FOREST POST FIRE IMPACT ON EARTHWORM BIOMASS AND ABUNDANCE IN ZAWITA (DUHOK PROVINCE) FORESTS KURDISTAN REGION
Keywords:
Earthworm, Abundance, Biomass, Forest fire, physio-chemical properties
Abstract
Little is known about earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris) (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) in Duhok Governorate/ North Iraq. This study examines the effect of fire on earthworm abundance and biomass at different times of burning forests compared with unburnt forests in Duhok Governorate. Wildfires have a significant impact on shaping the structure and makeup of forests, especially in areas characterized by extended periods of dry and hot summers. In the context of Northern Iraq and the Kurdistan Region, the relatively brief wet seasons of autumn and winter lead to a higher incidence of wildfires during the summer months. To test the post-fire effects on earthworm's abundance and biomass, soil cores were collected from four different villagesZawita, Bajlor, Bade) that have been burnt in different years (before five, three and one year) respectively and a control site. Earthworm abundance and biomass, and some physical and chemical soil properties (soil moisture, soil texture, organic matter (OM), pH, available phosphorus P, exchangeable potassium K and total nitrogen N,) were measured. Based on the outcomes of this study, the earthworm abundance and biomass showed significantly positive correlation (P < 0.01) with the availability of measured physio-chemical properties. Furthermore, forest fire had a significant (P < 0.01) effect on the earthworm population by determining higher content of measured physio-chemical properties (organic matter NPK). Data suggest that fire can alter the structure of earthworm communities in soil by affecting the availability of food resources or the burning of waste and soil organic matter. Furthermore, future studies will need to have replications of control in all burnt sites as long they have different soil physio-chemical properties
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References
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Beylich, A., Oberholzer, H. R., Schrader, S., Höper, H., & Wilke, B. M. (2010). Evaluation of soil compaction effects on soil biota and soil biological processes in soils. Soil and Tillage Research, 109(2), 133-143.
Bezkorovainaya, I. N., Krasnoshchekova, E. N., & Ivanova, G. A. (2007). Transformation of soil invertebrate complex after surface fires of different intensity. Biology Bulletin, 34, 517-522.
Bouyoucos, G.J. (1962). Hydrometer Method Improved for Making Particle Size Analysis of Soils. Agronomy Journal, 54, 464-465.
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Chan, K. Y., & Barchia, I. (2007). Soil compaction controls the abundance, biomass and distribution of earthworms in a single dairy farm in south-eastern Australia. Soil and Tillage Research, 94(1), 75-82.
Datta, R. (2021). To extinguish or not to extinguish: The role of forest fire in nature and soil resilience. Journal of King Saud University-Science, 33(6), 101539.
DeBano, L. F., Neary, D. G., & Ffolliott, P. F. (1998). Fire effects on ecosystems. John Wiley & Sons.
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Goberna, M., García, C., Insam, H., Hernández, M. T., & Verdú, M. (2012). Burning fire-prone Mediterranean shrublands: immediate changes in soil microbial community structure and ecosystem functions. Microbial ecology, 64, 242-255.
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Jhariya, M. K., & Raj, A. (2014). Effects of wildfires on flora, fauna and physico-chemical properties of soil-An overview. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 6(2), 887-897.
Jordán A, Zavala LM, Mataix-Solera J, Nava AL, Alanís N (2011). Efect of fre severity on water repellency and aggregate stability on Mexican volcanic soils. CATENA 84(3):136–147.
Kissling, M., Hegetschweiler, K. T., Rusterholz, H. P., & Baur, B. (2009). Short-term and long-term effects of human trampling on above-ground vegetation, soil density, soil organic matter and soil microbial processes in suburban beech forests. Applied soil ecology, 42(3), 303-314.
Kittur, B. H., Swamy, S. L., Bargali, S. S., & Jhariya, M. K. (2014). Wildland fires and moist deciduous forests of Chhattisgarh, India: divergent component assessment. Journal of Forestry Research, 25, 857-866.
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Neary, D. G., Klopatek, C. C., DeBano, L. F., & Ffolliott, P. F. (1999). Fire effects on belowground sustainability: a review and synthesis. Forest ecology and management, 122(1-2), 51-71.
