pathophysiology of Periodontitis. Periodontology-New Insights: IntechOpen; 2022.
Lundmark A, Hu YO, Huss M, Johannsen G, Andersson AF, Yucel-Lindberg T. Identification of salivary microbiota and its association with host inflammatory mediators in periodontitis. Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology. 2019;9:216.
Kang S, Kishimoto T. Interplay between interleukin-6 signaling and the vascular endothelium in cytokine storms. Experimental & Molecular Medicine. 2021;53(7):1116-23.
Del Campo JA, Gallego P, Grande L. Role of inflammatory response in liver diseases: Therapeutic strategies. World journal of hepatology. 2018;10(1):1.
Al‐Maweri SA, Nassani MZ, Alaizari N, Kalakonda B, Al‐Shamiri HM, Alhajj MN, et al. Efficacy of aloe vera mouthwash versus chlorhexidine on plaque and gingivitis: A systematic review. International journal of dental hygiene. 2020;18(1):44-51.
Zhang J, Ab Malik N, McGrath C, Lam O. The effect of antiseptic oral sprays on dental plaque and gingival inflammation: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. International Journal of Dental Hygiene. 2019;17(1):16-26.
Yaseen SN, Qasim AA, Al-Khatib AR. The effect of different mouth washes and text messages reminder in the oral health of orthodontic patients. Brazilian Journal of Oral Sciences. 2020;19:e208189-e.
Vyas T, Bhatt G, Gaur A, Sharma C, Sharma A, Nagi R. Chemical plaque control-A brief review. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care. 2021;10(4):1562.
Melath A, Anjali K, Chandran N. Comparative Evaluation of Clinical Changes and Microbial Flora Associated with Usage of Mouth Washes Containing Green Tea, Chlorhexidine (0.2%) and Essential Oils in Patients Undergoing Orthodontic Therapy. International Journal Of Drug Research And Dental Science. 2021;3(2):1-34.
Olejnik E, Szymańska J. Active ingredients of mouthwashes. Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica. 2020;77(6).
Cai H, Chen J, Panagodage Perera NK, Liang X. Effects of herbal mouthwashes on plaque and inflammation control for patients with gingivitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2020;2020.
James P, Worthington HV, Parnell C, Harding M, Lamont T, Cheung A, et al. Chlorhexidine mouthrinse as an adjunctive treatment for gingival health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2017(3).
Singh I, Kaur P, Kaushal U, Kaur V, Shekhar N. Essential Oils in Treatment and Management of Dental Diseases. Biointerf Res Appl Chem. 2022;12:7267-86.
Hosny N, El Khodary S, El Boghdadi R, Shaker O. Effect of Neem (Azadirachta indica) versus 2.5% sodium hypochlorite as root canal irrigants on the intensity of post‐operative pain and the amount of endotoxins in mandibular molars with necrotic pulps: a randomized controlled trial. International Endodontic Journal. 2021;54(9):1434-47.
Sasi M, Kumar S, Kumar M, Thapa S, Prajapati U, Tak Y, et al. Garlic (Allium sativum L.) bioactives and its role in alleviating oral pathologies. Antioxidants. 2021;10(11):1847.
Sinduja P, Rajeshkumar S, Priyadharshini R, Selvapriya S. Anti-Inflammatory and Cytotoxic Effect of Stevia and Neem Based Herbal Formulation. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International. 2021:150-60.
Alkufeidy RM, Al Farraj DA, Aljowaie RM, Ali MA, Elshikh MS. Chemical composition of Thymus vulgaris extracts and antibacterial activity against pathogenic multidrug resistance bacteria. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology. 2022;117:101745.
Alsakhawy SA, Baghdadi HH, El-Shenawy MA, Sabra SA, El-Hosseiny LS. Encapsulation of thymus vulgaris essential oil in caseinate/gelatin nanocomposite hydrogel: In vitro antibacterial activity and in vivo wound healing potential. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2022;628:122280.
