PREVALENCE OF CHLAMYDOPHILA ABORTUS IN ABORTED SMALL RUMINANTS IN SLEMANI AND DUHOK GOVERNORATES
الملخص
This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of chlamydiosis (Chlamydophila abortus) in aborted ewes and does from 66 flocks in 8 different districts of two provinces, Slemani and Duhok in Kurdistan Region-Iraq from October 2014 to the end of June 2015. Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (i-ELISA) was used to analyze the serum samples that were collected from 271 sheep and 97 goats. Giemsa and modified Ziehl-Neelsen (MZN) stains were used for direct staining examination of the liver of aborted fetuses, vaginal swabs, and placentae of aborted sheep and goats. A total of 368 aborted sheep and goats serum samples were screened for the presence of Cp. abortus antibodies. The results show 53 (14.40 %) serum samples were positive for Cp. abortus antibodies using i-ELISA; including 36 (13.04 %) in Slemani and 17 (18.47 %) in Duhok province. The overall prevalence rate of chlamydiosis was 15.50 % in ewes and 11.34 % in goats. The infection rate of Cp. abortus 18.24 % found in ewes, aged ≤two years was higher than in the ewes aged >two years. Conversely, does aged >two years showed a higher infection rate than does aged ≤two years. However, the difference in the rate of infection between the two age groups wasn’t statistically significant (P>0.05). The abortion rate was higher in the late stage of pregnancy, compared to the early and mid stages of pregnancy in both animal species. However, the difference was statistically significant (P< 0.05) in ewes only. In all animals, Cp. abortus infection occurred only once and caused abortion in 9.13 % and 6.97 % of sheep and goats, respectively. The intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies of Chlamydia in the placentae of sheep appeared as small, purple-colored bodies when stained by Giemsa stain and as red bodies using MZN staining inside the cytoplasm of the cells.
التنزيلات
بيانات التنزيل غير متوفرة بعد.
المراجع
A Cati, J., Abbod, B. C., and A Hasso, S. (2008). Detection of (Chlamydophila abortus) antibodies in cattle and sheep in south of Iraq by using of iELISA and passive Heamagglutination tests. AL-Qadisiyah Journal of Veterinary Medicine Sciences, 7(2), 66–72.
Abad, R., Elhafi, G. E., Vijayan, R., and Kumar, S. (2011). Studies on Carrier State of Chlamydophila abortus in Naturally Infected Sheep. Current Trends in Biotechnology and Pharmacy, 5(2), 1123–1129.
Ahmad, R. B. (2013). Seroprevalence and Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in aborted ewes and does in Sulaimanyhia province. M.Sc. thesis. College of Veterinary Medicine. University of Duhok.
Aitken, I. D. and Longbottom, D. (2007). Chlamydial abortion. In: In Diseases of sheep. (4th ed., pp. 105-112.). Aitken I.D. Blackwell Scientific Ltd, Oxford, UK.
Aitken, I. D. (2000). Chlamydial abortion. In W. . Martin (Ed.), Diseases of sheep. (3rd ed. Ed, pp. 81–86). Blackwell Science, Oxford.
Al-Dabagh, I. I., Jasim, B. M., and Jarjees, M. T. (2014). Seroprevalence of antibodies to toxoplasmosis, brucellosis and chlamydiosis in abortive sheep in Nineveh governorate, Iraq. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 28(1).
Al-Naqshabendy, A. A. (2012). Diagnosis of brucellosis in aborted small ruminants using conventional methods and PCR technique. Ph.D. Thesis. College of Veterinary Medicine. University of Duhok.
Al-Neaemy, H. (1999). Isolation and serological diagnosis of Chlamydia psittaci in aborted ewes and their owners. M.Sc thesis. College of Veterinary Medicine . University of Baghdad.