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Nelson, D.W. and Sommer, L.E. (1982). Total Carbon, Organic Carbon and Organic Matter. Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties, 2nd Edition. ASA-SSSA, Madison, 595-579.
Osman, A. (2008). Effects of Fires on the Soil Physical and Chemical Properties and the Soil Seed Bank in Albaja Area at White Nile State, Sudan (Doctoral dissertation, UOFK).
Phillips, H. R., Bach, E. M., Bartz, M. L., Bennett, J. M., Beugnon, R., Briones, M. J., ... & Webster, E. R. (2021). Global data on earthworm abundance, biomass, diversity and corresponding environmental properties. Scientific data, 8(1), 136.
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Ruan, H., Li, Y., & Zou, X. (2005). Soil communities and plant litter decomposition as influenced by forest debris: Variation across tropical riparian and upland sites. Pedobiologia, 49(6), 529-538.
Ryan, J., Estefan, G., & Rashid, A. (2001). Soil and plant analysis laboratory manual. 2nd edition, international center for agriculture research in the dry areas ( ICARDA).
Sankar, A. S., & Patnaik, A. (2018). Impact of soil physico-chemical properties on distribution of earthworm populations across different land use patterns in southern India. The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology, 79(1), 1-18.
Sgardelis, S. P., Pantis, J. D., Argyropoulou, M. D., & Stamou, G. P. (1995). Effects of fire on soil macroinvertebrates in a Mediterranean Phryganic ecosystem. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 5(2), 113-121.
Thomas, F., Folgarait, P., Lavelle, P., & Rossi, J. P. (2004). Soil macrofaunal communities along an abandoned rice field chronosequence in Northern Argentina. Applied Soil Ecology, 27(1), 23-29.
Van Reeuwijk, L. R. (1995). Procedures for soil analysis: 3-8. 5thedition. International Soil Reference and Information Center, technical paper 9.
Verma, S., & Jayakumar, S. (2012). Impact of forest fire on physical, chemical and biological properties of soil: A review. proceedings of the International Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2(3), 168.
Wardle, D. A., Bardgett, R. D., Klironomos, J. N., Setala, H., Van Der Putten, W. H., & Wall, D. H. (2004). Ecological linkages between aboveground and belowground biota. science, 304(5677), 1629-1633.
Welke, S. E., & Parkinson, D. (2003). Effect of Aporrectodea trapezoides activity on seedling growth of Pseudotsuga menziesii, nutrient dynamics and microbial activity in different forest soils. Forest ecology and management, 173(1-3), 169-186.
Dohuk metrology stations period between (2012-2022)
Parsons, A., Robichaud, P. R., Lewis, S. A., Napper, C., & Clark, J. T. (2010). Field guide for mapping post-fire soil burn severity (Vol. 243). Fort Collins, CO, USA: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 49 p. 243.
Jordán, A., Zavala, L. M., Mataix-Solera, J., Nava, A. L., & Alanís, N. (2011). Effect of fire severity on water repellency and aggregate stability on Mexican volcanic soils. Catena, 84(3), 136-147.
Araya, S. N., Meding, M., & Berhe, A. A. (2016). Thermal alteration of soil physico-chemical properties: a systematic study to infer response of Sierra Nevada climosequence soils to forest fires. Soil, 2(3), 351-366.
Horn, R., Van den Akker, J. J. H., & Arvidsson, J. (2000). Subsoil compaction: distribution, processes and consequences (No. 32). Catena Verlag.
Ivask, M., Truu, J., Kuu, A., Truu, M., & Leito, A. (2007). Earthworm communities of flooded grasslands in Matsalu, Estonia. European Journal of Soil Biology, 43(2), 71-76
Ahlgren, C. E. (1974). Effects of fires on temperate forests: North Central United States. Fire and ecosystems, 195-223.
Berry, E. C., & Jordan, D. (2001). Temperature and soil moisture content effects on the growth of Lumbricus terrestris (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) under laboratory conditions. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 33(1), 133-136.
Beylich, A., Oberholzer, H. R., Schrader, S., Höper, H., & Wilke, B. M. (2010). Evaluation of soil compaction effects on soil biota and soil biological processes in soils. Soil and Tillage Research, 109(2), 133-143.
