ASSESSMENT OF GREY WATER DISPOSAL AND DIFFERENT TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR DOMIZ CAMP IN DUHOK CITY
Keywords:
Grey water, Refugee Camp, Soil contamination, Grey water treatment, SAR
Abstract
The objectives of this study are to characterize the grey water from Domiz refugee camp, to evaluate the impacts of grey water on the properties of soil, and to suggest different treatment options. Grey water produced in this camp is about 1380 m3/d. The average grey water generation was estimated about 42 L/c.d. Grey water and soil samples were collected from stream channel at three different places. The results show concentrated grey water because of the water consumption was low inside the camp. Average Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total hardness, Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, Sulfate, Nitrate, and phosphate values for the most polluted point were 1700, 1096, 540, 127, 65, 151, 29, 153, 232, 31 and 17 mg/L respectively. Impact of grey water on the properties of soil shows that Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) values of soil samples increased compared to the control sample. Different treatment options were discussed for reusing the produced grey water. Because of the high level of TDS, availability of land, and low cost, construction wetland (CW) was selected as best option.
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References
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Abdel-Shafy, H. I., Al-Sulaiman, A. M., & Mansour, M. S. (2014). Greywater treatment via hybrid integrated systems for unrestricted reuse in Egypt. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 1, 101-107.
Al-Hamaiedeh, H., & Bino, M. (2010). Effect of treated grey water reuse in irrigation on soil and plants. Desalination, 256(1), 115-119.
Al-Wabel, M. I. (2011). Simple system for handling and reuse of gray water resulted from ablution in Mosques of Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia. Paper presented at the Proceedings of International Conference on Environment Science and Engineering, IPCBEE.
APHA. (2005). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. American Public Health Association (APHA): Washington, DC, USA.
Birks, R. (1998). Biological aerated filters and membranes for greywater treatment. Cranfield University.
Bouwer, H., & Chaney, R. (1974). Land treatment of wastewater. Advances in agronomy, 26, 133-176.
BRHA, (2017), Board of Relief and Humanitarian Affairs. www.brha-duhok.org.
Dalahmeh, S. S., Assayed, M., & Suleiman, W. T. (2009). Themes of stakeholder participation in greywater management in rural communities in Jordan. Desalination, 243(1-3), 159-169.
Dalahmeh, S. S., Pell, M., Vinnerås, B., Hylander, L. D., Öborn, I., & Jönsson, H. (2012). Efficiency of bark, activated charcoal, foam and sand filters in reducing pollutants from greywater. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 223(7), 3657-3671.
Dallas, S., Scheffe, B., & Ho, G. (2004). Reedbeds for greywater treatment—case study in Santa Elena-Monteverde, Costa Rica, Central America. Ecological engineering, 23(1), 55-61.
EPA, U. (1999). Wastewater technology fact sheet—sequencing batch reactors: EPA 832-F-99-073.
Eriksson, E., Auffarth, K., Eilersen, A. M., Henze, M., & Ledin, A. (2003). Household chemicals and personal care products as sources for xenobiotic organic compounds in grey wastewater. Water Sa, 29(2), 135-146.
Eriksson, E., Yan, X., Lundsbye, M., Madsen, T., Andersen, H. R., & Ledin, A. (2007). Variation in grey wastewater quality reused for toilet flushing.
Finley, S., Barrington, S., & Lyew, D. (2009). Reuse of domestic greywater for the irrigation of food crops. Water, air, and soil pollution, 199(1-4), 235-245.
Fittschen, I., & Niemczynowicz, J. (1997). Experiences with dry sanitation and greywater treatment in the ecovillage Toarp, Sweden. Water Science and Technology, 35(9), 161-170.
Friedler, E., Kovalio, R., & Galil, N. (2005). On-site greywater treatment and reuse in multi-storey buildings. Water Science and Technology, 51(10), 187-194.
Gerardi, M. H. (2011). Troubleshooting the sequencing batch reactor (Vol. 11): John Wiley & Sons.
Gross, A., Azulai, N., Oron, G., Ronen, Z., Arnold, M., & Nejidat, A. (2005). Environmental impact and health risks associated with greywater irrigation: a case study. Water Science and Technology, 52(8), 161-169.
