PREVALENCE OF TROPICAL THEILERIOSIS IN CATTLE THROUGH BLOOD SMEAR EXAMINATION IN SUMEL DISTRICT, DUHOK PROVINCE
Keywords:
Tropical Theileriosis, Cattle, Prevalence, Microscopic, Sumel, Duhok
Abstract
In Iraq, bovine theileriosis, or tropical theileriosis is a significant disease, that causes economic losses in livestock. The main causative agent is Theileria annulata. The current study was conducted from March to August of 2022 to estimate the prevalence rate of tropical theileriosis in cattle from Sumel District, Duhok Province, Kurdistan Region, and factors linked with infection. A total of 160 blood samples were collected from cattle (with 96 females and 64 males. Thin blood films were prepared and stained with Giemsa stain, then examined under the microscope to screen morphological stages of Theileria spp. within infected red blood cells of the cattle. The results revealed a higher prevalence rate of tropical theileriosis in cattle in older females (44.38%) than in males (22.5%). Additionally, the prevalence rate of infection was higher in March (23.75%) compared to April, May, and June (13.75%, 11.87%, and 11.25%, respectively), in contrast to July and August (4.38% and 1.88%, respectively). These differences were found to be significant at a P value < 0.05. To reduce this high rate of infection and minimize economic losses in livestock an effective control method is required to reduce hard tick infestation as the primary vector for infection) and to implement regular monitoring of infections.
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References
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Uilenberg, G. (1981). Theileria species of domestic livestock. In: Irvin AD, Cunningham MP, Young AS (eds) Advances in the control of theileriosis. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, The Hague, Boston, London, pp 4–37
Uilenberg G. (1995). International collaborative research: significance of tick-borne hemoparasitic diseases to world animal health. Veterinary Parasitology, 57(1-3), 19–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4017(94)03107-8
Yin, F., Liu, J., Liu, A., Li, Y., Luo, J., Guan, G., & Yin, H. (2017). Rapid diagnosis of Theileria annulata by recombinase polymerase amplification combined with a lateral flow strip (LF-RPA) in epidemic regions. Veterinary Parasitology, 237, 125–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.02.019
Zeb, J., Shams, S., Din, I. U., Ayaz, S., Khan, A., Nasreen, N., Khan, H., Khan, M. A., & Senbill, H. (2020). Molecular epidemiology and associated risk factors of Anaplasma marginale and Theileria annulata in cattle from North-western Pakistan. Veterinary Parasitology, 279, 109044. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109044
Zangana, I.K. & Naqid, I. A. (2010). Prevalence of Piroplasmosis (Theileriosis and Babesiosis) among goats in Duhok Governorate. Al-Anbar Journal of Veterinary Sciences. 4(2): 50-57.
Ahmed, R., Mahmmod, S., Kakarash, N., & Baba SHekh, M. (2021). Conventional and Molecular Diagnosis of Theileriosis (Theileria annulata) in Cattle in Sulaimani Province, Northern Iraq. Passer Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 3(2), 150-155. https://doi.org/10.24271/psr.26
Aktas, M., Altay, K., & Dumanli, N. (2006). A molecular survey of bovine Theileria parasites among apparently healthy cattle and with a note on the distribution of ticks in eastern Turkey. Veterinary Parasitology, 138(3-4), 179–185 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.01.052
Alkaledi, M.J.A. (2008). Epidemiological study of Theileriosis, Babesiosis and Anaplasmosis in cattle of Al Qadisiya province. M. Sc. Thesis., College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad. (In Arabic). Pp:30-68.
Al-Zubaidy, A.K.S. (1982). A study in the epidemiology of Theileria annulata infection in with gold village (Adu Ghriab). M. Sc. Thesis., College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad. (In Arabic). Pp:15-50.
Anter, R. (2019). Molecular and Microscopical identification of bovine Theileria species isolates in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. Egyptian Veterinary Medical Society of Parasitology Journal (EVMSPJ), 15(1), 52-63. https://doi.org/10.21608/evmspj.2019.80818
Aulakh, G.S., & Singla, L.D. (2006). Clinico-haematobiochemical observations on bovines naturally infected with Theileria annulata. Journal of Veterinary Parasitology, 20, 49-52.
Brown C. G. (1997). Dynamics and impact of tick-borne diseases of cattle. Tropical animal health and production, 29(4 Suppl), 1S–3S. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02632905
Coles, E.H. (1986). Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 4th edition. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, London and Toronto.
Col, R., & Uslu, U. (2006). Haematological and coagulation profiles during severe tropical theileriosis in cattle. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences. 30. 577-582. https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/veterinary/vol30/iss6/11
Hussein Oleiwi, A., R. Neamah, S., & J. Aleikaby, N. (2022). Prevalence of infection with ticks and theileriosis in cattle and sheep of Shattra District, Thi-Qar Province, Iraq. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology, 9, 20–24.
