English Civil Wars 1642-1649 "A Study of Its Origins, events and the most Important Consequences"
Keywords:
التاريخ الحديث, تأريخ إنجلترا, البرلمان الإنجليزي, الحرب الأهلية, محاكمة الملك تشارلز الأول
Abstract
The English historians agree that the civil English war had complex intellectual roots between the two most powerful forces in England, the parliament and the king. The struggle started between them when King Charles I dissolved the parliament in 1625. This happened because the parliament refused to provide the king with the money he asked for his war with Spain. Besides, the English Parliament, led by John Beam, felt that the king favored the Roman Catholic, especially after his marriage from the French Roman Catholic princess Henrietta Maria in the 1st of May 1625. It is worth mentioning that the English civil war constantly and directly held balance of powers between the king and the parliament in England. Power and politics were two vital factors for social standards in England in the third and fourth decades of the seventeenth century. This was the beginning of struggle between the parliament and the king. Although the discussions between the two sides continued until March 1641, the king’s insistence on his individual political decisions without taking the English parliament approval along with the religious conflicts referred to the inevitability of war between the two sides.
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References
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(47) Wallace, Twenty-Two Turbulent…, P. 7; Gaunt, Peter. The English Civil War: A Military History. New York, 2014. P. 42.
(48) Newman, P. R. ATLAS of the English Civil War. Routledge: London and New York, 2005. P. 5; Wallace, Twenty-Two Turbulent…, P. 12.
(49) Wallace, Twenty-Two Turbulent…, P. 16.
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(70) Worden, Blair. The Rump Parliament 1648-53. London: Cambridge University Press, 1974. P. 171.
(71) Holmes, Clive. “The Trial and Execution of Charles I.” The Historical Journal 53, no. 2 (2010).
(72) Ibid, P. 291
(73) Guizot, M. and Andrew Richard Scoble. ed. History of Oliver Cromwell and the English Commonwealth: From the Execution of Charles the First to the Death of Cromwell. 2nd ed. R. Bentley, 1854. Pp. 9-10.
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(77) Mortimer, Sarah. Reason And Religion In The English Revolution. Cambridge university press, 2010. Pp. 220-225.
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(2) Carlton, Charles. Going to the Wars: The Experience of the British Civil Wars 1638-1651. Routledge, 2002. Pp.211-214;"English Civil Wars." Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica, 2015.
(3) Merriman, John. A history of modern Europe: from the Renaissance to the present. New York: WW Norton & Company, 2010. Pp.214-215.
(4) Russell, Conrad. The Causes of the English Civil War: The Ford Lectures. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990. P.98.
(5) Hill, Christopher. The English Revolution 1640. Lawrence & Wishart, 1940. P.16.
(6) Pelz, William A. A people's history of modern Europe. Pluto Press, 2016. P.35.
(7)Petegorsky, David W. "Class Forces in the English Civil War." Science & Society (1942). Pp.111-112; Thirsk, Joan. The agrarian history of England and Wales. Vol. 9. CUP Archive, 1989. Pp.119-123.
(8) Russell, The Causes of the English…, P.99.
(9) Guizot, M. History of the English Revolution: From the Accession of Charles I. DA Talboys, 1838. P.50.
(10) Browning, Charles Henry. Magna Charta Barons and their Descendants. Baltimore 1969. Pp.9-40.
(11) Vincent, Nicholas. Magna Carta: a very short introduction. OUP Oxford, 2012. Pp.72-87.
(12) Ackroyd, Peter. Rebellion: The History of England from James I to the Glorious Revolution. Vol. 3. Macmillan, 2014. Pp.65-66.
(13) Willson, David Harris. King James VI and I. London, 1956. Pp.422-423.
(14) Croft, Pauline. King James. Macmillan International Higher Education, 2002. Pp.182-188.
(15) Morrill, John." The Causes and Course of the British Civil Wars" in Keeble, Neil Howard, ed. The Cambridge companion to writing of the English Revolution. Cambridge University Press, 2001. Pp.14-16; Tallett, Frank. War and Society in Early Modern Europe: 1495-1715. Routledge, 2010. Pp.98.99.
(16) Lace, William W. Oliver Cromwell and the English Civil War in World History. Enslow Pub Inc, 2003. P.22; Fisher, Herbert A. L. The republican tradition in Europe. London, 1911. P.40.
(17) Robinson, J. Harvey, James H. Breasted, and Emma P. Smith. A General History of Europe: From the Origins of Civilization to the Present Time. Ginn, 1921. Pp.353-354;
(18) Dietz, Frederick Charles. English public fi-nance, 1558-1641. Century Company, 1932. P.393.
(19) Weil, Rachel. "Thinking about allegiance in the English Civil War." In History Workshop Journal, vol. 61, no. 1, 2006. Pp.183-185.
(20) Hill, Christopher. The century of revolution: 1603–1714. Routledge, 2014. P.55.
