THINKING STYLES AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO SELF-IMAGE AMONG WOMEN IN KURDISTAN REGION/ IRAQ
Abstract
Purpose: thinking styles are important because collaboration and communication can be difficult if thinking differences are not acknowledged and addresses. Importantly, thinking style and identity are strongly statistically related. As, self-image has directly an affect on person’s feeling, thinking, behaving in the environment. The study firstly, aimed to measure the level of thinking styles and Self-image among participants then secondly to examine statistical differences in both variables according to ‘occupations and governorates’. And lastly it aimed to discover the relationship between thinking styles and self-image among women in Kurdistan Region/ Iraq.
Methods: 250 women were selected from two governorates ‘Erbil and Sulaymaniyeh =125 in each’. To measure thinking styles, the study relied on (Sternberg & Wanger, 1994) scale, which generally consisted of 140 items and divided to 5 factors (Function, Form, Level, Scope and Leaning) and 13 subscales. However, the researchers used the short version of the scale that consisted of 60 items. To measure self-image, the study prepared the scale through relaying on exploratory method and a part of Offer self-image questionnaire-1992 (OSIQ) and adopting the theory of Carl Rogers. The thinking styles scale consisted of 60 items with the percentage of validity (85% and over) and reliability (86%) as well as the reliability for each styles of thinking was (Function 76%, Form 84%, Level 77%, Scope 79% and Leaning 80%). The second scale consisted of 24 items with the percentage of validity (85%) and reliability (85%).
Results: the results showed that the level of all styles of thinking were significant among women. However, the level of self-image was low among participated women and it is significant for the benefit to society. There were also significant differences between the variable occupations and the only two styles of thinking (form and leaning), however there were no significant main differences between the variable governorates and all styles of thinking. Regarding self-image, the result showed no significant differences between neither occupation and self-image, or governorates and self-image. To fulfill the last aim of the study, result found a positive relationship and statistically significant between self-image and the only two styles of thinking (Function and Form).
Conclusions: it is suggested that future researches are needed to further explore the relation between different variables and other demographic factors with both self-image and thinking styles
Downloads
References
Ackerman, C. (2018, January 1). What Is Self-Concept Theory? A Psychologist Explains. from https://positivepsychology.com/self-concept/
Albrecht, K. (1983, January 1). Theory Of Thinking Styles (Mindex Theory of Thinking Styles). from https://www.karlalbrecht.com/mindex/mindextheory.htm
Ashoori, E., Khorshidi, A., & Khosravi, A. A. (2015). A Survey on Relationship between Thinking Styles and Job Satisfaction on Managers`Job Performance. Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Sciences, 5(10S), 335-540.
Atkinson, R. L., Atkinson, R. C., Smith, E. E., Bem, D. J., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1996). Hilgard’s introduction to psychology (pp. 464-465). Fort Worth: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt P.
Bandura, A. (1977). Social Learning Theory. New York: General Learning Press.
Baumeister, R. F. (2010). The Self: Advanced Social Psychology: the state of the science (pp. 139-175). Oxford University Press.
Brown, J. D., Dutton, K. A., & Cook, K. E. (2001). From the top down: Self-esteem and self-evaluation, 15(5), 615-631.
Chaiyapornpattana, N., & Wongwanich, S. (2013). Development of a multidimensional thinking styles scale based on theory of mental self – government for sixth grade students. Research in Higher Education Journal Development, 20(1), 1–10.
Cherry, K. (2018, May 23). What Is Self-Concept And How Does It Form?. from https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-self-concept-2795865
Cherry, K. (2019, January 1). What Are Piaget’s Four Stages Of Development?. from https://www.verywellmind.com/piagets-stages-of-cognitive-development-2795457
Dave, D., & Rashad, I. (2009). Overweight status, self-perception, and suicidal behaviors among adolescents. Social Science & Medicine, 68(9), 1685-1691.
Demirbas, O. O., & Demirkan, H. (2007). Learning styles of design students and the relationship of academic performance and gender in design education. Learning and Instruction, 17(3), 345-359.
Donnellan, M. B., Trzesniewski, K. H., Robins, R. W., Moffitt, T. E., & Caspi, A. (2005). Low Self-Esteem Is Related to Aggression, Antisocial Behavior, and Delinquency. Psychol Sci, 16(4), 328-335.
Emamipour, S., & Seyf, A. A. (2004). Revolutional examination of thinking styles in students and scholars, and their relationship with creativity and academic success, (3).
Ghezelbash, S., Rahmani, F., Peyrovi, H., Inanloo, M., & Shekarchian, S. (2015). Comparison of Self-Esteem Among First to Fourth Year Nursing Students From Universities of Medical Sciences in Tehran. Thrita , 4(1), 1-5
GirlGuiding (2001). Cosmatic surgery; Guides aim to discourage girls. from https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-12639102
Greenthal, S. (2019, August 8). Body Image and Your Young Adult. from https://www.verywellfamily.com/body-image-and-young-adults-4118371
Harrison, A. F., & Bramson, R. M. (2002). The art of thinking (p. 240). New York: Berkley Publishing Group.
