HEAVY METALS STATUS IN VEGETABLES AND SOIL IRRIGATED WITH WASTEWATER IN DOMIZ1 CAMP, DUHOK, KURDISTAN REGION-IRAQ
Keywords:
Pb, Cd, Co, Zn, wastewater. Bio concentration factor and Maximum daily intake
Abstract
This study was conducted in Domiz1 camp, Duhok, Kurdistan Region-Iraq to estimate the levels of heavy metals accumulation in soil and vegetables irrigated with contaminated water. The concentration of Pb, Cd, Co, and Zn measured in soil, wastewater, and fruits of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), of eggplant (Solanem melongena), pepper (Capsicum annum), pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata), squash (Cucrbita pepo), gourd (Lagenaria siceraria), and okra (Abelmoschus esculentus). The results showed that the concentration of Pb, Cd, Co, and Zn in wastewater used for irrigation was (0.001, ND, 0.0015, 0.058 mg.l-1) respectively; in soil was (6.8, 0.8, 9.0, and 80 mg.kg-1) respectively; and in the studied vegetables ranged from (3.73-11.43 mg.kg-1) for Pb, (0.22-0.59 mg.kg-1) for Cd, (0.03-0.22 mg.kg-1) for CO, and (38.83-65.70 mg.kg-1 ) for Zn. Bio concentration factor for Pb was (0.549-1.681), for Cd it was (0.271-0.733), for Co it was (0.271-0.733), and for Zn it was (0.485-0.821). The maximum daily intake of Pb, Cd, Co, and Zn from eating the studied vegetables ranged from (0.381-1.633), (0.023-0.073), (0.003-0.028), and (5.728-9.381) mg.kg-1 body weight respectively
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References
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Ali1 H., M. Naseer, and Sajad, M. A., (2012). Phytoremediation of heavy metals by Trifolium alexandrine. International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2 (3): 1459 – 1469.
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Bigdeli, M., and Seilsepour, M., (2008). Investigation of metals accumulation in some vegetables irrigated with waste water in Shahre Rey-Iran and toxicological implication. America-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 4(1):86-92.
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Demirzen, D. and Aksoy, A. (2006). Heavy metal levels in vegetables in Turkey are within safe limits for Cu, Zn, Ni and exceed for Cd and Pb. Journal of food quality, 29 (3):252-265.
Directory of Meteorology and Seismology . Duhko, Kurdistan Region-Iraq 2019.
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Intawongse, M., and Dean, J. R., (2006). Uptake of heavy metals by vegetable plants grown on contaminated soil and their bioavailability in the human gastrointestinal tract. Food additive and contaminants, 23(1).
Järp, L., (2003). Hazards of heavy metal contamination. British Medical Bulletin, 68 (1):167-182.
Kumar, P., and Chandra, R. (2004). Detoxification of distillery effluent through Bacillus thuringiensis (MTCC 4714) enhanced phytoremediation potential of Spirodela polyrrhiza (L.) Schliden. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 73(5), 903–910.
Lasat, M. M., (2000). Phytoextraction of metals from contaminated soil: a review of plant/soil/metal interactions and assessment of pertinent agronomic issues. Journal of Hazardous Substance Research 2: 1–25.
Marschner, H., (2012). Mineral nutrition of higher plants, 3rd Ed. London: Acadmic Press:889.
Misra, S. G., Mani, D., (1991). Soil pollution. Ashish Publishing House. Punjabi Bagh. Mohamed, I.R. Tia, N.A., Khelefa, M. M., (2004). Soil sampling power for Iron as affected by cropping periods. Zagazig J. Agric. Res 31 (1), pp: 181-200.
Mosleh,Y. Y. I., and Almagrabi, A., (2013). Heavy metal accumulated in some vegetables irrigated with some wastewater .IJGHC, 2(1):81-90.
Najagi, J. M., N. A., Daniel,M.M., Najagi, P.N., Ngui, M.N, and Najagi, E.M.N., (2017). Heavy metals concentration in vegetables grown around dumpsites in Nairobi ciry, Kenya. World Environment, 7(2):49-56.