(21) Newton, A. P. "The Colonizing Activities of the English Puritans (New Haven, 1914)." Newton the Colonizing Activities of the English Puritans1914. Pp.236-247; Tyacke, N. "The Puritan Paradigm of English Politics, 1558-1642." The Historical Journal 53, no. 3 (2010). p.547.
(22) Lamont, William. "Richard Baxter, 'Popery' and the Origins of the English Civil War." History 87, no. 287 (2002). Pp.336-339.
(23) Stone, Lawrence. The causes of the English Revolution 1529-1642. Routledge, 2017. Pp.135-136.
(24) Clifton, Robin. "The popular fear of Catholics during the English Revolution." Past & Present 52 (1971). Pp.23-24.
(25) Vallance, Edward. "Preaching to the converted: Religious justifications for the English civil war." Huntington Library Quarterly 65, no. 3/4 (2002). Pp.401-403.
(26) Worden, Blair. The English Civil Wars 1640-1661. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2009. Pp. 6-7.
(27) Edward, “Preaching to the Converted…”, pp. 404-407; Fissel, Mark Charles. The Bishops’ Wars: Charles I’s Campaigns Against Scotland 1638-1640. Cambridge University Press, 1994. Pp. 1-10.
(28) Braddick, Michael. Fury, God’s, England’s Fire: A New History of the English Civil Wars. Panguim: UK, 2008. Pp. 2-3; Guizot. History of the English Civil Revolution of 1640…., Pp.70-80.
(29) Clark, Peter. The Cambridge Urban History of Britain 1540-1840. Vol. 11. Cambridge University Press, 2008. Pp. 251-252.
(30) Hill, Christopher. The world turned upside down: Radical ideas during the English revolu-tion. London: Penguin Book, 1991. Pp.21-22.
(31) Gentles, Ian J. The English Revolution and the Wars in the Three Kingdoms, 1638-1652. Routledge, 2014. Pp.38-48.
(32) Russell, The Causes of the English Civil War…, Pp.252-257.
(33) Morrill, John. "The Religious Context of the English Civil War." Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 34 (1984). Pp.171-172.
(34) Stone, The causes of the English Revolution…, P.155.
(35) Sommerville, Johann P. "English and European political ideas in the early seventeenth century: revisionism and the case of absolutism." Journal of British Studies 35, no. 2 (1996). Pp.193-194.
(36) Hughes, Ann. "The king, the parliament, and the localities during the English Civil War." Journal of British Studies 24, no. 2 (1985). Pp.236-240; Donagan, Barbara. "Codes and conduct in the English civil war." Past & Present 118 (1988). Pp.71-74.
(37) Thomas, Robert. Civil Society and The English Civil War. London: Librarian an Alliance, 1992. P. 1.
(38) Wallace, David C. Twenty-Two Turbulent Years 1639-1661. England, 2013. P. 6; Wanklyn and Jones, A Military History …, P. 7.
(39) Batten, Joseph Minton. "Life of Alexander Henderson. " Journal of the Presbyterian Historical Society 9, no. 5 (1918). P. 226.
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(41) Morrill, John. Revolt in the Provinces: The People of England and the Tragedies of War 1630-1648. Routledge: New York, 2014. P.17; Thomas, Civil Society and…, P. 2; Wallace, Twenty-Two Turbulent…, P. 7.
(42) Morrill, Revolt in the Province…, p. 17.
(43) Wanklyn, Malcolm and Frank Jones. A Mili-tary History of the English Civil War: 1642-1649. Routledge, 2014. P. 7.
(44) Mnning, Brain. “The Outbreak of the English Civil War” R. H. Perry. ed. The English Civil War and After 1642-1658. University of California Press, 1970. Pp. 1-2
(45) Morrill, John. ed. Problems In Focus: Reac-tion to the English Civil War,1642-1649. The Macmillan Press, 1982. Pp. 16-17.
(46) Morrill, Ibid; Hamilton, Charles L. “Scotland, Ireland and the English Civil War”. The North America Conference on British Studies, no. 2 (1975). P. 126.
(47) Wallace, Twenty-Two Turbulent…, P. 7; Gaunt, Peter. The English Civil War: A Military History. New York, 2014. P. 42.
(48) Newman, P. R. ATLAS of the English Civil War. Routledge: London and New York, 2005. P. 5; Wallace, Twenty-Two Turbulent…, P. 12.
(49) Wallace, Twenty-Two Turbulent…, P. 16.
(50) Bull, Stephen. The Furie Of The Ordnance. Woodbridge: Boydell & amp, 2008. Pp. 150-157.
(51) Cooke, David. Civil War in Yorkshire. Havertown: Pen and Sword,2004. Pp. 60-70.
(52) Feldman, Stephen M. "The English Refor-mation, Civil War And Revolution". In Please Don't Wish Me A Merry Christmas. NYU Press, 2006. P. 87.