Al-Qudah, K. M., Sharif, L. A., Raouf, R. Y., Hailat, N. Q., and Al-Domy, F. M. (2004). Seroprevalence of antibodies to Chlamydophila abortus shown in Awassi sheep and local goats in Jordan. Veterinární Medicína, 49(12), 460.
AL-TABBAA, M. F., ALLOUZ, A. K. K., and ALOMAR, Y. (2020). SEROPREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS OF CHLAMYDIA ABORTUS INFECTION IN AWASI SHEEP IN HAMA GOVERNORATE IN THE MIDDLE REGION OF SYRIA. Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal, 66(167).
Alderton, S. (2013). Analyse lamb losses now. Farmers Weekly Interactive. http://www.fwi.co.uk/livestock/analyse-lamb-losses-now.htm
Aljumaah, R. S., and Hussein, M. F. (2012). Serological prevalence of ovine and caprine chlamydophilosis in Riyadh region, Saudi Arabia. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 6(11), 2654–2658.
Ameen, A. M., Abdulaziz, N. S., and Ghaffar, N. M. (2023). Molecular Detection and Associated Risk Factors of Brucella melitensis in Aborted Sheep and Goats in Duhok Province, Iraq. Pathogens, 12(4), 544.
Anonymous. (2004). OIE manuel of diagnostic tests and vaccines for terreestrial animals (5th ed). Chap.
Aras, Z., Gölen, G. S., Sayın, Z., and Haydardedeoğlu, A. E. (2021). Identification of chlamydophila abortus in abomasum content of aborted sheep and goats by PCR.
Black, C. M. (1997). Current methods of laboratory diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 10(1), 160–184.
Burgener, A.-V., Seth-Smith, H. M. B., Kern-Baumann, S., Durovic, A., Blaich, A., Menter, T., Bruder, E., Roloff, T., Martinez, A., and Borel, N. (2022). A case study of zoonotic chlamydia abortus infection: diagnostic challenges from clinical and microbiological perspectives. Open Forum Infectious Diseases, 9(10), ofac524.
Cislakova, L., Halánová, M., Kovacova, D., and Stefancikova, A. (2007). Occurrence of antibodies against Chlamydophila abortus in sheep and goats in the Slovak Republic. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 14(2).
Coles, E. H. (1986). Veterinary clinical pathology . (4th ed.). W.B. Saunders Company, London. pp .
Dagnall, G. J., and Wilsmore, A. J. (1990). A simple staining method for the identification of chlamydial elementary bodies in the fetal membranes of sheep affected by ovine enzootic abortion. Veterinary Microbiology, 21(3), 233–239.
Dhahir E A. (2020). Molecular Investigation of Some Virulence Factors of Chlamydia abortus Isolated from Aborted Ewes in Slemani Province.
EL BERBAWY, S. M., and AS EL-KHABAZ, K. (2014). CHLAMYDIA INFECTION IN ABORTED AND CLINICALLY HEALTHY EWES IN ASSIUT GOVERNORATE USING MICROSCOPICAL EXAMINATION AND ELISA. Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal, 60(142), 23–28.
Essig, A., and Longbottom, D. (2015). Chlamydia abortus: new aspects of infectious abortion in sheep and potential risk for pregnant women. Current Clinical Microbiology Reports, 2, 22–34.
Ghorbanpoor, M., Goraninejad, S., and Heydari, R. (2007). Serological study on enzootic abortion of ewes in Ahvaz, Iran. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 6(10), 1194–1196.
Huang, S. Y., Wu, S. M., Xu, M. J., Zhou, D. H., Danba, C., Gong, G., and Zhu, X. Q. (2013). First record of Chlamydia abortus seroprevalence in Tibetan sheep in Tibet, China. Small Ruminant Research, 112(1–3), 243–245.
IDEXX Animal Health Updates. (2011). Available at: https://www.idexx.com/pdf/en_us/livestock-poultry/abortive-disease-information-brochure.pdf
Jury, B., Fleming, C., Huston, W. M., and Luu, L. D. W. (2023). Molecular pathogenesis of Chlamydia trachomatis. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 13.
