PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF CRUDE FLAVONOIDS AND ALKALOIDS EXTRACTS OF MATRICARIA CHAMOMILLA L. IN CHICKS AGAINST PENTYLENETETRAZOLE-INDUCED CONVULSIONS
Keywords:
Anticonvulsant, Antioxidant, Flavonoids, Alkaloids, Matricaria chamomilla, Pentylenetetrazol.
Abstract
The current study was carried out to assess the anticonvulsant and antioxidant effects of crude flavonoids and alkaloids extracts of Matricaria chamomilla L. against pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) induced convulsions in chicks. Seventy-two chicks of either sex were randomly divided into 6 groups (each group n=12). The groups were treated with normal saline, PTZ (90 mg/kg, subcutaneous injection, sodium valproate (200 mg/kg, orally), oral administration of crude flavonoids and intraperitoneal injection of crude alkaloids extracts (20, 40, 80 mg/kg) respectively. After treatment with sodium valproate and the crude extracts, the animals were treated with PTZ and observed for 30 minutes for convulsion signs. Subsequently, the brain and blood samples were collected for biochemical estimation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate in the brain tissue, as well as catalase, glutathione reductase, malondialdehyde, 8-isoprostane, some electrolytes (potassium, sodium, chloride, ionized calcium, total calcium), pH, and glucose levels in the serum. The group pretreated with the highest doses (80 mg/kg) showed a significant increase in GABA, and a decrease in glutamate in the brain tissue. Additionally, there was a significant increase in catalase, and a significant decrease in malondialdehyde, 8-isoprostane, and an increase in sodium and ionized calcium ions concentration in the serum. It was concluded that a combination treatment of crude flavonoids extract with crude alkaloids extract attenuated the convulsions and oxidative stress induced by PTZ in chicks.
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References
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El Mihyaoui, A., Esteves da Silva, J.C.G., Charfi, S., Castillo, M.E.C., Lamarti, A., and Arnao, M.B. (2022). Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.): A Review of Ethnomedicinal Use, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Uses. Life, 12(4), 1-49. DOI: 10.3390/life12040479
Emara, R., and Morsy, A.R. (2018). Antifungal activity, phytochemical analysis and chemical composition of Chamomile (Mtricaria recutita L .) essential oil against Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium solani. Middle East J. Agric. Res, 7(4), 1849–1855. Retrieved from https://www.curresweb.com/mejar/mejar/2018/1849-1855.pdf
Herrera-Calderon, O., Santivanez-Acosta, R., Pari-Olarte, B., Enciso-Roca, E., Montes, V.M., and Acevedo, J.L. (2018). Anticonvulsant effect of ethanolic extract of Cyperus articulatus L. leaves on pentylenetetrazol induced seizure in mice. J. Tradit. Complement. Med, 8(1), 95-99. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.03.001
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Ibrahim, G., Abdulmumin, S., Musa, K.Y., and Yaro, A.H. (2008). Anticonvulsant Activities of Crude Flavonoid Fraction of the Stem Bark of Ficus sycomorus (Moraceae). J. Pharmacol. Toxicol, 3(5), 351–356. DOI: 10.3923/jpt.2008.351.356
Ionita, R., Postu, P.A., Cioanca, O., Mircea, C., Hancianu, M., and Hritcu, L. (2019). Anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of Matricaria chamomilla hydroalcoholic extract in a rat model of scopolamine. Farmacia, 67(1), 68-72. DOI: 10.31925/farmacia.2019.1.9
Jabbar, N.A., AL-Saeed, A.H.M., and Haddad, BS. (2019). Study the effect of isolated alkaloid from Haloxylon salicornicum plant on some hematological and biochemical parameters in gastric ulceration rabbits induced by indommethacin. Bas. J. Vet. Res, 18(1), 36-55. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336679378
Kumar, V., Sharma, S.K., Nagarajan, K., and Dixit, P.K. (2016). Effects of lycopene and sodium valproate on pentylenetetrazol-induced kindling in mice. Iran J Med Sci, 41(5), 430–436. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4967488/
Namjou, A., Yazdani, N., Abbasi, E., and Rafieian-Kopaei, M. (2018). The antidepressant activity of Matricaria chamomilla and Melissa officinalis ethanolic extracts in non-reserpinized and reserpinized Balb/C Mice. Jundishapur J. Nat. Pharm. Prod, 13(4), 1-6. DOI: 10.5812/jjnpp.65549
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Sarlo, G.L., and Holton, K.F. (2021). Brain concentrations of glutamate and GABA in human epilepsy: A review. Seizure, 91(June), 213-227. DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2021.06.028
Seedo, S.K. (2015). The effect of Chamomile flower (Matricaria Chamomilla L.) Extracts on some Biochemical Parameters in Pentylenetetrazole-induced Convulsion in Chicks. (Master’s thesis), Kurdistan region of Iraq: University of Duhok, 55-72.