(53)Burne, Alfred Higgins, and Robert Hardy. The Battlefields of England. England: Pen & Sword Military Classic, 2005. Pp. 430-435.
(54)Carlyle, Thomas. The Works of Thomas Car-lyle. Vol. 4. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Pp. 230-235.
(55) Nolan, Cathal J. “The Age of Wars of Reli-gions, 1000-1650”. An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization. British Library: Greenwood Press, 2006. P. 140.
(56) Gregg, Pauline. King Charles I. London, 1981. p. 411.
(57) Jones, Philip. Mariners, Merchants and the Military too - A History of the British Empire. Lulu.com, n.d. Pp. 348-367.
(58) Little, Patrick. The English Civil Wars: A Beginner’s Guide. Oneworld, 2014. Pp. 42-48.
(59) Spencer, Charles. Killers Of The King: The Men Who Dared to Execute Charles I. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2014. Pp. 216-232.
(60) Elas, Jacqueline. "Kent And The English Civil Wars 1640-1660". In Government And Politics In Kent 1640-1914. Kent: The boydell Press, 2001. P. 26.
(61) Eggenberger, David. An Encyclopedia of Battles: Accounts of Over 1,560 Battles from 1479 B.C. to the Present. United State: Dover Publications Inc, 1985. P. 346.
(62) Coward, Barry. The Stuart Age: Eng-land, I603-I714. London, 2003. P.237; Robertson, Geoffrey. The Tyrannicide Brief: The Story of the Man Who Sent Charles I to the Scafffold. London, 2005. P.118.
(63) Hibbert, Christopher, Charles I. London. 1968. P.251; Starkey, David. Monarchy: from the Middle ages to Modernity. Harper Collins UK, 2007. Pp.122-124.
(64) Edwards, Graham, The Last Days of Charles I, Sutton Pub Limited, 1999. Pp. 84-85.
(65) Holmes, Clive. Why Was Charles I Executed?. London, 2007. Pp. 94-124; Wedgwood, C. V. A King Condemned: The Trial And Execution Of Charles I. London: Tauris Parke Paperbacks, 2011. P. 25.
(66) lagomarsino, david, and charles T. wood. ed. The Trial Of Charles I: A Documentary History. London: University Press New England, 1989. Pp. 52-69; Smith, Charles Anthony. The Rise And Fall Of War Crimes Trials: From Charles I To Bush II. Cambridge University Press, 2012. Pp. 39-45.
(67) Spencer, Killers Of The King…, Pp. 248-262; Phelps, John and John Nalson. ed. The Trial of Charles the First, King of England, Before the High Court of Justice for High-Treason: Began January 20, in the 24 Year of his Reign and Continued to the 27th. Great Britain: High Court of Justice for the Trying and Judging of Charles Stuart, King of England, 1740. P. 24.
(68) Wedgwood. A King Condemned…, Pp. 119-130.
(69) Gregg, King Charles…, Pp. 440-441; Hibbert, Charles I, P. 267.
(70) Worden, Blair. The Rump Parliament 1648-53. London: Cambridge University Press, 1974. P. 171.
(71) Holmes, Clive. “The Trial and Execution of Charles I.” The Historical Journal 53, no. 2 (2010).
(72) Ibid, P. 291
(73) Guizot, M. and Andrew Richard Scoble. ed. History of Oliver Cromwell and the English Commonwealth: From the Execution of Charles the First to the Death of Cromwell. 2nd ed. R. Bentley, 1854. Pp. 9-10.
(74) Guizot, M. History Of Oliver Cromwell And The English Commonwealth, From The Execution Of Charles The First To The Death Of Cromwell. Vol 2. London, 1854. Pp. 106-111.
(75) Neal, Daniel, John Overton Choules, and Joshua Toulmin. The History of The Puritans; or, Protestant Non-Conformists ... Reprinted From the Text of Dr. Toulmin's Edition, With his Life of the Author and Account of his Writings. Revised, Corrected, and Enlarged. Vol. 1. New York: Harper& Brothers, 1843. Pp. 134-135.
(76) Anievas, alexander, and kerem nisancioglu. "The 'Classical' Bourgeois Revolutions in The History of Uneven and Combined Development". In How the West Come to Rule. Pluto press, 2015. Pp. 192-196.
(77) Mortimer, Sarah. Reason And Religion In The English Revolution. Cambridge university press, 2010. Pp. 220-225.
(78) Harrington, Peter. Archaeology of The English Civil War. Shire Publication, 1992. Pp. 10-12.
Published
2019-08-27
How to Cite
Mohammedameen, S. S., & Mahmada, S. S. (2019). English Civil Wars 1642-1649 "A Study of Its Origins, events and the most Important Consequences". Journal of Duhok University, 21(2), 633-647. Retrieved from https://journal.uod.ac/index.php/uodjournal/article/view/373
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Humanities and Social Sciences
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