PHYSICOCHEMICAL QUALITY EVALUATION OF SOME BRANDS OF BOTTLED WATER IN KURDISTAN REGION, IRAQ: COMPARISON OF ANALYTICAL RESULTS WITH LABELS AND STANDARDS
Keywords:
Bottled water, Water standards, Iraqi's standards, Physicochemical parameters
Abstract
The production and consumption of bottled water have increased dramatically over the last decades. Kurdistan region of Iraq is one of the areas that have a large number of brands of bottled water. However, periodic quality assessment of the quality of bottled waters is very necessary to guarantee their suitability for human consumption. Accordingly, 136 samples of bottled water were collected randomly from different markets and supermarkets in Duhok city, Kurdistan region, Iraq, and were analyzed for their major physicochemical characteristics including: calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl-), sulfate (SO42-), nitrate (NO3-), pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity and total hardness (TH). The data were analyzed statistically and compared to the labels and Iraqi's standards (IQS: 417, 2001) and other international standards. The obtained results indicated that, except Ca2+ at brands (Evain, Kara and Kani) and K+ at brand (Kani), almost all the values obtained in the laboratory were lower than the maximum permissible limits set by Iraqi's standards and other international standards for drinking water. In regard to the comparison between the laboratory and reported labels values, there was a huge variation in most of the studied parameters values. It was observed that the majority of parameters values (about 86.7% on average) tested in the laboratory were higher than the label values and some (about 12.2%) were lower than label values, while only 1.1% has the same values as labels. In the light of these finding, it can be suggested that the monitoring agencies and authorities should plan effective monitoring programs for companies producing bottled drinking water.
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References
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Al Fraij Khalefa M., Mohammed K., Abd El Aleem and Hamad Al Ajmy, Comparative study of potable and mineral waters available in the State of Kuwait, Desalination 123, no. 2-3 (1999), 253-264.
Al-Omran A.M., El-Maghraby S.E., Aly A.A., Al-Wabel M.I., Al-Asmari Z.A. and Nadeem M.E., Quality assessment of various bottled waters marketed in Saudi Arabia. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 185(8) (2013), 6397-6406. DOI:10.1007/s10661-012-3032-z
Amogne W.T., Labeling practices of water bottling firms and its public health perspective in Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Health Development, 30(2) (2016), 79-87.
APHA (American Public Health Association), WPCF, Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC, (1995).
Azoulay A., Garzon P. and Eisenberg M.J. Comparison of the mineral content of tap water and bottled waters. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(3) (2001), 168-175. DOI: 10.1111/j.1525- 1497.2001.04189.x
Barakat A., Meddah R., Afdali M. and Touhami F., Physicochemical and microbial assessment of spring water quality for drinking supply in Piedmont of Béni-Mellal Atlas (Morocco). Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 104 (2018), 39-46.
Bertoldi D., Bontempo L., Larcher R., Nicolini G., Voerkelius S., Lorenz, G.D., Ueckermann H., Froeschl H., Baxter M.J., Hoogewerff J. and Brereton P., Survey of the chemical composition of 571 European bottled mineral waters. Journal of food composition and analysis, 24(3) (2011), 376-385. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2010.07.005
Birke M., Rauch U., Harazim B., Lorenz H. and Glatte W., Major and trace elements in German bottled water, their regional distribution, and accordance with national and international standards. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 107(3) (2010), 245-271. DOI: 10.1016/j.gexplo.2010.06.002
Carstea E.M., Levei E.A., Hoaghia M.A. and Savastru R. Quality assessment of Romanian bottled mineral water and tap water. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 188(9) (2016), 521. DOI:10.1007/s10661-016-5531-9
Cemek M., Akkaya L., Birdane Y.O., Seyrek K., Bulut S. and Konuk M., Nitrate and nitrite levels in fruity and natural mineral waters marketed in western Turkey. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 20(3-4) (2007), 236-240. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2006.12.003
Cidu R., Frau F. and Tore P., Drinking water quality: Comparing inorganic components in bottled water and Italian tap water. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 24(2) (2011), 184-193. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2010.08.005
Diduch M., Polkowska Ż. and Namieśnik J., Chemical quality of bottled waters: a review. Journal of food science, 76(9) (2011), R178-R196. DOI:10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02386.x
EEC (European Economic Community, Council Directive 98/83/EC of 3 November 1998 on the quality of water intended for human consumption. Official Journal L 330/32, 05.12.1998, (1998).
EPA (Environmental Protection Agency), 2018 Edition of the Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisories Washington, DC, USA, (2018). [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018-03/documents/dwtable2018.pdf. [Accessed 20 Jul. 2018].
FAO and WHO., Food labeling. Fourth edition. Rome, Italy, (2007). [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.fao.org/tempref/codex/Publications/Booklets/Labelling/Labelling_2007_EN.pdf. [Accessed 20 Jul. 2018].
Ferrier C., Bottled water: understanding a social phenomenon. Ambio, 30(2) (2001), 118-119.
FDA (Food and Drug Administration), Guidance for industry: a food labeling guide. Food and Drug Administration, Washington, DC, USA, 2008. [online] Available at: https://www.fda.gov/downloads/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/UCM265446.pdf. [Accessed 20 Jul. 2018].