Seedo, S.K., and Hassan, J.S. (2017). Phytochemical Analysis and Evaluation of Anticonvulsant Effect of Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) Flower Extract in Chicks. J. Zankoy Sulaimani - Part A, 19(1), 35–50. DOI: 10.17656/jzs.10583
Shimada, T., and Yamagata, K. (2018). Pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling mouse model. J Vis Exp, 136(June), 1-10. DOI: 10.3791/56573
Permanasari, A.E., Rambli, D.R.A., and Dominic, D.D. (2010). Forecasting Method Selection Using ANOVA and Duncan Multiple Range Tests on Time Series Dataset. ITSim, 2. 941-945. DOI: 10.1109/ITSIM.2010.5561535
Ullah, M.I., Anwar, R., Kamran, S., Gul, B., Elhady, S.S., and Youssef, F.S. (2022). Evaluation of the Anxiolytic and Anti-Epileptogenic Potential of Lactuca Serriola Seed Using Pentylenetetrazol-Induced Kindling in Mice and Metabolic Profiling of Its Bioactive Extract. Antioxidants, 11(11), 2232. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11112232
Vitaliti, G., Pavone, P., Marino, S., Saporito, M. A., Corsello, G., Falsaperla, R. (2019). Molecular mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of early-onset epileptic encephalopathy. Front. Mol. Neurosci, 12(May), 1-10. DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00118.
Wang, K., Liu, Y., Shi, Y., Yan, M., Rengarajan, T., and Feng, X. (2021). Amomum tsaoko fruit extract exerts anticonvulsant effects through suppression of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in a pentylenetetrazol kindling model of epilepsy in mice. Saudi J. Biol. Sci, 28(8), 4247–4254. DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.06.007
Zawab, A., and Carmody, J. (2014). Safe use of sodium valproate. Aust. Prescr, 37(4), 124-127. DOI: 10.18773/austprescr.2014.048
Abdulqader, Y.A.Y., Abdel Kawy, H.S., Alkreathy, H.M., and Rajeh, N.A. (2021). The potential antiepileptic activity of astaxanthin in epileptic rats treated with valproic acid. Saudi Pharm J, 29(5), 418-426. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2021.04.002
Al-Dabbagh, B., Elhaty, I.A., Elhaw, M., Murali, C., Al Mansoori, A., Awad, B., and Amin, A. (2019). Antioxidant and anticancer activities of chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.). BMC Res. Notes, 12(1), 1-8. DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3960-y
Ali, F., Naz, R.F., Jyoti, S., and Siddique, Y.H. (2017). Health functionality of apigenin: A review. Int. J. Food Prop, 20(6), 1197-1238. DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2016.1207188
Al–Maliki, A.D. (2012). Isolation and Identification of Phenols and an Alkaloidic Compound from Matricaria chamomilla Plant Flowers and Study of Their Medicinal Activity Against the Pathogenic Bacteria of Skin Infections. J. Thi-Qar Univ, 7(3), 1-16. Retrived from https://www.iasj.net/iasj/download/8f603f61d06071bf
Alsaadi, JHH. (2018). Extraction, Isolation and Identification of Some Alkaloids Compounds from Iraqi Medicinal Plant Haloxylon Salicornicum and Study Antihyperglycemic Effect in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rabbits. Iraq Basrah J. Vet. Res, 17(3), 81-100. DOI: 10.23975/bjvetr.2018.172945
Andersen, O.M., Markham, K.R. (2006). Flavonoids chemistry, biochemistry and applications, (1st ed). USA: CRC Press, 1-15. Retrived from https://mkimia.fst.unair.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Oyvind-M.-Andersen-Kenneth-R.-Markham-Flavonoids.-Chemistry-Biochemistry-and-Applications-CRC-2006.pdf
Aryal, B., Raut, B.K., Bhattarai, S., Bhandari, S., Tandan, P., Gyawali, K., Sharma, K., Ranabhat, D., Thapa, R., Aryal, D., Ojha, A., Devkota, H.P., and Parajuli, N. (2022). Potential therapeutic applications of plant-derived alkaloids against inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Evidence-based Complement. Altern. Med, 2022(March), 1-18. DOI: 10.1155/2022/7299778
Asadi-Shekaari, M., Eslami, A., Kalantaripour, T., and Joukar, S. (2014). Potential mechanisms involved in the anticonvulsant effect of walnut extract on pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure. Med. Princ. Pract, 23(6), 538-542. DOI: 10.1159/000365759.