Bezkorovainaya, I. N., Krasnoshchekova, E. N., & Ivanova, G. A. (2007). Transformation of soil invertebrate complex after surface fires of different intensity. Biology Bulletin, 34, 517-522.
Bouyoucos, G.J. (1962). Hydrometer Method Improved for Making Particle Size Analysis of Soils. Agronomy Journal, 54, 464-465.
Bremner, J.M. and Mulvaney, C.S. (1982). Nitrogen-Total. In: Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties, Page, A.L., Miller, R.H. and Keeney, D.R. Eds., American Society of Agronomy, Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin, 595-624.
Certini G (2005). Efects of fre on properties of forest soils: a review. Oecologia 143(1):1–10.
Chan, K. Y., & Barchia, I. (2007). Soil compaction controls the abundance, biomass and distribution of earthworms in a single dairy farm in south-eastern Australia. Soil and Tillage Research, 94(1), 75-82.
Datta, R. (2021). To extinguish or not to extinguish: The role of forest fire in nature and soil resilience. Journal of King Saud University-Science, 33(6), 101539.
DeBano, L. F., Neary, D. G., & Ffolliott, P. F. (1998). Fire effects on ecosystems. John Wiley & Sons.
Edwards, C. A., Arancon, N. Q., Bohlen, P. J., & Hendrix, P. (2022). Biology and ecology of earthworms. New York, NY, USA:: Springer.
Fernández-García, V., Marcos, E., Fernández-Guisuraga, J. M., Taboada, A., Suárez-Seoane, S., & Calvo, L. (2019). Impact of burn severity on soil properties in a Pinus pinaster ecosystem immediately after fire. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 28(5), 354-364.
Giraddi, R. S., Kale, D., Patil, N. B., & Waseem, M. A. (2014). Earthworm population dynamics as influenced by crop ecosystem and agricultural practices. Journal of Experimental Zoology, India, 17(2), 571-574.
Goberna, M., García, C., Insam, H., Hernández, M. T., & Verdú, M. (2012). Burning fire-prone Mediterranean shrublands: immediate changes in soil microbial community structure and ecosystem functions. Microbial ecology, 64, 242-255.
Ikeda, Y., Shirakabe, A., Maejima, Y., Zhai, P., Sciarretta, S., Toli, J., ... & Sadoshima, J. (2015). Endogenous Drp1 mediates mitochondrial autophagy and protects the heart against energy stress. Circulation research, 116(2), 264-278.
Jhariya, M. K., & Raj, A. (2014). Effects of wildfires on flora, fauna and physico-chemical properties of soil-An overview. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 6(2), 887-897.
Jordán A, Zavala LM, Mataix-Solera J, Nava AL, Alanís N (2011). Efect of fre severity on water repellency and aggregate stability on Mexican volcanic soils. CATENA 84(3):136–147.
Kissling, M., Hegetschweiler, K. T., Rusterholz, H. P., & Baur, B. (2009). Short-term and long-term effects of human trampling on above-ground vegetation, soil density, soil organic matter and soil microbial processes in suburban beech forests. Applied soil ecology, 42(3), 303-314.
Kittur, B. H., Swamy, S. L., Bargali, S. S., & Jhariya, M. K. (2014). Wildland fires and moist deciduous forests of Chhattisgarh, India: divergent component assessment. Journal of Forestry Research, 25, 857-866.
Knudsen, D., Peterson, G.A. and Pratt, P. (1982). Lithium, Sodium and Potassium. In: Page, A.L., Ed., Methods of Soil Analysis, American Society of Agronomy, Madison, 225-246.
Kudryasheva, I. V., & Laskova, L. M. (2002). Oribatid mites (Acariformes, Oribatei) as an index of postpyrogenous changes in podzol and peat soils of boreal forests. Biology Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 29, 92-99.
Neary, D. G., Klopatek, C. C., DeBano, L. F., & Ffolliott, P. F. (1999). Fire effects on belowground sustainability: a review and synthesis. Forest ecology and management, 122(1-2), 51-71.
Neary, D. G., Ryan, K. C., & DeBano, L. F. (2005). Wildland fire in ecosystems: effects of fire on soils and water. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-42-vol. 4. Ogden, UT: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 250 p., 42.
Nelson, D.W. and Sommer, L.E. (1982). Total Carbon, Organic Carbon and Organic Matter. Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties, 2nd Edition. ASA-SSSA, Madison, 595-579.
