CRACKS IN CONCRETE STRUCTURES CAUSES AND TREATMENTS: A REVIEW
Keywords:
Cracks; Causes of cracking; Prevention of cracking; measurement of cracks; Concrete.
Abstract
Cracks are the most common problem encountered in any type of building. Hence, understanding the underlying cause, implementing preventive measures during construction, and employing appropriate treatment methods are of utmost importance. A variety of structural and non-structural elements of the building begin to show fractures due to mistakes made during construction and other inevitable causes. Therefore, it is crucial to spot these cracks quickly and take preventive measures. Although cracks in concrete cannot be avoided, they can be managed by utilizing the right materials, employing proper building methods, complying with the applicable codes and standards, and following intact design criteria. Structural fractures pose a safety risk to a particular structure due to their underlying causes, which may be attributed to deficient design, subpar construction, or excessive loading. Non-structural cracks, on the other hand, are those that result from underlying causes related to moisture or thermal fluctuations, creep, elastic deformation, chemical reaction, or issues with the foundation soil, such as moving, settling, or uncontrolled vegetation. The primary cause of non-structural cracks is internally produced stress in building materials, which typically does not directly cause structural weakness. This research illustrates various types of cracks along with their causes, prevention measures, and treatment methods.
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References
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Askar, M., K. Abduka, and L. Askar, Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Reinforced Concrete Structures in Kurdistan Region-Iraq. Journal of Duhok University, 2020. 23(2): p. 116-130.
Borosnyói, A. and G.L. Balázs, Models for flexural cracking in concrete: the state of the art. Structural Concrete, 2005. 6(2): p. 53-62.
Ahmed, H.Q., D.K. Jaf, and S.A. Yaseen, Flexural strength and failure of geopolymer concrete beams reinforced with carbon fibre-reinforced polymer bars. Construction and Building Materials, 2020. 231: p. 117185.
Fu, Y., et al., Investigating the failure behaviors of RC beams without stirrups under impact loading. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2020. 137: p. 103432.
Malm, R., Shear cracks in concrete structures subjected to in-plane stresses. 2006, KTH.
Jumaa, G.B. and A.R. Yousif, Size effect on the shear failure of high-strength concrete beams reinforced with basalt FRP bars and stirrups. Construction and Building Materials, 2019. 209: p. 77-94.
Dem'Yanov, A., The modeling method of discrete cracks in reinforced concrete under the torsion with bending. Magazine of Civil Engineering, 2018(5 (81)): p. 160-173.
Ghobarah, A., M. Ghorbel, and S. Chidiac, Upgrading torsional resistance of reinforced concrete beams using fiber-reinforced polymer. Journal of composites for construction, 2002. 6(4): p. 257-263.
Hsu, T.T.C., Torsion of reinforced concrete. 1984.
Kolchunov, V., et al. Calculation of the stiffness of reinforced concrete structures under the action of torsion and bending. in Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2019. IOP Publishing.
Nguyen, T.-C., T.-P. Huynh, and V.-L. Tang, Prevention of crack formation in massive concrete at an early age by cooling pipe system. Asian Journal of Civil Engineering, 2019. 20: p. 1101-1107.
Askar, M.K., Y.S.S. Al-Kamaki, and A. Hassan, Utilizing Polyethylene Terephthalate PET in Concrete: A Review. Polymers, 2023. 15(15): p. 3320.
Aruya, G.A. and V.K. Chukwuemezie, Causes of Cracks on Concrete Structures and Repair Methods.
Abdulqadir, Z.M. and F.R. Karim, Evaluating the Efficiency of Epoxy Injection Technique for Repairing Normal and High Strength Concrete Beams-A Critical Review. CONSTRUCTION, 2022. 2(2): p. 48-55.
Fan, W., et al., Repair effect of cracked reinforced concrete based on electrochemical rehabilitation technology. Journal of Building Engineering, 2022. 61: p. 105211.
Askar, M.K., et al., Effects of chopped CFRP fiber on mechanical properties of concrete. Heliyon, 2023. 9(3): p. e13832.
Askar, M.K., M.H. Selman, and S.I. Mohammed, Mechanical Properties of Concrete Reinforced with Alternative Fibers. Journal of Duhok University, 2020. 23(1): p. 149-158.
Askar, L.K., I.H.M. Albarwary, and M.K. Askar, Use of Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) Beads in Silica-Fume Concrete. Journal of Duhok University, 2019. 22(1): p. 30-38.
Golewski, G.L., The phenomenon of cracking in cement concretes and reinforced concrete structures: the mechanism of cracks formation, causes of their initiation, types and places of occurrence, and methods of detection—a review. Buildings, 2023. 13(3): p. 765.