Gazete R., Ic-ilebilir nitelikteki suların istihsali, ambalajlanması, satıs-ı ve denetlenmesi hakkında yonetmelik. Resmi Gazete, 23144. In Turkey, (1997).
Güler C. and Alpaslan M., Mineral content of 70 bottled water brands sold on the Turkish market: assessment of their compliance with current regulations. Journal of Food composition and Analysis, 22(7-8) (2009), 728-737. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2009.03.004
Güler C., Evaluation of maximum contaminant levels in Turkish bottled drinking waters utilizing parameters reported on manufacturer's labeling and government-issued production licenses. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 20(3-4) (2007), 262-272. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2006.10.005
IBWA (International Bottled Water Association). (2009). Model bottled water regulation. Alexandria, Va., USA. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.bottledwater.org/files/IBWA%20Code%20of%20Practice%20Updated%202009%20Final_0.p df . [Accessed 20 Jul. 2018].
Ikem A., Odueyungbo S., Egiebor N.O. and Nyavor K., Chemical quality of bottled waters from three cities in eastern Alabama. Science of the total environment, 285(1-3) (2002), 165-175. DOI: 10.1016/S0048-9697(01)00915-9
IQS, (Iraqi drinking water standard:417), Central Organization for Quality Control and Standardization, Council of Ministers, Republic of Iraq, (2001).
Kassir M.G., Dawood L.M. and Fuad F., Quality Assurance for Iraqi Bottled Water Specifications. Journal of Engineering, 21(10) (2015), 114-132. DOI:10.5376/ijms.2016.06.0017
Khan N.B. and Chohan A.N., Accuracy of bottled drinking water label content. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 166(1-4) (2010), 169-176.
Mesa J.C., Armendáriz C.R. and de la Torre A.H., Nitrate intake from drinking water on Tenerife Island (Spain). Science of the total environment, 302(1-3) (2003), 85-92. DOI: 10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00341-8
Miranzadeh M.B. and Marzaleh M.A., Assessing the Chemical Components of some Iranian Brands of Bottled Water. International Archives of Health Sciences, 2(3) (2015), 125-128.
Moazeni M., Atefi M., Ebrahimi A., Razmjoo P. and Vahid Dastjerdi M., Evaluation of chemical and microbiological quality in 21 brands of Iranian bottled drinking waters in 2012: a comparison study on label and real contents. Journal of environmental and public health, 2013, (2013). DOI: 10.1155/2013/469590
Mohsen D.E.H.G.H.A.N.I., Saeid N.A.Z.E.M.I., Hajer S.H.A.H.S.A.V.A.R. and Pyrasteh N., Quality assessment of 30 various brands of bottled drinking waters in Iran. Environment Protection Engineering, 42(4) (2016), 65-73. DOI: 10.5277/epe160405
Motsara M.R. and Roy R.N., Guide to laboratory establishment for plant nutrient analysis (Vol. 19). Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, (2008).
Nkono N.A. and Asubiojo O.I., Trace elements in bottled and soft drinks in Nigeria—a preliminary study. Science of the total environment, 208(3) (1997), 161-163. DOI: 10.1016/S0048-9697(97)00289-1
Quattrini S., Pampaloni B. and Brandi M.L., Natural mineral waters: chemical characteristics and health effects. Clinical Cases in Mineral and Bone Metabolism, 13(3) (2016), 173-180. DOI:10.11138/ccmbm/2016.13.3.173
Radha M., Quality Assessment of Various Bottled-Water Andtap-Water in Kirkuk-Iraq. International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, 4(6) (2014), 08-15.
Ragusa A.T. and Crampton A., To buy or not to buy? Perceptions of bottled drinking water in Australia and New Zealand. Human ecology, 44(5) (2016), 565-576. DOI: 10.1007/s10745-016-9845-6
Saad B., Pok F.W., Sujari A.N.A. and Saleh M.I., Analysis of anions and cations in drinking water samples by capillary ion analysis. Food chemistry, 61(1-2) (1998), 249-254. DOI:10.1016/S0308-8146(97)00024-1
Semerjian L.A., Quality assessment of various bottled waters marketed in Lebanon. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 172(1-4) (2011), 275-285. DOI:10.1007/s10661-010-1333-7
Statista, Bottled water consumption worldwide, 2017 Statistic, (2018). [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/387255/global-bottled-water-consumption/. [Accessed 12 July 2018].
William J.C. and Frank R.R., World Water Vision: making water everybody's business. World Water Council, Tanet Press, UK, (2000).
WHO (World Health Organization), Guidelines for drinking-water quality: first addendum to the fourth edition, (2017). [ONLINE] Available at: apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/254637/1/9789241549950-eng.pdf. [Accessed 20 Jul. 2018].
Published
2019-08-01
How to Cite
AMEEN, H. A. (2019). PHYSICOCHEMICAL QUALITY EVALUATION OF SOME BRANDS OF BOTTLED WATER IN KURDISTAN REGION, IRAQ: COMPARISON OF ANALYTICAL RESULTS WITH LABELS AND STANDARDS. Journal of Duhok University, 22(1), 221-233. https://doi.org/10.26682/avuod.2019.22.1.21
Section
Agriculture and Veterinary Science
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