Osman, A. (2008). Effects of Fires on the Soil Physical and Chemical Properties and the Soil Seed Bank in Albaja Area at White Nile State, Sudan (Doctoral dissertation, UOFK).
Phillips, H. R., Bach, E. M., Bartz, M. L., Bennett, J. M., Beugnon, R., Briones, M. J., ... & Webster, E. R. (2021). Global data on earthworm abundance, biomass, diversity and corresponding environmental properties. Scientific data, 8(1), 136.
Rasheed, M. W., Tang, J., Sarwar, A., Shah, S., Saddique, N., Khan, M. U., ... & Sultan, M. (2022). Soil moisture measuring techniques and factors affecting the moisture dynamics: A comprehensive review. Sustainability, 14(18), 11538.
Ruan, H., Li, Y., & Zou, X. (2005). Soil communities and plant litter decomposition as influenced by forest debris: Variation across tropical riparian and upland sites. Pedobiologia, 49(6), 529-538.
Ryan, J., Estefan, G., & Rashid, A. (2001). Soil and plant analysis laboratory manual. 2nd edition, international center for agriculture research in the dry areas ( ICARDA).
Sankar, A. S., & Patnaik, A. (2018). Impact of soil physico-chemical properties on distribution of earthworm populations across different land use patterns in southern India. The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology, 79(1), 1-18.
Sgardelis, S. P., Pantis, J. D., Argyropoulou, M. D., & Stamou, G. P. (1995). Effects of fire on soil macroinvertebrates in a Mediterranean Phryganic ecosystem. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 5(2), 113-121.
Thomas, F., Folgarait, P., Lavelle, P., & Rossi, J. P. (2004). Soil macrofaunal communities along an abandoned rice field chronosequence in Northern Argentina. Applied Soil Ecology, 27(1), 23-29.
Van Reeuwijk, L. R. (1995). Procedures for soil analysis: 3-8. 5thedition. International Soil Reference and Information Center, technical paper 9.
Verma, S., & Jayakumar, S. (2012). Impact of forest fire on physical, chemical and biological properties of soil: A review. proceedings of the International Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2(3), 168.
Wardle, D. A., Bardgett, R. D., Klironomos, J. N., Setala, H., Van Der Putten, W. H., & Wall, D. H. (2004). Ecological linkages between aboveground and belowground biota. science, 304(5677), 1629-1633.
Welke, S. E., & Parkinson, D. (2003). Effect of Aporrectodea trapezoides activity on seedling growth of Pseudotsuga menziesii, nutrient dynamics and microbial activity in different forest soils. Forest ecology and management, 173(1-3), 169-186.
Dohuk metrology stations period between (2012-2022)
Parsons, A., Robichaud, P. R., Lewis, S. A., Napper, C., & Clark, J. T. (2010). Field guide for mapping post-fire soil burn severity (Vol. 243). Fort Collins, CO, USA: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 49 p. 243.
Jordán, A., Zavala, L. M., Mataix-Solera, J., Nava, A. L., & Alanís, N. (2011). Effect of fire severity on water repellency and aggregate stability on Mexican volcanic soils. Catena, 84(3), 136-147.
Araya, S. N., Meding, M., & Berhe, A. A. (2016). Thermal alteration of soil physico-chemical properties: a systematic study to infer response of Sierra Nevada climosequence soils to forest fires. Soil, 2(3), 351-366.
Horn, R., Van den Akker, J. J. H., & Arvidsson, J. (2000). Subsoil compaction: distribution, processes and consequences (No. 32). Catena Verlag.
Ivask, M., Truu, J., Kuu, A., Truu, M., & Leito, A. (2007). Earthworm communities of flooded grasslands in Matsalu, Estonia. European Journal of Soil Biology, 43(2), 71-76
Published
2023-11-14
How to Cite
MIHO , N. Y., & REKANY, N. N. M. (2023). FOREST POST FIRE IMPACT ON EARTHWORM BIOMASS AND ABUNDANCE IN ZAWITA (DUHOK PROVINCE) FORESTS KURDISTAN REGION . Journal of Duhok University, 26(2), 61-71. https://doi.org/10.26682/ajuod.2023.26.2.7
Section
Agriculture and Veterinary Science
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