Banjarnahor, S.D.S., and Artanti, N. (2014). Antioxidant properties of flavonoids. Med. J. Indones, 23(4), 239–244. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13181/mji.v23i4.1015
Bhati, P., Jain, J., Singh, L., Vyas, M., Niyaz, A., and Kaushik, R. (2018). Ameliorative effect of sodium valproate in combination with Juglans Regia fruit extract against pentylenetetrazole induced convulsions in Mice. J. Appl. Pharm. Sci. Res, 1(2), 23-28. DOI: 10.31069/japsr.v1i2.13064
Borowicz-Reutt, K.K., and Czuczwar, S.J. (2020). Role of oxidative stress in epileptogenesis and potential implications for therapy. Pharmacol Reports, 72(5), 1218-1226. DOI: 10.1007/s43440-020-00143-w
Bourin, M. (2020). Mechanism of action of valproic acid and its derivatives. SOJ Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, 7(1), 1-4. DOI: 10.15226/2374-6866/7/1/00199
Chauhan, E.S., and Aishwarya, J. (2018). Nutraceutical Analysis of Marticaria recutita (Chamomile) Dried Leaves and Flower Powder and Comparison between Them. Int. J. Phytomedicine, 10(2), 111-114. DOI:10.5138/09750185.2249
Cruz, G.M.P., Felipe, C.F., Scorza, F.A., Costa, M.A., Tavares, A.F., Menezes, M.L., and Andrade, G.M. (2013). Piperine decreases pilocarpine-induced convulsions by GABAergic mechanisms. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav, 104(1):144-153. DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.01.002
Diniz, T.C., Silva, J.C., De Lima-Saraiva, S.R., Ribeiro, F.P., Pacheco, A.G., De Freitas, R.M., Quintans-Júnior, L.J., Quintans, J.S., Mendes, R.L., and Almeida, J.R. (2015). The role of flavonoids on oxidative stress in epilepsy. Oxid Med Cell Longev, 2015(Jan), 1-10. DOI: 10.1155/2015/171756
El Mihyaoui, A., Esteves da Silva, J.C.G., Charfi, S., Castillo, M.E.C., Lamarti, A., and Arnao, M.B. (2022). Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.): A Review of Ethnomedicinal Use, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Uses. Life, 12(4), 1-49. DOI: 10.3390/life12040479
Emara, R., and Morsy, A.R. (2018). Antifungal activity, phytochemical analysis and chemical composition of Chamomile (Mtricaria recutita L .) essential oil against Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium solani. Middle East J. Agric. Res, 7(4), 1849–1855. Retrieved from https://www.curresweb.com/mejar/mejar/2018/1849-1855.pdf
Herrera-Calderon, O., Santivanez-Acosta, R., Pari-Olarte, B., Enciso-Roca, E., Montes, V.M., and Acevedo, J.L. (2018). Anticonvulsant effect of ethanolic extract of Cyperus articulatus L. leaves on pentylenetetrazol induced seizure in mice. J. Tradit. Complement. Med, 8(1), 95-99. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.03.001
Hussain, G., Rasul, A., Anwar, H., Aziz, N., Razzaq, A., Wei, W., Ali, M., Li, J., and Li, X. (2018). Role of Plant Derived Alkaloids and Their Mechanism in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Int J Biol Sci, 14(3), 341-357. DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.23247
Ibrahim, G., Abdulmumin, S., Musa, K.Y., and Yaro, A.H. (2008). Anticonvulsant Activities of Crude Flavonoid Fraction of the Stem Bark of Ficus sycomorus (Moraceae). J. Pharmacol. Toxicol, 3(5), 351–356. DOI: 10.3923/jpt.2008.351.356
Ionita, R., Postu, P.A., Cioanca, O., Mircea, C., Hancianu, M., and Hritcu, L. (2019). Anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of Matricaria chamomilla hydroalcoholic extract in a rat model of scopolamine. Farmacia, 67(1), 68-72. DOI: 10.31925/farmacia.2019.1.9
Jabbar, N.A., AL-Saeed, A.H.M., and Haddad, BS. (2019). Study the effect of isolated alkaloid from Haloxylon salicornicum plant on some hematological and biochemical parameters in gastric ulceration rabbits induced by indommethacin. Bas. J. Vet. Res, 18(1), 36-55. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336679378
Kumar, V., Sharma, S.K., Nagarajan, K., and Dixit, P.K. (2016). Effects of lycopene and sodium valproate on pentylenetetrazol-induced kindling in mice. Iran J Med Sci, 41(5), 430–436. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4967488/