Benameur Q, Gervasi T, Pellizzeri V, Pľuchtová M, Tali-Maama H, Assaous F, et al. Antibacterial activity of Thymus vulgaris essential oil alone and in combination with cefotaxime against bla ESBL producing multidrug resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolates. Natural product research. 2019;33(18):2647-54.
Antih J, Houdkova M, Urbanova K, Kokoska L. Antibacterial activity of Thymus vulgaris L. essential oil vapours and their GC/MS analysis using solid-phase microextraction and syringe headspace Sampling Techniques. Molecules. 2021;26(21):6553.
Patil SM, Ramu R, Shirahatti PS, Shivamallu C, Amachawadi RG. A systematic review on ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacological aspects of Thymus vulgaris Linn. Heliyon. 2021;7(5):e07054.
Pandur E, Micalizzi G, Mondello L, Horváth A, Sipos K, Horváth G. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) essential oils prepared at different plant phenophases on Pseudomonas aeruginosa LPS-activated THP-1 macrophages. Antioxidants. 2022;11(7):1330.
Pandey J, Bhusal S, Nepali L, Khatri M, Ramdam R, Barakoti H, et al. Anti-inflammatory activity of Artemisia vulgaris leaves, originating from three different altitudes of Nepal. The Scientific World Journal. 2021;2021.
Al-Timimi EA, Al-Casey M. Effect of thymus vulgaris extract on streptococci and mutans streptococci, in comparison to chlorhexidine gluconate (in vivo study). J Bagh Coll Dent. 2012;24:116-21.
Venâncio GN, Rodrigues IC, Souza TPd, Marreiro RdO, Bandeira MFCL, Conde NCdO. Herbal mouthwash based on Libidibia ferrea: microbiological control, sensory characteristics, sedimentation, pH and density. Revista de Odontologia da UNESP. 2015;44:118-24.
Aspalli S, Shetty VS, Devarathnamma M, Nagappa G, Archana D, Parab P. Evaluation of antiplaque and antigingivitis effect of herbal mouthwash in treatment of plaque induced gingivitis: A randomized, clinical trial. Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology. 2014;18(1):48.
Khalessi A, Pack A, Thomson W, Tompkins G. An in vivo study of the plaque control efficacy of Persica™: a commercially available herbal mouthwash containing extracts of Salvadora persica. International Dental Journal. 2004;54(5):279-83.
Jenabian N, Moghadamnia AA, Karami E, Mir A PB. The effect of Camellia Sinensis (green tea) mouthwash on plaque-induced gingivitis: a single-blinded randomized controlled clinical trial. DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2012;20:1-6.
Khairnar MS, Pawar B, Marawar PP, Mani A. Evaluation of Calendula officinalis as an anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis agent. Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology. 2013;17(6):741.
Chandrahas B, Jayakumar A, Naveen A, Butchibabu K, Reddy PK, Muralikrishna T. A randomized, double-blind clinical study to assess the antiplaque and antigingivitis efficacy of Aloe vera mouth rinse. Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology. 2012;16(4):543.
Karim B, Bhaskar DJ, Agali C, Gupta D, Gupta RK, Jain A, et al. Effect of Aloe vera mouthwash on periodontal health: triple blind randomized control trial. Oral Health and Dental Management. 2014;13(1):14-9.
Rezaei S, Rezaei K, Mahboubi M, Jarahzadeh MH, Momeni E, Bagherinasab M, et al. Comparison the efficacy of herbal mouthwash with chlorhexidine on gingival index of intubated patients in Intensive Care Unit. Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology. 2016;20(4):404.
Yamazaki K, Nakajima T, Gemmell E, Polak B, Seymour GJ, Hara K. IL‐4‐and IL‐6‐producing cells in human periodontal disease tissue. Journal of oral pathology & medicine. 1994;23(8):347-53.
Andriankaja O, Barros S, Moss K, Panagakos F, DeVizio W, Beck J, et al. Levels of serum interleukin (IL)‐6 and gingival crevicular fluid of IL‐1β and prostaglandin E2 among non‐smoking subjects with gingivitis and type 2 diabetes. Journal of Periodontology. 2009;80(2):307-16.