Gross, A., Shmueli, O., Ronen, Z., & Raveh, E. (2007). Recycled vertical flow constructed wetland (RVFCW)—a novel method of recycling greywater for irrigation in small communities and households. Chemosphere, 66(5), 916-923.
Halalsheh, M., Dalahmeh, S., Sayed, M., Suleiman, W., Shareef, M., Mansour, M., & Safi, M. (2008). Grey water characteristics and treatment options for rural areas in Jordan. Bioresource Technology, 99(14), 6635-6641.
Hall Jr, J. B., Batten, C. E., & Wilkins, J. R. (1974). Domestic wash water reclamation for reuse as commode water supply using filtration: Reverse-osmosis separation technique.
Halliwell, D. J., Barlow, K. M., & Nash, D. M. (2001). A review of the effects of wastewater sodium on soil physical properties and their implications for irrigation systems. Soil Research, 39(6), 1259-1267.
Hernández Leal, L., Temmink, H., Zeeman, G., & Buisman, C. J. (2010). Comparison of three systems for biological greywater treatment. Water, 2(2), 155-169.
Hills, S., Smith, A., Hardy, P., & Birks, R. (2001). Water recycling at the Millennium Dome. Water Science and Technology, 43(10), 287-294.
Hypes, W. D., Batten, C. E., & Wilkins, J. R. (1975). Processing of combined domestic bath and laundry waste waters for reuse as commode flushing water.
IME, Iraqi Ministry of Environment. (2012). Specifications of treated water used for irrigation water. Iraqi standards - No. 4260.
Itayama, T., Kiji, M., Suetsugu, A., Tanaka, N., Saito, T., Iwami, N., . . . Inamori, Y. (2006). On site experiments of the slanted soil treatment systems for domestic gray water. Water Science and Technology, 53(9), 193-201.
Jefferson, B., Palmer, A., Jeffrey, P., Stuetz, R., & Judd, S. (2004). Grey water characterisation and its impact on the selection and operation of technologies for urban reuse. Water Science and Technology, 50(2), 157-164.
Jenssen, P. D., Mæhlum, T., Krogstad, T., & Vråle, L. (2005). High performance constructed wetlands for cold climates. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, 40(6-7), 1343-1353.
Kujawa-Roeleveld, K., & Zeeman, G. (2006). Anaerobic treatment in decentralised and source-separation-based sanitation concepts. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology, 5(1), 115-139.
Laine, A. T. (2001). Technologies for greywater recycling in buildings.
Lamine, M., Bousselmi, L., & Ghrabi, A. (2007). Biological treatment of grey water using sequencing batch reactor. Desalination, 215(1), 127-132.
Lazarova, V., Hills, S., & Birks, R. (2003). Using recycled water for non-potable, urban uses: a review with particular reference to toilet flushing. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, 3(4), 69-77.
Lesjean, B., & Gnirss, R. (2006). Grey water treatment with a membrane bioreactor operated at low SRT and low HRT. Desalination, 199(1-3), 432-434.
Li, F., Wichmann, K., & Otterpohl, R. (2009). Review of the technological approaches for grey water treatment and reuses. Science of the Total Environment, 407(11), 3439-3449.
Li, Z., Gulyas, H., Jahn, M., Gajurel, D., & Otterpohl, R. (2004). Greywater treatment by constructed wetlands in combination with TiO2-based photocatalytic oxidation for suburban and rural areas without sewer system. Water Science and Technology, 48(11-12), 101-106.
Liu, R., Huang, X., Chen, L., Wen, X., & Qian, Y. (2005). Operational performance of a submerged membrane bioreactor for reclamation of bath wastewater. Process Biochemistry, 40(1), 125-130.
Lodge, B. N. (2003). Membrane fouling during domestic water recycling. Cranfield University.
Mace, J., & Amrhein, C. (2001). Leaching and reclamation of a soil irrigated with moderate SAR waters. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 65(1), 199-204.
Merz, C., Scheumann, R., El Hamouri, B., & Kraume, M. (2007). Membrane bioreactor technology for the treatment of greywater from a sports and leisure club. Desalination, 215(1-3), 37-43.
