BACTERIAL ETIOLOGY AND THEIR ANTIBIOGRAMS IN COMMUNITY ACQUIRED URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS WITH SPECIAL CONSIDERATION ON STERILE PYURIA
Keywords:
Urinary Tract Infection, Bacteria, Antibiogram
Abstract
Urinary tract infections are caused by heterogenous etiological agents and high proportions of samples are without significant growth. Antibiotic resistance issue constitutes a major public health problem.
A retrospective study was conducted from a period of January,2021 to May 2023 in which a total of 419 mid urine samples were collected. The ages were ranged from 4 months to more than 65 years. Adults were 348 (83.1%) and children were 71 (16.9%). Females were 358 (85.5%) and Males were 61 (14.5%).
From 419 samples 193 (46.3%) were normal (pus cells < 5/HPF), while 225 (53.7%) were abnormal (Pus cells >5/HPF). Among 225 abnormal samples, 100 (44.5%) showed no growth, while 125 (54.5%) yielded significant growth. Among males 21/ 123 (17%) of the samples showed growth compared to 102 /123 (83%) in females. Among the isolated pathogens, E. coli was the predominant (71%) followed by Staphylococcus aureus (14%), Streptococcus spp. (6%), Proteus spp. (5%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (1%). High percentages of total UTIs and E. coli were found among age group 20-30 years. The highest percenatge of resistant was against doxycycline (87.61%) followed by trimethorprim (86.66%), cephalothin (86.06%), ceftriaxone (60.97%), amoxyclav (57.02%), ciprofloxacin (41.22%) while the lowest resistant was against Amikacin (25.2%) followed by Gentamicin (34.14%), nitrofurantoin (37.39%).
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References
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Kavita, Y., Sundaram, M., Anandi, V. (2016). acquired urinary tract infections (CAUTI) with special reference to antibiogram of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species. Indian J Microbiol Res 2016;3(4):464-467.
Kibret, K., and Abera, B. (2014). Prevalence and antibiogram of bacterial isolates from urinary tract infections at Dessie Health Research Laboratory, Ethiopia. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 4(2): 164-168. doi:10.1016/S2221-1691(14)60226-4
Mahato, S., A. and J. Yadav, J. (2018). Prevalence and Identification of Uropathogens in Eastern Nepal and Understanding their Antibiogram due to multidrug resistance and ESBL. Asian Pacific J. Microbiol. Res., 2: 09-17.
Muhammad, A., Khan, S.N., Ali, N., Rehman, M.U., Ali, I. (2020). Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of uropathogens in outpatients at a tertiary care hospital. New Microbes and New Infections, 36 (C):1-6.
Nahab, H. M., Al-Oebady, A.H.M., Abdul Munem, A. H (2022). Bacteriological Study of Urinary Tract Infections among Pregnant Women in Al Samawa City of Iraq. Archives of Razi Institute, 77 (1): 117-122.
Naqid, I.A., Hussein, N.R., Balatay, A., Saeed, K.A., Ahmed, H.A. (2020). Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns of Uropathogens Isolated from Female Patients with Urinary Tract Infection in Duhok Province, Iraq. Jundishapur J Health Sci, 12(3):e105146. doi: 10.5812/jjhs.105146.
Olowe, O., Ojo-Johnson, B., Makanjuola, Olowe, R., and Mabayoje, V. (2015). Detection of bacteriuria among human immunodeficiency virus seropositive individuals in Osogbo, south-western Nigeria. Eur. J. Microbiol. Immunol., 5: 126-130. DOI: 10.1556/EuJMI-D-14-00036.
Oli, A.N., Akabueze, V.B., Ezeudu, C.E., Eleje, G.U., Ejiofor, O.S., Ezebialu, I.U., Oguejiofor, C.B., Ekejindu, I.M., Emechebe, G.O., Okeke, K.N. (2017). Bacteriology and Antibiogram of Urinary Tract Infection Among Female Patients in a Tertiary Health Facility in South Eastern Nigeria. The Open Microbiology Journal, 11: 292-300. DOI: 10.2174/1874285801711010292.
Osman, A.A. (2019). Antibiotic Resistance of Bacteria isolated in Urinary Tract Infections in Erbil City. ZANCO Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 31(4);42-49. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21271/ZJPAS.31.4.5.
Saeed, C.H., Al-Otraqchi, K.I.B., Mansoor, I.Y. (2015). Prevalence of urinary tract infections and antibiotics susceptibility pattern among infants and young children in Erbil city. Zanco J. Med. Sci., 19 (1): 915-922. http://dx.doi.org/10.15218/zjms.2015.0012.