Kalender, H., Kiliç, A., Eröksüz, H., Muz, A., Kilinç, Ü., and Taşdemir, B. (2013). Identification of Chlamydophila abortus infection in aborting ewes and goats in Eastern Turkey. Rev Med Vet, 164(6), 295–301.
Kennedy, H. E., McCullough, S. J., Graham, D., Cassidy, J., Malone, F. E., and Ellis, W. A. (2001). Detection of chlamydial antibody by fetal serology—an aid to the diagnosis of ovine abortion. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 13(1), 30–35.
Longbottom, D.; Fairly, S.; Chapman , S.; Psarrou, E.; Vretou, E. and Livingstone, M. (2004). Serological diagnosis of ovine enzootic abortion by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with a recombinant protein fragment of thepolymorphic outer membrane protein POMP90 of Chlamydophila abortus. J. Clin. Microbiol, 40, 4235-4243.
Longbottom, D., Fairley, S., Chapman, S., Psarrou, E., Vretou, E., and Livingstone, M. (2002). Serological diagnosis of ovine enzootic abortion by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with a recombinant protein fragment of the polymorphic outer membrane protein POMP90 of Chlamydophila abortus. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 40(11), 4235–4243.
Markey, B.; Leonard, F.; Archambault, M.; Cullinane, A. and Maguire, D. (2013). Clinical Veterinary Microbiology (2nd ed). Mosby Elsevier, New York.
Mikaeel FB; Taha ZM; Omer LT. (2016). Sero-prevalence of Chlamydophila abortus in goat farms in Duhok Province-Iraq. AL-Qadisiya Journal of Vet. Med. Sci., 15(1), 34–37.
Mikail, F. (2011). Serodiagnosis of anti-toxoplasma antibodies in aborted ewes in some localities of Duhok province. College of Veterinary Medicine . University of Duhok.
Nassrulla, O. J. (2007). Serosurvay of brucellosis in sheep and goat in Sulaimanyah governorate. M.Sc. Thesis. College of Veterinary Medicine. University of Duhok.
OIE Terrestrial Manual . Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals. World Organisation for Animal Health; Paris, France: 2023. Office International des Epizooties. Chapter 3.8.5—Enzootic abortion of ewes (ovine chlamydiosis). (n.d.).
Osman, W. A. (2013). Comparative evaluation of indirect ELISA, CF test and PCR for diagnosis of ovine enzootic abortion (Ovine chlamydophilosis). Global Veterinaria, 11(1), 65–70.
Otlu, S., Sahin, M., Unver, A., and Celebi, O. (2007). Detection of Brucella melitensis and Chlamydophila abortus antibodies in aborting sheep in the Kars province of Turkey. Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Puławy, 51(4).
Papp, J. R., Shewen, P. E., and Gartley, C. J. (1994). Abortion and subsequent excretion of chlamydiae from the reproductive tract of sheep during estrus. Infection and Immunity, 62(9), 3786–3792.
Pinheiro Junior, J. W.; Mota, R. A.; Piatti, R. M.; Oliveira, A. D.; Silva, A. D. and Abreu, S. D. (2010). Seroprevalence of antibodies to Chlamydophila abortus in ovine in the State of Alagoas, Brazil. Brazilian J. of Microbiol, 41(2), 358–364.
Pospíšil, L., Věžník, Z., Zralý, Z., and Diblikova, I. (2000). Systemic dissemination of Chlamydiae after genital infection in rabbits. Veterinární Medicína, 45(6), 159–161.
Radostits, O. M., Gay, C. C., Hinchcliff, K. W., and Constable, P. D. (2006). Veterinary Medicine E-Book: A textbook of the diseases of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs and goats. Elsevier Health Sciences.
Rocchi, M. S., Wattegedera, S., Meridiani, I., and Entrican, G. (2009). Protective adaptive immunity to Chlamydophila abortus infection and control of ovine enzootic abortion (OEA). Veterinary Microbiology, 135(1–2), 112–121.
