A DESIGN MODEL AND COMPARISON OF FIXED AND TRACKING PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS FOR A SINGLE-FAMILY HOUSE IN ERBIL, IRAQ
Keywords:
Renewable energy, Solar power, Photovoltaic system, Off-grid PV system, PV installation types
Abstract
Solar power through the use of photovoltaic (PV) system is the most advanced and profitable renewable energy application; however, there are still a number of obstacles facing this technology, including technical, financial, and political barriers. According to meteorological data of Iraq, the annual average solar radiation is about 1800-2390 kWh/m2/year, which is a considerable amount of energy if properly utilized. This study proposes a design model of PV installation system and the model is applied to three different PV systems for installation in a residential household in Erbil, Iraq. The study examines the feasibility of the plants proposed and compares the efficiency of both fixed and tracking PV systems for an off-grid PV system. The PVsyst software is used for household electricity load estimation and solar energy requirements, such as the appropriate number of panels, maximizing AC power generation, the storage capacity of the battery, and charge controller size to fulfill the required load. To calculate the annual energy generation, the design data was used in the simulations. Three scenarios were simulated; fixed panels, East-West single tracking, and dual-axis tracking systems based on the altitude and azimuth tracking angles. The study compared both the photovoltaic properties and the amount of energy generated by the installed systems. The results showed that the dual-axis tracking system is 30% and single-axis tracking system is 21% more efficient than the fixed PV system, although the latter offers an economically better alternative.
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References
REFERENCES
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Abdullah, H. K., & Alibaba, H. Z. (2018). Towards Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings: The Potential of Photovoltaic-Integrated Shading Devices to Achieve Autonomous Solar Electricity and Acceptable Thermal Comfort in Naturally-Ventilated Office Spaces. In 16th International Conference on Clean Energy (pp. 1-11). Famagusta, North Cyprus: Eastern Mediterranean University.
Abdullah, H. K., Abdulkarim, P. M., & Karimi, H. (2020). Multifunctional Solar Façades: Impact of PV-Integrated Solar Shading on Office Energy Performance. In 6th International Conference on New Trends in Architecture and Interior Design (ICNTAD 20) (pp. 182-188).
Al-Douri, Y. & Abed, F. M. (2016). Solar energy status in Iraq: Abundant or not—Steps forward. Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 8(2), 025905. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4947076
Ali, W., Farooq, H., Rehman, A. U., Awais, Q., Jamil, M., & Noman, A. (2018). Design considerations of stand-alone solar photovoltaic systems. In International Conference on Computing, Electronic and Electrical Engineering (ICE Cube) (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
Al-Najideen, M. I., & Alrwashdeh, S. S. (2017). Design of a solar photovoltaic system to cover the electricity demand for the faculty of Engineering- Mu’tah University in Jordan. Resource-Efficient Technologies, 3(4), 440–445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reffit.2017.04.005
AlShemmary, E. N. A., Kadhom, L. M., & Al-Fahham, W. J. (2013). Information technology and stand-alone solar systems in tertiary institutions. Energy Procedia, 36, 369-379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2013.07.042
Bailek, N., Bouchouicha, K., Aoun, N., Mohamed, E. S., Jamil, B., & Mostafaeipour, A. (2018). Optimized fixed tilt for incident solar energy maximization on flat surfaces located in the Algerian Big South. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 28, 96-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2018.06.002
Banerjee, R. (2015). Solar tracking system. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 5(3), 1-7.
Burnham, L., Riley, D., Walker, B., & Pearce, J. M. (2019). Performance of bifacial photovoltaic modules on a dual-axis tracker in a high-latitude, high-albedo environment. In 46th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC) (pp. 1320-1327). IEEE
Crippa, M., Guizzardi, D., Solazzo, E., Muntean, M., Schaaf, E., Monforti-Ferrario, F., Banja, M., Olivier, J.G.J., Grassi, G., Rossi, S., & Vignati, E. (2021) GHG emissions of all world countries - 2021 Report, EUR 30831 EN, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2021, ISBN 978-92-76-41546-6, https://doi.org/10.2760/173513, JRC126363.
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Mahmoud, M. (2012). Design and Simulation of a Photovoltaic System with Maximum Power Control to Supply a Load with Alternating Current (Doctoral dissertation). An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.
Mermoud, A. & Wittmer, B. (2014). PVsyst User’s Manual PVsyst 6.0. https://www.pvsyst.com
Mohanty, P., Muneer, T., Gago, E. J., & Kotak, Y. (2016). Solar Radiation Fundamentals and PV System Components. In P. Mohanty, T. Muneer, & M. Kolhe (Eds.), Solar Photovoltaic System Applications. Green Energy and Technology (pp. 7–47). Springer, Cham.