Opaluwa, O. P., M. O., Aremu, L. O., Ogbo, K. A., Abiola, I. E., Obdiba, M. M., Abubakar, and Neweze, N. O., (2012). Heavy metal concentration in soil, plant leaves and crops grown around dump sites in Lafia Metropolis, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Advances in Applies Science Research, 3(2):780-784.
Ozores-Hamptona, M., Hanlonb, V., Bryanc, H., and & Bruce S. (1997). Cadmium, Copper, Lead, Nickel and Zinc Concentrations In Tomato and Squash Grown In MSW Compost-amended Calcareous Soil. Compost Science & Utilization, 5(4): 40-45.
Parsons. (2003). Trace element loading analysis. Santa Rosa Incremental Recycled waters Program.
Perveen, S., A., Samad, W., Nazif, and Shan, S., (2012). Impact of sewage water on vegetables qulity with respect to heavy metals in Peshawar Pakistan. Pak. J. Bot., 44(6):1923-1931.
Qu, J., C. Q. X., Lou1, X., Yuan, X. H., Wang, Q. Cong, and Wang, L., (2011). The effect of sodium hydrogen phosphate/citric acid mixtures on phytoremediation by alfalfa & metals availability in soil. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 11(2): 85 – 95.
Rattan, R. K., Datta, S. P., Chhonkar, K., and Singh, A. K., (2005). Long-term impact of irrigation with sewage effluents on heavy metal content in soil, crops, and groundwater-a case study. Agric. Ecosyst. En
Song, Y. F., Wilke, B.-M., Song, X. Y., Gong, P., Zhou, Q. X., and Yang, G. F. (2006). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and heavy metals (HMs) as well as their genotoxicity in soil after long-term wastewater irrigation. Chemosphere, 65(10), 1859–1868.
Tandon, H. (1999). Methods of analysis of soils, plants, water and fertilizers. Fertilisers Development and Consulation, New Delhi India, pp.144.
Topcuoĝlu, B., and Önal, M. K., ( 2018). Heavy metals accumulation in eggplant (Solanum melongena) grown in compost applied soil. Bulent Topocuglu, 2018.
WHO, (1987). Air quality for Europe. Number23. Europe, Copenhagen.
WHO, World Health Organization, (1982). Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. Twenty – Six report of the joint FAO/WHO expert committee on food additives. Technical Report Series No. 683: WHO, Geneva.
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Yadav, A., Yadav, P. K.., and Shukla, D. N. (2013). Investigation of heavy metals status in soil and vegetables grown in urban area of Allahabad, Uttar Pradersh, India. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 3(9):1-7.
Youssef, M. A., and Eissa, M. A., (2015). Heavy metals accumulation in edible vegetables grown on contaminated soils. Egypt. J. Soil Sci.
Zhou, H., W., Yang, X., Zhou, L., Liu, J., Gu, W., Wang, J., Zou, T., Tian, P., Peng, and Liao, B., (2016). Accumulation of heavy metals in vegetable species planted in contaminated soils and the health risk assessment. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 13(3):289.
Abbas, M., Z., Parveen, M., Iqbal, Riazuddin, S., Iqbal, M., Ahmed, and Bhutto, R., (2010). Monitoring of toxic metals (cadmium, lead, arsenic and mercury) in vegetables of Sindh, Pakistan. Kathmandu university journal of science, engineering and technology, 6(11):60-65.
Al–Enezi, G; Hamoda, M. F; and Fawzi, N. (2004). Heavy metal concentrations of municipal wastewater and sludge in Kuwait. J. of Environ. Sci. and Health. A39 (2): 397–407.
Ali1 H., M. Naseer, and Sajad, M. A., (2012). Phytoremediation of heavy metals by Trifolium alexandrine. International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2 (3): 1459 – 1469.
Alloway, B. J., (1990). Heavy metals in soils. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York, ISBN 047021584.
Al-Rawi, K. M. and A. Khalafalla (2000). Analysis of Experimental Agriculture Disgen. Dar Al-Kutub for Printing and Publishing. Mosul Univ. (In Arabic).
Antonious, G.F. , J. C., Snyder, and Dennis, S. O., (2010). Heavy metals in summer squash fruits grown in soil amended with municipal sewage sludge. J. Environ Sci Health B., 45(2):167-173.