Rodolakis, A., and Mohamad, K. Y. (2010). Zoonotic potential of Chlamydophila. Veterinary Microbiology, 140(3–4), 382–391.
Rodolakis, A., Nettleton, P., and Benkirane, A. (1998). Manual for laboratory diagnosis of infectious abortions in small ruminants.
Sachse, K., Vretou, E., Livingstone, M., Borel, N., Pospischil, A., and Longbottom, D. (2009). Recent developments in the laboratory diagnosis of chlamydial infections. Veterinary Microbiology, 135(1–2), 2–21.
Schoenwald, E., Schmidt, B. L., Steinmetz, G., Hosmann, J., Pohla-Gubo, G., Luger, A., and Gasser, G. (1988). Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infection—culture versus serology. European Journal of Epidemiology, 4, 75–82.
Selim, A., Manaa, E. A., Waheed, R. M., and Alanazi, A. D. (2021). Seroprevalence, associated risk factors analysis and first molecular characterization of chlamydia abortus among Egyptian sheep. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 74, 101600.
Stone, D. M.; Kumthekar, S.; Chikweto, A.; Thomas, D.; Tiwari, K. and Sharma, R. N. (2012). Exposure to zoonotic abortifacients among sheep and goats in Grenada. Inter. J. of Anim. and Vet. Advan, 4(2), 113–118.
Timoney, J. F.; Gillespie, J. H.; Scott, F. W. and Barlough, J. E. (1988a). Hagan and Bruner’s microbiology and infectious diseases of domestic animals. (8th ed.). Cornell University Press, USA.
Timoney, J. F.; Gillespie, J. H.; Scott, F. W. and Barlough, J. E. (1988b). Hagan and Bruner’s microbiology and infectious diseases of domestic animals (8th ed.). Cornell University Press, USA.
Travnicek, M., Kovacova, D., Bhide, M. R., Zubricky, P., and Cislakova, L. (2002). Field evaluation of an iELISA and CF test for detection of IgG antibodies against Chlamydophila abortus in goats, sheep and rams. VETERINARNI MEDICINA-PRAHA-, 47(7), 195–198.
Tsakos, P., Siarkou, V., Kastanidou, C., and Papadopoulos, O. (2001). Epidemiological survey in sheep and goats for chlamydia and brucella (In Greek). Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society, 52(5), 410–421.
Vlahović, K., Dovč, A., and Lasta, P. (2006). Zoonotic aspects of animal chlamydioses-a review. Veterinarski Arhiv, 76, S259–S274.
Witkin, S. S., Minis, E., Athanasiou, A., Leizer, J., and Linhares, I. M. (2017). Chlamydia trachomatis: the persistent pathogen. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, 24(10), e00203-17.
Abad, R., Elhafi, G. E., Vijayan, R., and Kumar, S. (2011). Studies on Carrier State of Chlamydophila abortus in Naturally Infected Sheep. Current Trends in Biotechnology and Pharmacy, 5(2), 1123–1129.
Ahmad, R. B. (2013). Seroprevalence and Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in aborted ewes and does in Sulaimanyhia province. M.Sc. thesis. College of Veterinary Medicine. University of Duhok.
Aitken, I. D. and Longbottom, D. (2007). Chlamydial abortion. In: In Diseases of sheep. (4th ed., pp. 105-112.). Aitken I.D. Blackwell Scientific Ltd, Oxford, UK.
Aitken, I. D. (2000). Chlamydial abortion. In W. . Martin (Ed.), Diseases of sheep. (3rd ed. Ed, pp. 81–86). Blackwell Science, Oxford.
Al-Dabagh, I. I., Jasim, B. M., and Jarjees, M. T. (2014). Seroprevalence of antibodies to toxoplasmosis, brucellosis and chlamydiosis in abortive sheep in Nineveh governorate, Iraq. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 28(1).