Mundaca, L., & Richter, J. L. (2015). Assessing ‘green energy economy’ stimulus packages: Evidence from the US programs targeting renewable energy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 42, 1174-1186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.10.060
Omar, M. A., & Mahmoud, M. M. (2019). Design and simulation of a PV system operating in grid-connected and stand-alone modes for areas of daily grid blackouts. International Journal of Photoenergy, vol. 2019, 5216583. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5216583
Pal, M., & Subbra Das, A. (2015). Analytical Model for Determining the Sun’s Position at All-Time Zones. International Journal of Energy Engineering, 5(3), 58-65. https://doi:10.5923/j.ijee.20150503.03
Perraki, V., & Megas, L. (2014). Single axis tracker versus fixed tilt PV: experimental and simulated results. In the 29th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference (pp. 2711-2714).
Qadir, K. W., & Saeed, M. A. (2011). Study and analysis of global and extraterrestrial solar radiation over Kurdistan Region-Iraq. In 3rd International Scientific Conference of Salahaddin University-Erbil (No: S-165).
Quesada, G., Guillon, L., Rousse, D. R., Mehrtash, M., Dutil, Y., & Paradis, P. (2015) Tracking strategy for photovoltaic solar systems in high latitudes. Energy Conservation and Management, 103, 147-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2015.06.041
Seme, S., Štumberger, B., Hadžiselimović, M., & Sredenšek, K. (2020). Solar Photovoltaic Tracking Systems for Electricity Generation: A Review. Energies, 13(16), 4224. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13164224
Sidek, M. H. M., Azis, N., Hasan, W. Z. W., Ab Kadir, M. Z. A., Shafie, S., & Radzi, M. A. M. (2017). Automated positioning dual-axis solar tracking system with precision elevation and azimuth angle control. Energy, 124, 160-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.02.001
Sobhani, M., Zakeri, S., & Taghizadeh, M. M. (2014). Review on renewable energy, sustainable energy, and clean energies. Technical Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 4(3), 120-123
Sumathi, V., Jayapragash, R., Bakshi, A., & Akella, P. K. (2017). Solar tracking methods to maximize PV system output–A review of the methods adopted in recent decade. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 74, 130-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.02.013
The European Union (2018). Sustainable Energy Action Plan (SEAP). Kurdistan Region of Iraq, Erbil Governorate. https://www.climamed.eu/wp-content/uploads/files/Iraq_Erbil-Governorate_SEAP.pdf
Abdullah, H. K., & Alibaba, H. Z. (2017). Retrofits for energy efficient office buildings: integration of optimized photovoltaics in the form of responsive shading devices. Sustainability, 9(11), 2096. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9112096
Abdullah, H. K., & Alibaba, H. Z. (2018). Towards Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings: The Potential of Photovoltaic-Integrated Shading Devices to Achieve Autonomous Solar Electricity and Acceptable Thermal Comfort in Naturally-Ventilated Office Spaces. In 16th International Conference on Clean Energy (pp. 1-11). Famagusta, North Cyprus: Eastern Mediterranean University.
Abdullah, H. K., Abdulkarim, P. M., & Karimi, H. (2020). Multifunctional Solar Façades: Impact of PV-Integrated Solar Shading on Office Energy Performance. In 6th International Conference on New Trends in Architecture and Interior Design (ICNTAD 20) (pp. 182-188).
Al-Douri, Y. & Abed, F. M. (2016). Solar energy status in Iraq: Abundant or not—Steps forward. Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 8(2), 025905. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4947076
Ali, W., Farooq, H., Rehman, A. U., Awais, Q., Jamil, M., & Noman, A. (2018). Design considerations of stand-alone solar photovoltaic systems. In International Conference on Computing, Electronic and Electrical Engineering (ICE Cube) (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
Al-Najideen, M. I., & Alrwashdeh, S. S. (2017). Design of a solar photovoltaic system to cover the electricity demand for the faculty of Engineering- Mu’tah University in Jordan. Resource-Efficient Technologies, 3(4), 440–445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reffit.2017.04.005
AlShemmary, E. N. A., Kadhom, L. M., & Al-Fahham, W. J. (2013). Information technology and stand-alone solar systems in tertiary institutions. Energy Procedia, 36, 369-379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2013.07.042
Bailek, N., Bouchouicha, K., Aoun, N., Mohamed, E. S., Jamil, B., & Mostafaeipour, A. (2018). Optimized fixed tilt for incident solar energy maximization on flat surfaces located in the Algerian Big South. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 28, 96-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2018.06.002
Banerjee, R. (2015). Solar tracking system. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 5(3), 1-7.
Burnham, L., Riley, D., Walker, B., & Pearce, J. M. (2019). Performance of bifacial photovoltaic modules on a dual-axis tracker in a high-latitude, high-albedo environment. In 46th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC) (pp. 1320-1327). IEEE
Crippa, M., Guizzardi, D., Solazzo, E., Muntean, M., Schaaf, E., Monforti-Ferrario, F., Banja, M., Olivier, J.G.J., Grassi, G., Rossi, S., & Vignati, E. (2021) GHG emissions of all world countries - 2021 Report, EUR 30831 EN, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2021, ISBN 978-92-76-41546-6, https://doi.org/10.2760/173513, JRC126363.