Tandogdu, Z., Wagenlehner, F.M. (2016). Global epidemiology of urinary tract infections. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 29:73–9. doi: 10.1097/QCO.000000000000022
Thass, N., Kumar, M., and Kaur, R. (2019). Prevalence and antibiogram of bacterial pathogens causing urinary tract infection in a tertiary care hospital. Int. J. Med. Sci. Public Health, 8: 53-57. DOI: 10.5455/ijmsph.2019.0926517102018
Utami, M. D. T., Wahyunitisari, M. R., Mardiana, N., & Setiabudi, R. J. (2022). Bacterial and Antibiogram Profile of Urinary Tract Infection Patients in a Tertiary Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia. Folia Medica Indonesiana, 58(3), 195–202. https://doi.org/10.20473/fmi.v58i3.33186
Yang, X., Chen, H., Zheng, Y., Qu, S., Wang, H., and Yi, F. (2022). Disease burden and long-term trends of urinary tract infections: A worldwide report. Front. Public Health 10:888205. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.888205
Abduljabar, Y.A., Hasan, H.K. (2023). Isolation and antibiotic susceptibility of E. coli and S. aureus from urinary tract infections in Dohuk city, Iraq Journal of Population Therapeutics & Clinical Pharmacology. 30 (14): e262–e267.DOI: 10.47750/jptcp.2023.30.14.035.
Abdulrahman, I.S. (2018). ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERN OF PATHOGENIC BACTERIA CAUSING URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS AT AZADI HOSPITAL IN DUHOK CITY, KURDISTAN REGION, IRAQ. Science Journal of University of Zakho, 6(2): 46-50. https://doi.org/10.25271/2018.6.2.435
Adhikari, S., Khadka, S., Sapkota, S., Rana, S.J.C., Khanal, S., Neupane, A., Sharma, B. (2019). Prevalence and Antibiograms of Uropathogens from the Suspected Cases of Urinary Tract Infections in Bharatpur Hospital, Nepal. Journal of College of Medical Sciences, Vol-15 (4): 1458-1466.
Ait-Mimoune, N., Hassaine, H., Boulanoir, M. (2022). Bacteriological profile of urinary tract infections and antibiotic susceptibility of Escherichia coli in Algeria. IRAN. J. MICROBIOL. 14 (2): 156-160.
Al-Gasha’a, F.A.S., Al-Baker, S.M., Obiad, J.M., Alrobiai, A.A. (2020). Prevalence of Urinary Tract Infections and Associated Risk Factors Among Patients Attending Medical City Hospital in Baghdad City, Iraq. American Journal of Infectious Diseases,16 (2): 77.84 DOI: 10.3844/ajidsp.2020.77.84.
Al-Fatlawi, B.G., Jasim, A.L. (2022). Determining the Prevalence of Upper and Lower Urinary Tract Infections Pathogens and Their Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile for Adult Patients in Al-Diwaniya, Iraq. Iraqi J Pharm Sci, Vol.31(Suppl.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31351/vol31issSuppl.pp86-91.
Alkhateeb, N.E.R. (2016). Antibiotic resistance of urinary tract pathogens and rationale for empirical antibiotic therapy in children with urinary tract infection. Zanco J. Med. Sci., 20 (3).
Arjunan, M., Al-Salamah, A., Amuthan, M. (2010). Prevalence and Antibiotics Susceptibility of Uropathogens in Patients from a Rural Environment, TamilnaduAmerican J. of Infect. Dis., 6 (2): 29-33.
Baloch, B.K., Ali, K., Memon, N., Hassan, S., Jan, M.S., Bin Aziz, J., Kaleem, S. (2022). Antibiotic Antibiogram in Patients with Complicated Urinary Tract Infections in Nephrology Unit of South Waziristan. Cureus 14(10): e29803. DOI 10.7759/cureus.29803.
Behzadi, P., Behzadi, E., Ranjbar, R. (2015). Urinary tract infections and Candida albicans. Cent European J Urol. 68:96–101. doi: 10.5173/ceju.2015.01.474
Bhargava, K., Nath, G., Bhargava, A., Kumari, K., Aseri, G.K., Jain, N. (2022). Bacterial profile and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of uropathogens causing urinary tract infection in the eastern part of Northern India. Front. Microbiol. 13: 965053.doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.965053
Bonadio, M., Meini, M., Spetaleri, P. and Gilgi, C. (2001). Current microbiological and clinical aspects of urinary tract infections. Eur. J. Urol., 40: 439-445. DOI: 10.1159/000049813
Dabobash, M.D., Attla, F.M., Elgabra, M., Menshawy, A.S.A. (2017). Antibiogram sensitivity in urinary tract infection (UTI) at el bet nan medical center-Tobruk-Libya, Urology and Nephrology Open Access Journal, 4(3): 89-95
Djordjevic, Z., Folic, M., and Jankovic, S. (2016). Community-acquired urinary tract infections: Causative agents and their resistance to antimicrobial drugs. Vojnosanitetski Pregled, 73: 1109-1115. DOI: 10.2298/VSP150122218D.