Metcalf, E. I., 2003. Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse: McGraw-Hill, Boston.
Mohamed, R. M. S. R., Kassim, A. H. M., Anda, M., & Dallas, S. (2013). A monitoring of environmental effects from household greywater reuse for garden irrigation. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 185(10), 8473-8488.
Morel, A. (2006). Greywater management in low an [ie and] middle-income countries: review of different treatment systems for households or neighbourhoods: Sandec at Eawag.
Muanda, C., & Lagardien, A. (2008). Investigating Greywater Disposal Options in an Informal Settlement. Paper presented at the Water Institution of Southern Africa, biennial conference, Sun City, South Africa.
Mzini, L., & Winter, K. (2015). Analysis of grey-water used for irrigating vegetables and possible effects on soils in the vicinity of Umtata Dam, Eastern Cape. Water Sa, 41(1), 115-120.
Nolde, E. (2000). Greywater reuse systems for toilet flushing in multi-storey buildings–over ten years experience in Berlin. Urban water, 1(4), 275-284.
Ogoshi, M., Suzuki, Y., & Asano, T. (2001). Water reuse in Japan. Water Science and Technology, 43(10), 17-23.
Oster, J. (1994). Irrigation with poor quality water. Agricultural Water Management, 25(3), 271-297.
Oster, J., & Shainberg, I. (2001). Soil responses to sodicity and salinity: challenges and opportunities. Soil Research, 39(6), 1219-1224.
Palmquist, H., & Hanæus, J. (2005). Hazardous substances in separately collected grey-and blackwater from ordinary Swedish households. Science of the Total Environment, 348(1), 151-163.
Paris, S., & Schlapp, C. (2010). Greywater recycling in Vietnam—Application of the HUBER MBR process. Desalination, 250(3), 1027-1030.
Patterson, R. A. (1994). On-site treatment and disposal of septic tank effluent. University of New England. Armidale.
Penn, R., Schütze, M., & Friedler, E. (2011). Effects of on-site greywater reuse on municipal sewer systems. Paper presented at the Proceedings of 12th International Conference on Urban Drainage, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
Pidou, M., Memon, F. A., Stephenson, T., Jefferson, B., & Jeffrey, P. (2007). Greywater recycling: A review of treatment options and applications.
Pinto, U., Maheshwari, B. L., & Grewal, H. (2010). Effects of greywater irrigation on plant growth, water use and soil properties. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 54(7), 429-435.
Quirk, J. (1994). Interparticle forces: a basis for the interpretation of soil physical behavior.
Ramaiah G and S.Krishnaiah, (2014). Characterization of Contaminated Soil and Surface Water/ Ground Water Surrounding Waste Dump Sites in Bangalore. International Journal of Environmental Research and Development. Volume 4, Number 2, pp. 99-104.
Revitt, D. M., Eriksson, E., & Donner, E. (2011). The implications of household greywater treatment and reuse for municipal wastewater flows and micropollutant loads. Water Research, 45(4), 1549-1560.
Rodda, N., Carden, K., & Armitage, N. (2010). Sustainable use of greywater in small-scale agriculture and gardens in South Africa. Water Research Commission, Cape Town, South Africa. ISBN, 1790667908.
Rodda, N., Salukazana, L., Jackson, S., & Smith, M. (2011). Use of domestic greywater for small-scale irrigation of food crops: Effects on plants and soil. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 36(14), 1051-1062.
Rose, J. B., Sun, G.-S., Gerba, C. P., & Sinclair, N. A. (1991). Microbial quality and persistence of enteric pathogens in graywater from various household sources. Water Research, 25(1), 37-42.
Santala, E., Uotila, J., Zaitsev, G., Alasiurua, R., Tikka, R., & Tengvall, J. (1998). Microbiological greywater treatment and recycling in an apartment building. AWT98-Advanced Wastewater Treatment, Recycling and Reuse: Milan, 14-16.
Schaefer, K., Exall, K., & Marsalek, J. (2004). Water reuse and recycling in Canada: a status and needs assessment. Canadian Water Resources Journal, 29(3), 195-208.