Dunlop, J. (2015). System Sizing. Sizing Principles, Interactive vs. Stand-alone Systems, Calculations and Software Tools. Chapter 9. Jim Dunlop Solar.
el Badawe, M., Iqbal, T., & Mann, G. K. I. (2012). Optimization and modeling of a stand-alone wind/PV hybrid energy system. In 5th IEEE Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (CCECE), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/CCECE.2012.6335048
Hafez, A. Z., Yousef, A. M., & Harag, N. M. (2018). Solar tracking systems: Technologies and trackers drive types–A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 91, 754-782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.03.094
IEA (2020). International Energy Agency. https://www.iea.org/
Karafil, A., Ozbay, H., Kesler, M., & Parmaksiz, H. (2015). Calculation of optimum fixed tilt angle of PV panels depending on solar angles and comparison of the results with experimental study conducted in summer in Bilecik, Turkey. In 9th International Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering (ELECO) (pp. 971-976). IEEE.
KRG Board of Investment (2021). https://gov.krd/boi-en/publications/
KRG Ministry of Electricity (2021). https://gov.krd/moel-en/
Krishna, Y., Fauzan, M. F., & Gan, N. B. M. N. (2021). Design and simulation of a rooftop PV System in Taylor’s University Lakeside Campus. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2120(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2120/1/012035
Mahmoud, M. (2012). Design and Simulation of a Photovoltaic System with Maximum Power Control to Supply a Load with Alternating Current (Doctoral dissertation). An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.
Mermoud, A. & Wittmer, B. (2014). PVsyst User’s Manual PVsyst 6.0. https://www.pvsyst.com
Mohanty, P., Muneer, T., Gago, E. J., & Kotak, Y. (2016). Solar Radiation Fundamentals and PV System Components. In P. Mohanty, T. Muneer, & M. Kolhe (Eds.), Solar Photovoltaic System Applications. Green Energy and Technology (pp. 7–47). Springer, Cham.
Mundaca, L., & Richter, J. L. (2015). Assessing ‘green energy economy’ stimulus packages: Evidence from the US programs targeting renewable energy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 42, 1174-1186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.10.060
Omar, M. A., & Mahmoud, M. M. (2019). Design and simulation of a PV system operating in grid-connected and stand-alone modes for areas of daily grid blackouts. International Journal of Photoenergy, vol. 2019, 5216583. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5216583
Pal, M., & Subbra Das, A. (2015). Analytical Model for Determining the Sun’s Position at All-Time Zones. International Journal of Energy Engineering, 5(3), 58-65. https://doi:10.5923/j.ijee.20150503.03
Perraki, V., & Megas, L. (2014). Single axis tracker versus fixed tilt PV: experimental and simulated results. In the 29th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference (pp. 2711-2714).
Qadir, K. W., & Saeed, M. A. (2011). Study and analysis of global and extraterrestrial solar radiation over Kurdistan Region-Iraq. In 3rd International Scientific Conference of Salahaddin University-Erbil (No: S-165).
Quesada, G., Guillon, L., Rousse, D. R., Mehrtash, M., Dutil, Y., & Paradis, P. (2015) Tracking strategy for photovoltaic solar systems in high latitudes. Energy Conservation and Management, 103, 147-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2015.06.041
Seme, S., Štumberger, B., Hadžiselimović, M., & Sredenšek, K. (2020). Solar Photovoltaic Tracking Systems for Electricity Generation: A Review. Energies, 13(16), 4224. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13164224
Sidek, M. H. M., Azis, N., Hasan, W. Z. W., Ab Kadir, M. Z. A., Shafie, S., & Radzi, M. A. M. (2017). Automated positioning dual-axis solar tracking system with precision elevation and azimuth angle control. Energy, 124, 160-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.02.001
Sobhani, M., Zakeri, S., & Taghizadeh, M. M. (2014). Review on renewable energy, sustainable energy, and clean energies. Technical Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 4(3), 120-123
Sumathi, V., Jayapragash, R., Bakshi, A., & Akella, P. K. (2017). Solar tracking methods to maximize PV system output–A review of the methods adopted in recent decade. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 74, 130-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.02.013
The European Union (2018). Sustainable Energy Action Plan (SEAP). Kurdistan Region of Iraq, Erbil Governorate. https://www.climamed.eu/wp-content/uploads/files/Iraq_Erbil-Governorate_SEAP.pdf
Published
2023-12-24
How to Cite
ABDULLAH, H. K., & ABDULKARIM, P. M. (2023). A DESIGN MODEL AND COMPARISON OF FIXED AND TRACKING PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS FOR A SINGLE-FAMILY HOUSE IN ERBIL, IRAQ. Journal of Duhok University, 26(2), 515 - 532. https://doi.org/10.26682/csjuod.2023.26.2.47
Section
Pure and Engineering Sciences
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