Namjou, A., Yazdani, N., Abbasi, E., and Rafieian-Kopaei, M. (2018). The antidepressant activity of Matricaria chamomilla and Melissa officinalis ethanolic extracts in non-reserpinized and reserpinized Balb/C Mice. Jundishapur J. Nat. Pharm. Prod, 13(4), 1-6. DOI: 10.5812/jjnpp.65549
Nardone, R., Brigo, F., and Trinka, E. (2016). Acute symptomatic seizures caused by electrolyte disturbances. J. Clin. Neurol, 12(1), 21-33. DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2016.12.1.21
Numan, I.T., Sulaiman, A.A., Hamad, M.N., Deen, S.A.L., and Razak, A.A. (2014). Study of anticonvulsant effect of ethyl acetate fraction of Matricaria recutita extract in mice. Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci, 6(4), 224-227. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.10693.29925
Rahmani, S.E., and Ouahrane, M.R. (2022). Phytochemical investigation of Ajuga iva, Matricaria chamomilla and Ruta chalepensis from Algerian steppe (Djelfa district). GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 19(1), 193–201. DOI: 10.30574/gscbps.2022.19.1.0145
Roy, A. (2017). A review on the alkaloids an important therapeutic compound from plants green synthesis of nanoparticles View project Remediation of environmental contamination View project. Int. J. Plant Biotechnol, 3(2), 1-9. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19020674
Salehi, B., Venditti, A., Sharifi-Rad, M., Kregiel, D., Sharifi-Rad, J., Durazzo, A., Lucarini, M., Santini, A., Souto, E.B., Novellino, E., Antolak, H., Azzini, E., Setzer, W.N., and Martins, N. (2019). The therapeutic potential of Apigenin. Int J Mol Sci, 20(6), 1-26. DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061305
Sarlo, G.L., and Holton, K.F. (2021). Brain concentrations of glutamate and GABA in human epilepsy: A review. Seizure, 91(June), 213-227. DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2021.06.028
Seedo, S.K. (2015). The effect of Chamomile flower (Matricaria Chamomilla L.) Extracts on some Biochemical Parameters in Pentylenetetrazole-induced Convulsion in Chicks. (Master’s thesis), Kurdistan region of Iraq: University of Duhok, 55-72.
Seedo, S.K., and Hassan, J.S. (2017). Phytochemical Analysis and Evaluation of Anticonvulsant Effect of Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) Flower Extract in Chicks. J. Zankoy Sulaimani - Part A, 19(1), 35–50. DOI: 10.17656/jzs.10583
Shimada, T., and Yamagata, K. (2018). Pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling mouse model. J Vis Exp, 136(June), 1-10. DOI: 10.3791/56573
Permanasari, A.E., Rambli, D.R.A., and Dominic, D.D. (2010). Forecasting Method Selection Using ANOVA and Duncan Multiple Range Tests on Time Series Dataset. ITSim, 2. 941-945. DOI: 10.1109/ITSIM.2010.5561535
Ullah, M.I., Anwar, R., Kamran, S., Gul, B., Elhady, S.S., and Youssef, F.S. (2022). Evaluation of the Anxiolytic and Anti-Epileptogenic Potential of Lactuca Serriola Seed Using Pentylenetetrazol-Induced Kindling in Mice and Metabolic Profiling of Its Bioactive Extract. Antioxidants, 11(11), 2232. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11112232
Vitaliti, G., Pavone, P., Marino, S., Saporito, M. A., Corsello, G., Falsaperla, R. (2019). Molecular mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of early-onset epileptic encephalopathy. Front. Mol. Neurosci, 12(May), 1-10. DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00118.
Wang, K., Liu, Y., Shi, Y., Yan, M., Rengarajan, T., and Feng, X. (2021). Amomum tsaoko fruit extract exerts anticonvulsant effects through suppression of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in a pentylenetetrazol kindling model of epilepsy in mice. Saudi J. Biol. Sci, 28(8), 4247–4254. DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.06.007
Zawab, A., and Carmody, J. (2014). Safe use of sodium valproate. Aust. Prescr, 37(4), 124-127. DOI: 10.18773/austprescr.2014.048
Published
2023-12-25
How to Cite
SULEIMAN, S. D., & HASSAN, J. S. (2023). PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF CRUDE FLAVONOIDS AND ALKALOIDS EXTRACTS OF MATRICARIA CHAMOMILLA L. IN CHICKS AGAINST PENTYLENETETRAZOLE-INDUCED CONVULSIONS. Journal of Duhok University, 26(2), 90-98. https://doi.org/10.26682/ajuod.2023.26.2.10
Section
Agriculture and Veterinary Science
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