Al-Naqshabendy, A. A. (2012). Diagnosis of brucellosis in aborted small ruminants using conventional methods and PCR technique. Ph.D. Thesis. College of Veterinary Medicine. University of Duhok.
Al-Neaemy, H. (1999). Isolation and serological diagnosis of Chlamydia psittaci in aborted ewes and their owners. M.Sc thesis. College of Veterinary Medicine . University of Baghdad.
Al-Qudah, K. M., Sharif, L. A., Raouf, R. Y., Hailat, N. Q., and Al-Domy, F. M. (2004). Seroprevalence of antibodies to Chlamydophila abortus shown in Awassi sheep and local goats in Jordan. Veterinární Medicína, 49(12), 460.
AL-TABBAA, M. F., ALLOUZ, A. K. K., and ALOMAR, Y. (2020). SEROPREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS OF CHLAMYDIA ABORTUS INFECTION IN AWASI SHEEP IN HAMA GOVERNORATE IN THE MIDDLE REGION OF SYRIA. Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal, 66(167).
Alderton, S. (2013). Analyse lamb losses now. Farmers Weekly Interactive. http://www.fwi.co.uk/livestock/analyse-lamb-losses-now.htm
Aljumaah, R. S., and Hussein, M. F. (2012). Serological prevalence of ovine and caprine chlamydophilosis in Riyadh region, Saudi Arabia. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 6(11), 2654–2658.
Ameen, A. M., Abdulaziz, N. S., and Ghaffar, N. M. (2023). Molecular Detection and Associated Risk Factors of Brucella melitensis in Aborted Sheep and Goats in Duhok Province, Iraq. Pathogens, 12(4), 544.
Anonymous. (2004). OIE manuel of diagnostic tests and vaccines for terreestrial animals (5th ed). Chap.
Aras, Z., Gölen, G. S., Sayın, Z., and Haydardedeoğlu, A. E. (2021). Identification of chlamydophila abortus in abomasum content of aborted sheep and goats by PCR.
Black, C. M. (1997). Current methods of laboratory diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 10(1), 160–184.
Burgener, A.-V., Seth-Smith, H. M. B., Kern-Baumann, S., Durovic, A., Blaich, A., Menter, T., Bruder, E., Roloff, T., Martinez, A., and Borel, N. (2022). A case study of zoonotic chlamydia abortus infection: diagnostic challenges from clinical and microbiological perspectives. Open Forum Infectious Diseases, 9(10), ofac524.
Cislakova, L., Halánová, M., Kovacova, D., and Stefancikova, A. (2007). Occurrence of antibodies against Chlamydophila abortus in sheep and goats in the Slovak Republic. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 14(2).
Coles, E. H. (1986). Veterinary clinical pathology . (4th ed.). W.B. Saunders Company, London. pp .
Dagnall, G. J., and Wilsmore, A. J. (1990). A simple staining method for the identification of chlamydial elementary bodies in the fetal membranes of sheep affected by ovine enzootic abortion. Veterinary Microbiology, 21(3), 233–239.
Dhahir E A. (2020). Molecular Investigation of Some Virulence Factors of Chlamydia abortus Isolated from Aborted Ewes in Slemani Province.
EL BERBAWY, S. M., and AS EL-KHABAZ, K. (2014). CHLAMYDIA INFECTION IN ABORTED AND CLINICALLY HEALTHY EWES IN ASSIUT GOVERNORATE USING MICROSCOPICAL EXAMINATION AND ELISA. Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal, 60(142), 23–28.
Essig, A., and Longbottom, D. (2015). Chlamydia abortus: new aspects of infectious abortion in sheep and potential risk for pregnant women. Current Clinical Microbiology Reports, 2, 22–34.
Ghorbanpoor, M., Goraninejad, S., and Heydari, R. (2007). Serological study on enzootic abortion of ewes in Ahvaz, Iran. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 6(10), 1194–1196.