Irvin, A. D., & Mwamachi, D. M. (1983). Clinical and diagnostic features of East Coast fever (Theileria parva) infection of cattle. The Veterinary record, 113(9), 192–198. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.113.9.192
Ismael, S., & Omer, L. T. (2021). Molecular identification of new circulating Hyalomma asiaticum asiaticum from sheep and goats in Duhok governorate, Iraq. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 35(1), 79-83. http://www.org/10.33899/ijvs.2020.126330.1298
Liu, Z., Hou, J., Bakheit, M. A., Salih, D. A., Luo, J., Yin, H., Ahmed, J. S., & Seitzer, U. (2008). Development of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for rapid diagnosis of ovine theileriosis in China. Parasitology research, 103(6), 1407–1412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-008-1149-3
Mccosker, P.I. (1979). Global aspects of the management and control of ticks of veterinary importance. Recent Adv Acarol., 11:45–53.
Mehlhorn, H., & Shein, E. (1984). The piroplasms: life cycle and sexual stages. Advances in Parasitology, 23, 37–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-308x(08)60285-7
Mohammad Al-Saeed, A.T., Omer, L.T., Abdo, J. et al. Epidemiological studies on tropical theileriosis (Theileria annulata infection of cattle) in Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Parasitology research, 106, 403–407 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-009-1675-7
Omer, O. H., El-Malik, K. H., Magzoub, M., Mahmoud, O. M., Haroun, E. M., Hawas, A., & Omar, H. M. (2003). Biochemical profiles in Friesian cattle naturally infected with Theileria annulata in Saudi Arabia. Veterinary research communications, 27(1), 15–25. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1022054522725
Sallemi, S., Rjeibi, M. R., Rouatbi, M., Amairia, S., Ben Said, M., Khamassi Khbou, M., & Gharbi, M. (2017). Molecular prevalence and phylogenetic analysis of Theileria annulata and Trypanosoma evansi in cattle in Northern Tunisia. Veterinary medicine and science, 4(1), 17–25. https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.79
Selim, A., Weir, W., & Khater, H. (2022). Prevalence and risk factors associated with tropical theileriosis in Egyptian dairy cattle. Veterinary world, 15(4), 919–924. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2022.919-924
Shaw M. K. (1997). The same but different: the biology of Theileria sporozoite entry into bovine cells. International journal for Parasitology, 27(5), 457–474. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7519(97)00015-5
Tretina, K., Gotia, H.T., Mann, D.J. and Silva, J.C. (2015). Theileria-transformed bovine leukocytes have cancer hallmarks. Trends in Parasitology, 31(7):306–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2015.04.001
Tuli, A., Singla, L. D., Sharma, A., Bal, M. S., Filia, G., & Kaur, P. (2015). Molecular epidemiology, risk factors and hematochemical alterations induced by Theileria annulata in bovines of Punjab (India). Acta Parasitologica, 60(3), 378–390. https://doi.org/10.1515/ap-2015-0053
Uilenberg, G. (1981). Theileria species of domestic livestock. In: Irvin AD, Cunningham MP, Young AS (eds) Advances in the control of theileriosis. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, The Hague, Boston, London, pp 4–37
Uilenberg G. (1995). International collaborative research: significance of tick-borne hemoparasitic diseases to world animal health. Veterinary Parasitology, 57(1-3), 19–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4017(94)03107-8
Yin, F., Liu, J., Liu, A., Li, Y., Luo, J., Guan, G., & Yin, H. (2017). Rapid diagnosis of Theileria annulata by recombinase polymerase amplification combined with a lateral flow strip (LF-RPA) in epidemic regions. Veterinary Parasitology, 237, 125–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.02.019
Zeb, J., Shams, S., Din, I. U., Ayaz, S., Khan, A., Nasreen, N., Khan, H., Khan, M. A., & Senbill, H. (2020). Molecular epidemiology and associated risk factors of Anaplasma marginale and Theileria annulata in cattle from North-western Pakistan. Veterinary Parasitology, 279, 109044. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109044
Zangana, I.K. & Naqid, I. A. (2010). Prevalence of Piroplasmosis (Theileriosis and Babesiosis) among goats in Duhok Governorate. Al-Anbar Journal of Veterinary Sciences. 4(2): 50-57.
Published
2023-12-24
How to Cite
ISMAEL , S. S. (2023). PREVALENCE OF TROPICAL THEILERIOSIS IN CATTLE THROUGH BLOOD SMEAR EXAMINATION IN SUMEL DISTRICT, DUHOK PROVINCE. Journal of Duhok University, 26(2), 524-528. https://doi.org/10.26682/sjuod.2023.26.2.45
Section
Pure and Engineering Sciences
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