Pourkarim R, Farahpour MR, Rezaei SA. Comparison effects of platelet-rich plasma on healing of infected and non-infected excision wounds by the modulation of the expression of inflammatory mediators: experimental research. European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery. 2022;48(4):3339-47.
Kim E-H, Kim J-C, Kim HK, Jang Y-A. Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects of the ethanol extract of polygonum cuspidatum as a mouthwash component. Natural Product Communications. 2021;16(4):1934578X211005255.
Mohamed NS, El-Zehery RRA, Mourad MI, Grawish ME-A. Impact of three different mouthwashes on the incidence of gingival overgrowth induced by cyclosporine-A: a randomized controlled experimental animal study. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology. 2015;120(3):346-56.
Pop A, Bogdan C, Fizesan I, Iurian S, Carpa R, Bacali C, et al. In vitro evaluation of biological activities of canes and pomace extracts from several varieties of Vitis vinifera L. for inclusion in freeze-drying mouthwashes. Antioxidants. 2022;11(2):218.
Houri‐Haddad Y, Halabi A, Soskolne WA. Inflammatory response to chlorhexidine, minocycline HCl and doxycycline HCl in an in vivo mouse model. Journal of clinical periodontology. 2008;35(9):783-8.
Collins JR, Veras K, Hernández M, Hou W, Hong H, Romanos GE. Anti-inflammatory effect of salt water and chlorhexidine 0.12% mouthrinse after periodontal surgery: a randomized prospective clinical study. Clinical Oral Investigations. 2021;25:4349-57.
Ejeil AL, Gaultier F, Igondjo‐Tchen S, Senni K, Pellat B, Godeau G, et al. Are cytokines linked to collagen breakdown during periodontal disease progression? Journal of periodontology. 2003;74(2):196-201.
Honda T, Domon H, Okui T, Kajita K, Amanuma R, Yamazaki K. Balance of inflammatory response in stable gingivitis and progressive periodontitis lesions. Clinical & Experimental Immunology. 2006;144(1):35-40.
Nejati H, Farahpour MR, Nagadehi MN. Topical Rosemary officinalis essential oil improves wound healing against disseminated Candida albicans infection in rat model. Comparative Clinical Pathology. 2015;24:1377-83.
Farahpour MR, Hamishehkar H. Effectiveness of topical caraway essential oil loaded into nanostructured lipid carrier as a promising platform for the treatment of infected wounds. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 2021;610:125748.
Vigo E, Cepeda A, Perez‐Fernandez R, Gualillo O. In‐vitro anti‐inflammatory effect of Eucalyptus globulus and Thymus vulgaris: nitric oxide inhibition in J774A. 1 murine macrophages. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2004;56(2):257-63.
El-Newary SA, Shaffie NM, Omer E. The protection of Thymus vulgaris leaves alcoholic extract against hepatotoxicity of alcohol in rats. Asian Pacific journal of tropical medicine. 2017;10(4):361-71.
Fayad N, AL-Obaidi OHS, Al-Noor TH, Ezzat MO. Water and alcohol extraction of Thyme plant (Thymus vulgaris) and activity study against bacteria, tumors and used as anti-oxidant in margarine manufacture. Innovative Systems Design and Engineering. 2013;4(1):41-51.
Shaban NS, Tohamy M, El-Banna H, Abeer M, El-Gendy A, Asmaa O. Phytochemical and pharmacological studies of ethanolic extract of Thymus vulgaris. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2015;4(10):1988-2001.
Published
2023-10-09
How to Cite
RAMADHAN , L. I., & RASHID, S. K. (2023). CLINICAL AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS of THYMUS EXTRACT MOUTHWASH in PATIENTS WITH GINGIVITIS. Journal of Duhok University, 26(2), 256-265. https://doi.org/10.26682/sjuod.2023.26.2.22
Section
Pure and Engineering Sciences
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