Huang, S. Y., Wu, S. M., Xu, M. J., Zhou, D. H., Danba, C., Gong, G., and Zhu, X. Q. (2013). First record of Chlamydia abortus seroprevalence in Tibetan sheep in Tibet, China. Small Ruminant Research, 112(1–3), 243–245.
IDEXX Animal Health Updates. (2011). Available at: https://www.idexx.com/pdf/en_us/livestock-poultry/abortive-disease-information-brochure.pdf
Jury, B., Fleming, C., Huston, W. M., and Luu, L. D. W. (2023). Molecular pathogenesis of Chlamydia trachomatis. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 13.
Kalender, H., Kiliç, A., Eröksüz, H., Muz, A., Kilinç, Ü., and Taşdemir, B. (2013). Identification of Chlamydophila abortus infection in aborting ewes and goats in Eastern Turkey. Rev Med Vet, 164(6), 295–301.
Kennedy, H. E., McCullough, S. J., Graham, D., Cassidy, J., Malone, F. E., and Ellis, W. A. (2001). Detection of chlamydial antibody by fetal serology—an aid to the diagnosis of ovine abortion. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 13(1), 30–35.
Longbottom, D.; Fairly, S.; Chapman , S.; Psarrou, E.; Vretou, E. and Livingstone, M. (2004). Serological diagnosis of ovine enzootic abortion by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with a recombinant protein fragment of thepolymorphic outer membrane protein POMP90 of Chlamydophila abortus. J. Clin. Microbiol, 40, 4235-4243.
Longbottom, D., Fairley, S., Chapman, S., Psarrou, E., Vretou, E., and Livingstone, M. (2002). Serological diagnosis of ovine enzootic abortion by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with a recombinant protein fragment of the polymorphic outer membrane protein POMP90 of Chlamydophila abortus. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 40(11), 4235–4243.
Markey, B.; Leonard, F.; Archambault, M.; Cullinane, A. and Maguire, D. (2013). Clinical Veterinary Microbiology (2nd ed). Mosby Elsevier, New York.
Mikaeel FB; Taha ZM; Omer LT. (2016). Sero-prevalence of Chlamydophila abortus in goat farms in Duhok Province-Iraq. AL-Qadisiya Journal of Vet. Med. Sci., 15(1), 34–37.
Mikail, F. (2011). Serodiagnosis of anti-toxoplasma antibodies in aborted ewes in some localities of Duhok province. College of Veterinary Medicine . University of Duhok.
Nassrulla, O. J. (2007). Serosurvay of brucellosis in sheep and goat in Sulaimanyah governorate. M.Sc. Thesis. College of Veterinary Medicine. University of Duhok.
OIE Terrestrial Manual . Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals. World Organisation for Animal Health; Paris, France: 2023. Office International des Epizooties. Chapter 3.8.5—Enzootic abortion of ewes (ovine chlamydiosis). (n.d.).
Osman, W. A. (2013). Comparative evaluation of indirect ELISA, CF test and PCR for diagnosis of ovine enzootic abortion (Ovine chlamydophilosis). Global Veterinaria, 11(1), 65–70.
Otlu, S., Sahin, M., Unver, A., and Celebi, O. (2007). Detection of Brucella melitensis and Chlamydophila abortus antibodies in aborting sheep in the Kars province of Turkey. Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Puławy, 51(4).
Papp, J. R., Shewen, P. E., and Gartley, C. J. (1994). Abortion and subsequent excretion of chlamydiae from the reproductive tract of sheep during estrus. Infection and Immunity, 62(9), 3786–3792.
Pinheiro Junior, J. W.; Mota, R. A.; Piatti, R. M.; Oliveira, A. D.; Silva, A. D. and Abreu, S. D. (2010). Seroprevalence of antibodies to Chlamydophila abortus in ovine in the State of Alagoas, Brazil. Brazilian J. of Microbiol, 41(2), 358–364.