Shamabadi, N., Bakhtiari, H., Kochakian, N., & Farahani, M. (2015). The investigation and designing of an onsite grey water treatment systems at Hazrat-e-Masoumeh University, Qom, IRAN. Energy Procedia, 74, 1337-1346.
Shin, H.-S., Lee, S.-M., Seo, I.-S., Kim, G.-O., Lim, K.-H., & Song, J.-S. (1998). Pilot-scale SBR and MF operation for the removal of organic and nitrogen compounds from greywater. Water Science and Technology, 38(6), 80-88.
Siggins, A., Burton, V., Ross, C., Lowe, H., & Horswell, J. (2016). Effects of long-term greywater disposal on soil: A case study. Science of the Total Environment, 557, 627-635.
Smith, E., & Bani-Melhem, K. (2012). Grey water characterization and treatment for reuse in an arid environment. Water Science and Technology, 66(1), 72-78.
Šostar-Turk, S., Petrinić, I., & Simonič, M. (2005). Laundry wastewater treatment using coagulation and membrane filtration. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 44(2), 185-196.
Torrens, A., Molle, P., Boutin, C., & Salgot, M. (2009). Impact of design and operation variables on the performance of vertical-flow constructed wetlands and intermittent sand filters treating pond effluent. Water Research, 43(7), 1851-1858.
Travis, M. J., Weisbrod, N., & Gross, A. (2008). Accumulation of oil and grease in soils irrigated with greywater and their potential role in soil water repellency. Science of the Total Environment, 394(1), 68-74.
Travis, M. J., Wiel-Shafran, A., Weisbrod, N., Adar, E., & Gross, A. (2010). Greywater reuse for irrigation: Effect on soil properties. Science of the Total Environment, 408(12), 2501-2508.
Wang, M., Yang, G., Min, H., Lv, Z., & Jia, X. (2009). Bioaugmentation with the nicotine-degrading bacterium Pseudomonas sp. HF-1 in a sequencing batch reactor treating tobacco wastewater: degradation study and analysis of its mechanisms. Water Research, 43(17), 4187-4196.
Ward, M. (2000). Treatment of domestic greywater using biological and membrane separation techniques. MPhil thesis, Cranfield University.
WHO. (2006). Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater (Vol. 1): World Health Organization.
Winward, G. P., Avery, L. M., Frazer-Williams, R., Pidou, M., Jeffrey, P., Stephenson, T., & Jefferson, B. (2008). A study of the microbial quality of grey water and an evaluation of treatment technologies for reuse. Ecological engineering, 32(2), 187-197.
Abdel-Shafy, H. I., Al-Sulaiman, A. M., & Mansour, M. S. (2014). Greywater treatment via hybrid integrated systems for unrestricted reuse in Egypt. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 1, 101-107.
Al-Hamaiedeh, H., & Bino, M. (2010). Effect of treated grey water reuse in irrigation on soil and plants. Desalination, 256(1), 115-119.
Al-Wabel, M. I. (2011). Simple system for handling and reuse of gray water resulted from ablution in Mosques of Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia. Paper presented at the Proceedings of International Conference on Environment Science and Engineering, IPCBEE.
APHA. (2005). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. American Public Health Association (APHA): Washington, DC, USA.
Birks, R. (1998). Biological aerated filters and membranes for greywater treatment. Cranfield University.
Bouwer, H., & Chaney, R. (1974). Land treatment of wastewater. Advances in agronomy, 26, 133-176.
BRHA, (2017), Board of Relief and Humanitarian Affairs. www.brha-duhok.org.
Dalahmeh, S. S., Assayed, M., & Suleiman, W. T. (2009). Themes of stakeholder participation in greywater management in rural communities in Jordan. Desalination, 243(1-3), 159-169.
Dalahmeh, S. S., Pell, M., Vinnerås, B., Hylander, L. D., Öborn, I., & Jönsson, H. (2012). Efficiency of bark, activated charcoal, foam and sand filters in reducing pollutants from greywater. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 223(7), 3657-3671.
Dallas, S., Scheffe, B., & Ho, G. (2004). Reedbeds for greywater treatment—case study in Santa Elena-Monteverde, Costa Rica, Central America. Ecological engineering, 23(1), 55-61.