Ibrahim, M.A (2019). MULTIPLE DRUGS RESISTANCE AMONG URINARY TRACT INFECTION PATIENTS IN DUHOK CITY –KURDISTAN REGION –IRAQ. Duhok Med J, 13 (1):22-31. https://doi.org/10.31386/dmj.2019.13.1.3.
Hussein, N.R., Daniel, S., Salim, K., Assafi, M.S. (2018). Urinary Tract Infections and Antibiotic Sensitivity Patterns Among Women Referred to Azadi Teaching Hospital, Duhok, Iraq. Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 5(2):27-30. doi:10.34172/ajcmi.2018.05.
Kavita, Y., Sundaram, M., Anandi, V. (2016). acquired urinary tract infections (CAUTI) with special reference to antibiogram of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species. Indian J Microbiol Res 2016;3(4):464-467.
Kibret, K., and Abera, B. (2014). Prevalence and antibiogram of bacterial isolates from urinary tract infections at Dessie Health Research Laboratory, Ethiopia. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 4(2): 164-168. doi:10.1016/S2221-1691(14)60226-4
Mahato, S., A. and J. Yadav, J. (2018). Prevalence and Identification of Uropathogens in Eastern Nepal and Understanding their Antibiogram due to multidrug resistance and ESBL. Asian Pacific J. Microbiol. Res., 2: 09-17.
Muhammad, A., Khan, S.N., Ali, N., Rehman, M.U., Ali, I. (2020). Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of uropathogens in outpatients at a tertiary care hospital. New Microbes and New Infections, 36 (C):1-6.
Nahab, H. M., Al-Oebady, A.H.M., Abdul Munem, A. H (2022). Bacteriological Study of Urinary Tract Infections among Pregnant Women in Al Samawa City of Iraq. Archives of Razi Institute, 77 (1): 117-122.
Naqid, I.A., Hussein, N.R., Balatay, A., Saeed, K.A., Ahmed, H.A. (2020). Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns of Uropathogens Isolated from Female Patients with Urinary Tract Infection in Duhok Province, Iraq. Jundishapur J Health Sci, 12(3):e105146. doi: 10.5812/jjhs.105146.
Olowe, O., Ojo-Johnson, B., Makanjuola, Olowe, R., and Mabayoje, V. (2015). Detection of bacteriuria among human immunodeficiency virus seropositive individuals in Osogbo, south-western Nigeria. Eur. J. Microbiol. Immunol., 5: 126-130. DOI: 10.1556/EuJMI-D-14-00036.
Oli, A.N., Akabueze, V.B., Ezeudu, C.E., Eleje, G.U., Ejiofor, O.S., Ezebialu, I.U., Oguejiofor, C.B., Ekejindu, I.M., Emechebe, G.O., Okeke, K.N. (2017). Bacteriology and Antibiogram of Urinary Tract Infection Among Female Patients in a Tertiary Health Facility in South Eastern Nigeria. The Open Microbiology Journal, 11: 292-300. DOI: 10.2174/1874285801711010292.
Osman, A.A. (2019). Antibiotic Resistance of Bacteria isolated in Urinary Tract Infections in Erbil City. ZANCO Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 31(4);42-49. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21271/ZJPAS.31.4.5.
Saeed, C.H., Al-Otraqchi, K.I.B., Mansoor, I.Y. (2015). Prevalence of urinary tract infections and antibiotics susceptibility pattern among infants and young children in Erbil city. Zanco J. Med. Sci., 19 (1): 915-922. http://dx.doi.org/10.15218/zjms.2015.0012.
Tandogdu, Z., Wagenlehner, F.M. (2016). Global epidemiology of urinary tract infections. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 29:73–9. doi: 10.1097/QCO.000000000000022
Thass, N., Kumar, M., and Kaur, R. (2019). Prevalence and antibiogram of bacterial pathogens causing urinary tract infection in a tertiary care hospital. Int. J. Med. Sci. Public Health, 8: 53-57. DOI: 10.5455/ijmsph.2019.0926517102018
Utami, M. D. T., Wahyunitisari, M. R., Mardiana, N., & Setiabudi, R. J. (2022). Bacterial and Antibiogram Profile of Urinary Tract Infection Patients in a Tertiary Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia. Folia Medica Indonesiana, 58(3), 195–202. https://doi.org/10.20473/fmi.v58i3.33186
Yang, X., Chen, H., Zheng, Y., Qu, S., Wang, H., and Yi, F. (2022). Disease burden and long-term trends of urinary tract infections: A worldwide report. Front. Public Health 10:888205. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.888205
Published
2023-12-24
How to Cite
SAEED, A. Y. (2023). BACTERIAL ETIOLOGY AND THEIR ANTIBIOGRAMS IN COMMUNITY ACQUIRED URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS WITH SPECIAL CONSIDERATION ON STERILE PYURIA. Journal of Duhok University, 26(2), 509-518. https://doi.org/10.26682/sjuod.2023.26.2.43
Section
Pure and Engineering Sciences
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