Pospíšil, L., Věžník, Z., Zralý, Z., and Diblikova, I. (2000). Systemic dissemination of Chlamydiae after genital infection in rabbits. Veterinární Medicína, 45(6), 159–161.
Radostits, O. M., Gay, C. C., Hinchcliff, K. W., and Constable, P. D. (2006). Veterinary Medicine E-Book: A textbook of the diseases of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs and goats. Elsevier Health Sciences.
Rocchi, M. S., Wattegedera, S., Meridiani, I., and Entrican, G. (2009). Protective adaptive immunity to Chlamydophila abortus infection and control of ovine enzootic abortion (OEA). Veterinary Microbiology, 135(1–2), 112–121.
Rodolakis, A., and Mohamad, K. Y. (2010). Zoonotic potential of Chlamydophila. Veterinary Microbiology, 140(3–4), 382–391.
Rodolakis, A., Nettleton, P., and Benkirane, A. (1998). Manual for laboratory diagnosis of infectious abortions in small ruminants.
Sachse, K., Vretou, E., Livingstone, M., Borel, N., Pospischil, A., and Longbottom, D. (2009). Recent developments in the laboratory diagnosis of chlamydial infections. Veterinary Microbiology, 135(1–2), 2–21.
Schoenwald, E., Schmidt, B. L., Steinmetz, G., Hosmann, J., Pohla-Gubo, G., Luger, A., and Gasser, G. (1988). Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infection—culture versus serology. European Journal of Epidemiology, 4, 75–82.
Selim, A., Manaa, E. A., Waheed, R. M., and Alanazi, A. D. (2021). Seroprevalence, associated risk factors analysis and first molecular characterization of chlamydia abortus among Egyptian sheep. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 74, 101600.
Stone, D. M.; Kumthekar, S.; Chikweto, A.; Thomas, D.; Tiwari, K. and Sharma, R. N. (2012). Exposure to zoonotic abortifacients among sheep and goats in Grenada. Inter. J. of Anim. and Vet. Advan, 4(2), 113–118.
Timoney, J. F.; Gillespie, J. H.; Scott, F. W. and Barlough, J. E. (1988a). Hagan and Bruner’s microbiology and infectious diseases of domestic animals. (8th ed.). Cornell University Press, USA.
Timoney, J. F.; Gillespie, J. H.; Scott, F. W. and Barlough, J. E. (1988b). Hagan and Bruner’s microbiology and infectious diseases of domestic animals (8th ed.). Cornell University Press, USA.
Travnicek, M., Kovacova, D., Bhide, M. R., Zubricky, P., and Cislakova, L. (2002). Field evaluation of an iELISA and CF test for detection of IgG antibodies against Chlamydophila abortus in goats, sheep and rams. VETERINARNI MEDICINA-PRAHA-, 47(7), 195–198.
Tsakos, P., Siarkou, V., Kastanidou, C., and Papadopoulos, O. (2001). Epidemiological survey in sheep and goats for chlamydia and brucella (In Greek). Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society, 52(5), 410–421.
Vlahović, K., Dovč, A., and Lasta, P. (2006). Zoonotic aspects of animal chlamydioses-a review. Veterinarski Arhiv, 76, S259–S274.
Witkin, S. S., Minis, E., Athanasiou, A., Leizer, J., and Linhares, I. M. (2017). Chlamydia trachomatis: the persistent pathogen. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, 24(10), e00203-17.
منشور
2024-05-08
كيفية الاقتباس
MAHMOOD, S. L., & AL-NAQSHABENDY, A. A. (2024). PREVALENCE OF CHLAMYDOPHILA ABORTUS IN ABORTED SMALL RUMINANTS IN SLEMANI AND DUHOK GOVERNORATES. مجلة جامعة دهوك, 26(2), 171-182. https://doi.org/10.26682/ajuod.2023.26.2.17
القسم
Agriculture and Veterinary Science
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