EPA, U. (1999). Wastewater technology fact sheet—sequencing batch reactors: EPA 832-F-99-073.
Eriksson, E., Auffarth, K., Eilersen, A. M., Henze, M., & Ledin, A. (2003). Household chemicals and personal care products as sources for xenobiotic organic compounds in grey wastewater. Water Sa, 29(2), 135-146.
Eriksson, E., Yan, X., Lundsbye, M., Madsen, T., Andersen, H. R., & Ledin, A. (2007). Variation in grey wastewater quality reused for toilet flushing.
Finley, S., Barrington, S., & Lyew, D. (2009). Reuse of domestic greywater for the irrigation of food crops. Water, air, and soil pollution, 199(1-4), 235-245.
Fittschen, I., & Niemczynowicz, J. (1997). Experiences with dry sanitation and greywater treatment in the ecovillage Toarp, Sweden. Water Science and Technology, 35(9), 161-170.
Friedler, E., Kovalio, R., & Galil, N. (2005). On-site greywater treatment and reuse in multi-storey buildings. Water Science and Technology, 51(10), 187-194.
Gerardi, M. H. (2011). Troubleshooting the sequencing batch reactor (Vol. 11): John Wiley & Sons.
Gross, A., Azulai, N., Oron, G., Ronen, Z., Arnold, M., & Nejidat, A. (2005). Environmental impact and health risks associated with greywater irrigation: a case study. Water Science and Technology, 52(8), 161-169.
Gross, A., Shmueli, O., Ronen, Z., & Raveh, E. (2007). Recycled vertical flow constructed wetland (RVFCW)—a novel method of recycling greywater for irrigation in small communities and households. Chemosphere, 66(5), 916-923.
Halalsheh, M., Dalahmeh, S., Sayed, M., Suleiman, W., Shareef, M., Mansour, M., & Safi, M. (2008). Grey water characteristics and treatment options for rural areas in Jordan. Bioresource Technology, 99(14), 6635-6641.
Hall Jr, J. B., Batten, C. E., & Wilkins, J. R. (1974). Domestic wash water reclamation for reuse as commode water supply using filtration: Reverse-osmosis separation technique.
Halliwell, D. J., Barlow, K. M., & Nash, D. M. (2001). A review of the effects of wastewater sodium on soil physical properties and their implications for irrigation systems. Soil Research, 39(6), 1259-1267.
Hernández Leal, L., Temmink, H., Zeeman, G., & Buisman, C. J. (2010). Comparison of three systems for biological greywater treatment. Water, 2(2), 155-169.
Hills, S., Smith, A., Hardy, P., & Birks, R. (2001). Water recycling at the Millennium Dome. Water Science and Technology, 43(10), 287-294.
Hypes, W. D., Batten, C. E., & Wilkins, J. R. (1975). Processing of combined domestic bath and laundry waste waters for reuse as commode flushing water.
IME, Iraqi Ministry of Environment. (2012). Specifications of treated water used for irrigation water. Iraqi standards - No. 4260.
Itayama, T., Kiji, M., Suetsugu, A., Tanaka, N., Saito, T., Iwami, N., . . . Inamori, Y. (2006). On site experiments of the slanted soil treatment systems for domestic gray water. Water Science and Technology, 53(9), 193-201.
Jefferson, B., Palmer, A., Jeffrey, P., Stuetz, R., & Judd, S. (2004). Grey water characterisation and its impact on the selection and operation of technologies for urban reuse. Water Science and Technology, 50(2), 157-164.
Jenssen, P. D., Mæhlum, T., Krogstad, T., & Vråle, L. (2005). High performance constructed wetlands for cold climates. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, 40(6-7), 1343-1353.
Kujawa-Roeleveld, K., & Zeeman, G. (2006). Anaerobic treatment in decentralised and source-separation-based sanitation concepts. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology, 5(1), 115-139.
Laine, A. T. (2001). Technologies for greywater recycling in buildings.
Lamine, M., Bousselmi, L., & Ghrabi, A. (2007). Biological treatment of grey water using sequencing batch reactor. Desalination, 215(1), 127-132.