APHA (American Public Health Association), Jakson, M. L. (1958). Soil chemical analysis. Ed. Prentice Hall. Inc. Englawood Chiffs, New Jersey, U. S. A. (1989). Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water analysis, American Public Health Association, Washington, DC, USA.
Avci, H., (2013). Heavy metals in vegetables irrigated with wastewater in Gaziantep, Turkey: A review of cause and potential for human health. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 22(1):146-151.
Bigdeli, M., and Seilsepour, M., (2008). Investigation of metals accumulation in some vegetables irrigated with waste water in Shahre Rey-Iran and toxicological implication. America-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 4(1):86-92.
Bowen, H. J. H. (1966). Trace Elements in biochemistry. Academic Press, London.
BRHA (Board of Relief and Humanitarian Affairs), (2019). Executive Directorate management of Domiz 1 Camp, Duhok Governorate, Kurdistan Region-Iraq.
Demirzen, D. and Aksoy, A. (2006). Heavy metal levels in vegetables in Turkey are within safe limits for Cu, Zn, Ni and exceed for Cd and Pb. Journal of food quality, 29 (3):252-265.
Directory of Meteorology and Seismology . Duhko, Kurdistan Region-Iraq 2019.
Duncan, D. B. (1955). Multiple Range and multiple F. tests. Biometrics, 11: 1-42.
El-Beshbeshy, T. R., and Sheris, M. A. (1998). Principles of plant nutrition (1st edition). House of Egyptian Universities- Cairo.viron. 109:310-322.
FAO, (1985). Guidelines: Lead evaluation for irrigated agriculture. Soils Bulletin 55. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
FAO, (1992). Wastewater treatment and use in agriculture. In Pescod. M. B. (Ed.). Irrigation and drainage. Paper 47. FAO, Rome.
FAO/WHO, (1976). List of maximum levels recommended for contaminants by the joint FAO/WHO codex Aimenatarias Commission. 2nd series, CAC/FAL, 3:1-8.
Fytianos, K., G., Katsianis, P., Trintafyllow, and Zachariadis, G., (2001). Accumulation of heavy metals in vegetables grown in an industrial area in relation to soil. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol; 67: 423–430.
Gogoasa, I., G., Oprea, M., Harmanescu, T. I., Trasca, A., Rivis, and Gergen, I., (2010). Some metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb, and Cd) content in vegetables from nonpolluted plain area of Cenad-Banat (Romani). Food and Environment Safety-Journal of Faculty of Eood Engineering, Stefancel Mare Univerity- Suceava , year IX, No.4.
Gorbounov, A. V; Frontasyeva, M. V; Kistanov, A. A; Lyapunov, S. M; Okina, O. and Ramadan, A. B. (2003). Heavy and toxic metals in staple foodstuffs and agriproduct from contaminated soils. J. Environ. Sci. Health, B38: 181–192.
Guo, Y., H., Feng, C., Chen, C., Jia, F., Xiong, and Lu, Y., (2013). Heavy metal concentration in soil and agriculture products near an industrial district. Pol. J. Environ. Stud., 22(5):1357-1362.
Intawongse, M., and Dean, J. R., (2006). Uptake of heavy metals by vegetable plants grown on contaminated soil and their bioavailability in the human gastrointestinal tract. Food additive and contaminants, 23(1).
Järp, L., (2003). Hazards of heavy metal contamination. British Medical Bulletin, 68 (1):167-182.
Kumar, P., and Chandra, R. (2004). Detoxification of distillery effluent through Bacillus thuringiensis (MTCC 4714) enhanced phytoremediation potential of Spirodela polyrrhiza (L.) Schliden. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 73(5), 903–910.
Lasat, M. M., (2000). Phytoextraction of metals from contaminated soil: a review of plant/soil/metal interactions and assessment of pertinent agronomic issues. Journal of Hazardous Substance Research 2: 1–25.
Marschner, H., (2012). Mineral nutrition of higher plants, 3rd Ed. London: Acadmic Press:889.
Misra, S. G., Mani, D., (1991). Soil pollution. Ashish Publishing House. Punjabi Bagh. Mohamed, I.R. Tia, N.A., Khelefa, M. M., (2004). Soil sampling power for Iron as affected by cropping periods. Zagazig J. Agric. Res 31 (1), pp: 181-200.