Heidari, F., & Bahrami, Z. (2012). The Relationship between Thinking Styles and Metacognitive Awareness among Iranian EFL Learners. International Journal of Linguistics, 4(3), 721–733.
İsmail, N., & Tekke, M. (2015). Rediscovering Rogers's Self Theory and Personality. Journal of Educational, Health and Community Psychology. 4. 2088-3129.
Jacob, S. E. (1997). Book Review: Offer Self-Image Questionnaire, Revised. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 15(4), 373–379.
Lubart, T. I. (1994). Creativity. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Handbook of perception and cognition (2nd ed.). Thinking and problem solving (p. 289–332). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-057299-4.50016-5
McLeod, S. (2008, January 1). Self Concept | Simply Psychology. from https://www.simplypsychology.org/self-concept.html
McLeod, S. (2019, January 1). Sampling Methods. from https://www.simplypsychology.org/self-concept.html
Moulton, S. (1970, January 1). Theories Of Self-Esteem: Early & Modern - Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com. from https://study.com/academy/lesson/theories-of-self-esteem-early-modern.html
Negahi, M., Ghashghaeizadeh, N., & Hoshmandia, M. (2012). The Study of the Relationship between Learning Styles and Thinking Styles with Academic Self-efficacy in English lesson among the Students of Islamic Azad University of Behbahan. Journal of Life Science and Biomedicine, 3(1), 75-82.
Omar, A. (2010). Anfal campaigns and their impacts on economic, social, psychological conditions of the remained survived women. The Swedish Parliament Stockholm: north of Kurdistan.
Osterman, M. D. (2015). Exploring Relationships Between Thinking Style and Sex, Age, Academic Major, Occupation, and Levels of Arts Engagement Among Professionals Working in Museums. Florida International University FIU Digital Commons, 107-115. https://doi.org/10.25148/etd.fidc000174
Pinquart, M., & Sorensen, S. (2001). Gender Differences in Self-Concept and Psychological Well-Being in Old Age: A Meta-Analysis. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 56(4), P195-P213.
ROGERS, C. R. (1959). A Theory of Therapy, Personality, and Interpersonal Relationships, as Developed in the Client-Centred Framework. Psychology: A Study of A Science, 3(1), 184-256.
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the Adolescent Self-Image (pp. 104-105). Princeton University Press.
Saideh, M., Omid, R., Nazanin, N., Hadis, H., & Katayoun, T. (2014). The Relationship between Thinking Style and Gender in High School Students. 3(12), 1–4.
Salters-Pedneault, K. (2019, August 31). Borderline Personality Disorder and Identity Problems . from https://www.verywellmind.com/borderline-personality-disorder-identity-issues-425488
Savi-Cakar F., & Savi-Karayol, S. (2015). The Impact of Body Image and Self-Esteem on Turkish Adolescents’ Subjective Well-Being. JPR , 5(9), 536-551.
Stangor, C. (2011). Research methods for the behavioural sciences (4th ed.).Mountain View, CA: Cengage.
Steiger, A. E., Allemand, M., Robins, R. W., & Fend, H. A. (2014). Low and decreasing self-esteem during adolescence predict adult depression two decades later. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 106(2), 325–338.
Sternberg, R. J. (1988). Mental Self-Government: A Theory of Intellectual Styles and Their Development. Human Development , 31(4), 197-224.
Sternberg, R. J. (1997). Thinking styles. New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press.
Sternberg, R. J., & Wagner, R. K. ( (1994). Mind in context: Interactionist perspectives on human intelligence. Cambridge University Press.
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. (1979). “An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict.”. In The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations (pp. 33-47). England: Brooks/Cole.
Van Dalen, D. (1979). Understanding Educational Research: An Introduction. An Introduction (4th ed.). New York York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1979. Pp. 547. British Journal of Educational Studies, 28(2).
Vinney, C. (2019, July 22). Understanding Social Identity Theory And And Its Impact On Behavior. from https://www.thoughtco.com/social-identity-theory-4174315
Wechsler, S. (2009). Age and gender impact on thinking and creating styles, 2(1), 37-48. https://doi.org/10.1037/e511412008-001
Zhang, L.- fang. (2001). Thinking styles, self-esteem, and extracurricular experiences. International Journal of Psychology, 36(2), 100-107.
Zhang, L.-F. (2008). Thinking Styles and Identity Development among Chinese University Students, 121(2), 255-271. https://doi.org/10.2307/20445460
Zhu, C., & Zhang, L. (2011). Thinking styles and conceptions of creativity among university students. Educational Psychology, 31(3), 361-375.
It is the policy of the Journal of Duhok University to own the copyright of the technical contributions. It publishes and facilitates the appropriate re-utilize of the published materials by others. Photocopying is permitted with credit and referring to the source for individuals use.
Copyright © 2017. All Rights Reserved.