Lazarova, V., Hills, S., & Birks, R. (2003). Using recycled water for non-potable, urban uses: a review with particular reference to toilet flushing. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, 3(4), 69-77.
Lesjean, B., & Gnirss, R. (2006). Grey water treatment with a membrane bioreactor operated at low SRT and low HRT. Desalination, 199(1-3), 432-434.
Li, F., Wichmann, K., & Otterpohl, R. (2009). Review of the technological approaches for grey water treatment and reuses. Science of the Total Environment, 407(11), 3439-3449.
Li, Z., Gulyas, H., Jahn, M., Gajurel, D., & Otterpohl, R. (2004). Greywater treatment by constructed wetlands in combination with TiO2-based photocatalytic oxidation for suburban and rural areas without sewer system. Water Science and Technology, 48(11-12), 101-106.
Liu, R., Huang, X., Chen, L., Wen, X., & Qian, Y. (2005). Operational performance of a submerged membrane bioreactor for reclamation of bath wastewater. Process Biochemistry, 40(1), 125-130.
Lodge, B. N. (2003). Membrane fouling during domestic water recycling. Cranfield University.
Mace, J., & Amrhein, C. (2001). Leaching and reclamation of a soil irrigated with moderate SAR waters. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 65(1), 199-204.
Merz, C., Scheumann, R., El Hamouri, B., & Kraume, M. (2007). Membrane bioreactor technology for the treatment of greywater from a sports and leisure club. Desalination, 215(1-3), 37-43.
Metcalf, E. I., 2003. Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse: McGraw-Hill, Boston.
Mohamed, R. M. S. R., Kassim, A. H. M., Anda, M., & Dallas, S. (2013). A monitoring of environmental effects from household greywater reuse for garden irrigation. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 185(10), 8473-8488.
Morel, A. (2006). Greywater management in low an [ie and] middle-income countries: review of different treatment systems for households or neighbourhoods: Sandec at Eawag.
Muanda, C., & Lagardien, A. (2008). Investigating Greywater Disposal Options in an Informal Settlement. Paper presented at the Water Institution of Southern Africa, biennial conference, Sun City, South Africa.
Mzini, L., & Winter, K. (2015). Analysis of grey-water used for irrigating vegetables and possible effects on soils in the vicinity of Umtata Dam, Eastern Cape. Water Sa, 41(1), 115-120.
Nolde, E. (2000). Greywater reuse systems for toilet flushing in multi-storey buildings–over ten years experience in Berlin. Urban water, 1(4), 275-284.
Ogoshi, M., Suzuki, Y., & Asano, T. (2001). Water reuse in Japan. Water Science and Technology, 43(10), 17-23.
Oster, J. (1994). Irrigation with poor quality water. Agricultural Water Management, 25(3), 271-297.
Oster, J., & Shainberg, I. (2001). Soil responses to sodicity and salinity: challenges and opportunities. Soil Research, 39(6), 1219-1224.
Palmquist, H., & Hanæus, J. (2005). Hazardous substances in separately collected grey-and blackwater from ordinary Swedish households. Science of the Total Environment, 348(1), 151-163.
Paris, S., & Schlapp, C. (2010). Greywater recycling in Vietnam—Application of the HUBER MBR process. Desalination, 250(3), 1027-1030.
Patterson, R. A. (1994). On-site treatment and disposal of septic tank effluent. University of New England. Armidale.
Penn, R., Schütze, M., & Friedler, E. (2011). Effects of on-site greywater reuse on municipal sewer systems. Paper presented at the Proceedings of 12th International Conference on Urban Drainage, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
Pidou, M., Memon, F. A., Stephenson, T., Jefferson, B., & Jeffrey, P. (2007). Greywater recycling: A review of treatment options and applications.
Pinto, U., Maheshwari, B. L., & Grewal, H. (2010). Effects of greywater irrigation on plant growth, water use and soil properties. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 54(7), 429-435.
Quirk, J. (1994). Interparticle forces: a basis for the interpretation of soil physical behavior.
Ramaiah G and S.Krishnaiah, (2014). Characterization of Contaminated Soil and Surface Water/ Ground Water Surrounding Waste Dump Sites in Bangalore. International Journal of Environmental Research and Development. Volume 4, Number 2, pp. 99-104.