Frhaan, W.K.M., et al., CFRP for strengthening and repairing reinforced concrete: a review. Innovative Infrastructure Solutions, 2021. 6: p. 1-13.
Bažant, Z., Mechanics of fracture and progressive cracking in concrete structures, in Fracture mechanics of concrete: Structural application and numerical calculation. 1985, Springer. p. 1-94.
Leonhardt, F., Cracks and crack control in concrete structures. Pci Journal, 1988. 33(4): p. 124-145.
Velumani, P., et al. Analysis of cracks in structures and buildings. in Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2020. IOP Publishing.
Roberts, C., Evaluating cracks in Buildings. C. Roberts Consulting Engineers Inc., Rochelle, http//www. croberts. com, 2012: p. 56.
Rama, J.K., et al., Study of cracks in buildings. 2009, PhD Thesis.
Thagunna, G. Building cracks–causes and remedies. in 3rd World Conference on Applied Sciences, Engineering & Technology at Basha Research Centre. 2014.
Pise, N., et al., A brief study on causes of cracks, prevention and pattern of cracks on concrete. Int. J. Sci. Res. Sci. Eng. Technol, 2021. 8(3): p. 439-443.
Matar, A.M.A., Methods of treating and restoration of building cracks. Aim & Scope: p. 11.
Safiuddin, M., et al., Early-age cracking in concrete: Causes, consequences, remedial measures, and recommendations. Applied Sciences, 2018. 8(10): p. 1730.
Bertelsen, I., L. Ottosen, and G. Fischer, Influence of fibre characteristics on plastic shrinkage cracking in cement-based materials: A review. Construction and Building Materials, 2020. 230: p. 116769.
Ghoddousi, P., et al., Prediction of plastic shrinkage cracking of self-compacting concrete. Advances in Civil Engineering, 2019. 2019: p. 1-7.
Sayahi, F., Plastic shrinkage cracking in concrete: Mitigation and modelling. 2019, Luleå University of Technology.
Zhao, H., et al., Effect of clay content on plastic shrinkage cracking of cementitious materials. Construction and Building Materials, 2022. 342: p. 127989.
Kayondo, M., R. Combrinck, and W. Boshoff, State-of-the-art review on plastic cracking of concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 2019. 225: p. 886-899.
Zhang, Y., et al., Simulation of thermal stress and control measures for rock-filled concrete dam in high-altitude and cold regions. Engineering Structures, 2021. 230: p. 111721.
Doshi, S., et al., Methodology for prevention and repair of cracks in building. GRD Journals-Global Research and Development Journal for Engineering, 2018. 3(3): p. 52-57.
More, S. and T. Hirlekar, a Review on Causes, Prevention, Repair and Maintenance of Cracks in Building (Residential and Commercial). International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), 2017. 4(11): p. 1339-1342.
Azarhomayun, F., et al., Effect of calcium stearate and aluminum powder on free and restrained drying shrinkage, crack characteristic and mechanical properties of concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2022. 125: p. 104276.
Moelich, G.M., J. Kruger, and R. Combrinck, Plastic shrinkage cracking in 3D printed concrete. Composites Part B: Engineering, 2020. 200: p. 108313.
Soni, A.N., Crack Detection in buildings using convolutional neural Network. Journal for Innovative Development in Pharmaceutical and Technical Science, 2019. 2(6): p. 54-59.
Verma, A., D. Yadav, and K. Tiwari, STUDY, PREVENTION AND REPAIR OF CRACKS IN BUILDING. International Journal of Engineering, Management & Technology, 2022: p. 104-110.
Yunusa, G.H., et al., Geotechnical investigation into the causes of cracks in building: A case study. Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2013. 18: p. 2823-2833.
Ou, C.-Y., F. Teng, and C.-W. Li, A simplified estimation of excavation-induced ground movements for adjacent building damage potential assessment. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2020. 106: p. 103561.
Hay, R. and C.P. Ostertag, Influence of transverse cracks and interfacial damage on corrosion of steel in concrete with and without fiber hybridization. Corrosion Science, 2019. 153: p. 213-224.
Sola, E., et al., Experimental and numerical study of accelerated corrosion of steel reinforcement in concrete: Transport of corrosion products. Cement and Concrete Research, 2019. 120: p. 119-131.
Tang, X., et al., The propagation and interaction of cracks under freeze-thaw cycling in rock-like material. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 2022. 154: p. 105112.
Chitte, C.J. and Y.N. Sonawane, Study on causes and prevention of cracks in building. Int. J. Res. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol, 2018. 6(3): p. 453-461.