Mosleh,Y. Y. I., and Almagrabi, A., (2013). Heavy metal accumulated in some vegetables irrigated with some wastewater .IJGHC, 2(1):81-90.
Najagi, J. M., N. A., Daniel,M.M., Najagi, P.N., Ngui, M.N, and Najagi, E.M.N., (2017). Heavy metals concentration in vegetables grown around dumpsites in Nairobi ciry, Kenya. World Environment, 7(2):49-56.
Opaluwa, O. P., M. O., Aremu, L. O., Ogbo, K. A., Abiola, I. E., Obdiba, M. M., Abubakar, and Neweze, N. O., (2012). Heavy metal concentration in soil, plant leaves and crops grown around dump sites in Lafia Metropolis, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Advances in Applies Science Research, 3(2):780-784.
Ozores-Hamptona, M., Hanlonb, V., Bryanc, H., and & Bruce S. (1997). Cadmium, Copper, Lead, Nickel and Zinc Concentrations In Tomato and Squash Grown In MSW Compost-amended Calcareous Soil. Compost Science & Utilization, 5(4): 40-45.
Parsons. (2003). Trace element loading analysis. Santa Rosa Incremental Recycled waters Program.
Perveen, S., A., Samad, W., Nazif, and Shan, S., (2012). Impact of sewage water on vegetables qulity with respect to heavy metals in Peshawar Pakistan. Pak. J. Bot., 44(6):1923-1931.
Qu, J., C. Q. X., Lou1, X., Yuan, X. H., Wang, Q. Cong, and Wang, L., (2011). The effect of sodium hydrogen phosphate/citric acid mixtures on phytoremediation by alfalfa & metals availability in soil. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 11(2): 85 – 95.
Rattan, R. K., Datta, S. P., Chhonkar, K., and Singh, A. K., (2005). Long-term impact of irrigation with sewage effluents on heavy metal content in soil, crops, and groundwater-a case study. Agric. Ecosyst. En
Song, Y. F., Wilke, B.-M., Song, X. Y., Gong, P., Zhou, Q. X., and Yang, G. F. (2006). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and heavy metals (HMs) as well as their genotoxicity in soil after long-term wastewater irrigation. Chemosphere, 65(10), 1859–1868.
Tandon, H. (1999). Methods of analysis of soils, plants, water and fertilizers. Fertilisers Development and Consulation, New Delhi India, pp.144.
Topcuoĝlu, B., and Önal, M. K., ( 2018). Heavy metals accumulation in eggplant (Solanum melongena) grown in compost applied soil. Bulent Topocuglu, 2018.
WHO, (1987). Air quality for Europe. Number23. Europe, Copenhagen.
WHO, World Health Organization, (1982). Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. Twenty – Six report of the joint FAO/WHO expert committee on food additives. Technical Report Series No. 683: WHO, Geneva.
WHO/FAO, (2007). Joint FAO/WHO Food standard program codex alimentarious commission 13th session. Report of the thirty eight session of codex committee on food hygiene, Houstan, United States of America, ALINORM 07/30/13.
Wild, A. (1994). Soil and the environment: An introduction. Cambredige University press.
Yadav, A., Yadav, P. K.., and Shukla, D. N. (2013). Investigation of heavy metals status in soil and vegetables grown in urban area of Allahabad, Uttar Pradersh, India. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 3(9):1-7.
Youssef, M. A., and Eissa, M. A., (2015). Heavy metals accumulation in edible vegetables grown on contaminated soils. Egypt. J. Soil Sci.
Zhou, H., W., Yang, X., Zhou, L., Liu, J., Gu, W., Wang, J., Zou, T., Tian, P., Peng, and Liao, B., (2016). Accumulation of heavy metals in vegetable species planted in contaminated soils and the health risk assessment. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 13(3):289.
Published
2020-09-08
How to Cite
HUSSAIN, R. O., & MOHAMMED, D. A. (2020). HEAVY METALS STATUS IN VEGETABLES AND SOIL IRRIGATED WITH WASTEWATER IN DOMIZ1 CAMP, DUHOK, KURDISTAN REGION-IRAQ. Journal of Duhok University, 23(1), 7-16. https://doi.org/10.26682/ajuod.2020.23.1.2
Section
Agriculture and Veterinary Science
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