Revitt, D. M., Eriksson, E., & Donner, E. (2011). The implications of household greywater treatment and reuse for municipal wastewater flows and micropollutant loads. Water Research, 45(4), 1549-1560.
Rodda, N., Carden, K., & Armitage, N. (2010). Sustainable use of greywater in small-scale agriculture and gardens in South Africa. Water Research Commission, Cape Town, South Africa. ISBN, 1790667908.
Rodda, N., Salukazana, L., Jackson, S., & Smith, M. (2011). Use of domestic greywater for small-scale irrigation of food crops: Effects on plants and soil. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 36(14), 1051-1062.
Rose, J. B., Sun, G.-S., Gerba, C. P., & Sinclair, N. A. (1991). Microbial quality and persistence of enteric pathogens in graywater from various household sources. Water Research, 25(1), 37-42.
Santala, E., Uotila, J., Zaitsev, G., Alasiurua, R., Tikka, R., & Tengvall, J. (1998). Microbiological greywater treatment and recycling in an apartment building. AWT98-Advanced Wastewater Treatment, Recycling and Reuse: Milan, 14-16.
Schaefer, K., Exall, K., & Marsalek, J. (2004). Water reuse and recycling in Canada: a status and needs assessment. Canadian Water Resources Journal, 29(3), 195-208.
Shamabadi, N., Bakhtiari, H., Kochakian, N., & Farahani, M. (2015). The investigation and designing of an onsite grey water treatment systems at Hazrat-e-Masoumeh University, Qom, IRAN. Energy Procedia, 74, 1337-1346.
Shin, H.-S., Lee, S.-M., Seo, I.-S., Kim, G.-O., Lim, K.-H., & Song, J.-S. (1998). Pilot-scale SBR and MF operation for the removal of organic and nitrogen compounds from greywater. Water Science and Technology, 38(6), 80-88.
Siggins, A., Burton, V., Ross, C., Lowe, H., & Horswell, J. (2016). Effects of long-term greywater disposal on soil: A case study. Science of the Total Environment, 557, 627-635.
Smith, E., & Bani-Melhem, K. (2012). Grey water characterization and treatment for reuse in an arid environment. Water Science and Technology, 66(1), 72-78.
Šostar-Turk, S., Petrinić, I., & Simonič, M. (2005). Laundry wastewater treatment using coagulation and membrane filtration. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 44(2), 185-196.
Torrens, A., Molle, P., Boutin, C., & Salgot, M. (2009). Impact of design and operation variables on the performance of vertical-flow constructed wetlands and intermittent sand filters treating pond effluent. Water Research, 43(7), 1851-1858.
Travis, M. J., Weisbrod, N., & Gross, A. (2008). Accumulation of oil and grease in soils irrigated with greywater and their potential role in soil water repellency. Science of the Total Environment, 394(1), 68-74.
Travis, M. J., Wiel-Shafran, A., Weisbrod, N., Adar, E., & Gross, A. (2010). Greywater reuse for irrigation: Effect on soil properties. Science of the Total Environment, 408(12), 2501-2508.
Wang, M., Yang, G., Min, H., Lv, Z., & Jia, X. (2009). Bioaugmentation with the nicotine-degrading bacterium Pseudomonas sp. HF-1 in a sequencing batch reactor treating tobacco wastewater: degradation study and analysis of its mechanisms. Water Research, 43(17), 4187-4196.
Ward, M. (2000). Treatment of domestic greywater using biological and membrane separation techniques. MPhil thesis, Cranfield University.
WHO. (2006). Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater (Vol. 1): World Health Organization.
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Published
2017-07-27
How to Cite
MIZZOURI, N. M., ALGABBAN, M. M. J., & HASSAN, H. M. (2017). ASSESSMENT OF GREY WATER DISPOSAL AND DIFFERENT TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR DOMIZ CAMP IN DUHOK CITY. Journal of Duhok University, 20(1), 184-195. https://doi.org/10.26682/sjuod.2017.20.1.17
Section
Pure and Engineering Sciences
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