Palmer, B., SLAB AND FLOORS CRACKS AND CRAZING, IDENTIFIED THERE TYPES AND WAY TO REPAIR.
Bonshor, R.B., L.L. Bonshor, and R. Sadgrove, Cracking in buildings. 1996: Construction Research Communications Limited London, UK.
Askar, M.K., A.F. Hassan, and Y.S.S. Al-Kamaki, Flexural and shear strengthening of reinforced concrete beams using FRP composites: A state of the art. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 2022: p. e01189.
Askar, M., K. Abduka, and L. Askar, Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Reinforced Concrete Structures in Kurdistan Region-Iraq. Journal of Duhok University, 2020. 23(2): p. 116-130.
Borosnyói, A. and G.L. Balázs, Models for flexural cracking in concrete: the state of the art. Structural Concrete, 2005. 6(2): p. 53-62.
Ahmed, H.Q., D.K. Jaf, and S.A. Yaseen, Flexural strength and failure of geopolymer concrete beams reinforced with carbon fibre-reinforced polymer bars. Construction and Building Materials, 2020. 231: p. 117185.
Fu, Y., et al., Investigating the failure behaviors of RC beams without stirrups under impact loading. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2020. 137: p. 103432.
Malm, R., Shear cracks in concrete structures subjected to in-plane stresses. 2006, KTH.
Jumaa, G.B. and A.R. Yousif, Size effect on the shear failure of high-strength concrete beams reinforced with basalt FRP bars and stirrups. Construction and Building Materials, 2019. 209: p. 77-94.
Dem'Yanov, A., The modeling method of discrete cracks in reinforced concrete under the torsion with bending. Magazine of Civil Engineering, 2018(5 (81)): p. 160-173.
Ghobarah, A., M. Ghorbel, and S. Chidiac, Upgrading torsional resistance of reinforced concrete beams using fiber-reinforced polymer. Journal of composites for construction, 2002. 6(4): p. 257-263.
Hsu, T.T.C., Torsion of reinforced concrete. 1984.
Kolchunov, V., et al. Calculation of the stiffness of reinforced concrete structures under the action of torsion and bending. in Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2019. IOP Publishing.
Nguyen, T.-C., T.-P. Huynh, and V.-L. Tang, Prevention of crack formation in massive concrete at an early age by cooling pipe system. Asian Journal of Civil Engineering, 2019. 20: p. 1101-1107.
Askar, M.K., Y.S.S. Al-Kamaki, and A. Hassan, Utilizing Polyethylene Terephthalate PET in Concrete: A Review. Polymers, 2023. 15(15): p. 3320.
Aruya, G.A. and V.K. Chukwuemezie, Causes of Cracks on Concrete Structures and Repair Methods.
Abdulqadir, Z.M. and F.R. Karim, Evaluating the Efficiency of Epoxy Injection Technique for Repairing Normal and High Strength Concrete Beams-A Critical Review. CONSTRUCTION, 2022. 2(2): p. 48-55.
Fan, W., et al., Repair effect of cracked reinforced concrete based on electrochemical rehabilitation technology. Journal of Building Engineering, 2022. 61: p. 105211.
Askar, M.K., et al., Effects of chopped CFRP fiber on mechanical properties of concrete. Heliyon, 2023. 9(3): p. e13832.
Askar, M.K., M.H. Selman, and S.I. Mohammed, Mechanical Properties of Concrete Reinforced with Alternative Fibers. Journal of Duhok University, 2020. 23(1): p. 149-158.
Askar, L.K., I.H.M. Albarwary, and M.K. Askar, Use of Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) Beads in Silica-Fume Concrete. Journal of Duhok University, 2019. 22(1): p. 30-38.
Golewski, G.L., The phenomenon of cracking in cement concretes and reinforced concrete structures: the mechanism of cracks formation, causes of their initiation, types and places of occurrence, and methods of detection—a review. Buildings, 2023. 13(3): p. 765.
Frhaan, W.K.M., et al., CFRP for strengthening and repairing reinforced concrete: a review. Innovative Infrastructure Solutions, 2021. 6: p. 1-13.
Published
2023-12-22
How to Cite
ASKAR, M. K., AL-KAMAKI, Y., FERHADI, R., & MAJEED, H. K. (2023). CRACKS IN CONCRETE STRUCTURES CAUSES AND TREATMENTS: A REVIEW. Journal of Duhok University, 26(2), 148-165. https://doi.org/10.26682/csjuod.2023.26.2.16
Section
Pure and Engineering Sciences
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