MAPPING HEAVY METALS POLLUTION IN URBAN AREA BY USING GIS TECHNIQUES IN DUHOK GOVERNORATE, KURDISTAN REGION OF IRAQ
Keywords:
Kurdistan, Heavy metals, GIS application, Environment, spacial modeling, urban area, air pollution
Abstract
In the current century, urbanization is the main reason of the prompt growth in metropolitan areas. These rapid changes in urban form have serious negative consequences on environment quality. Moreover, the air pollution is considered amongst the most significant environmental problems in the world. Recently, GIS tool contribute efficiently in monitoring the spatiotemporal multi-scales. For the present study the inverse distance weight method of interpolation is followed. Therefore, the aim of this study is to find the rate of some detrimental heavy metals (Pb, Cd, and Cu) then, relying on GIS application the interpolation in different city categories were determined. The results showed control areas characterized by the lowest value of metals, followed by peri-urban areas, and then the highest value comes in highway and city center. Furthermore, the supreme values of heavy metal contamination were found in sites characterized by heavy traffic jam for the most part, by the roadsides. In conclusion, the utmost values of heavy metal contamination were found in sites characterized by heavy traffic jam for the most part, by the roadsides
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References
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Patel, R.B., and F.M. Burkle (2012). Rapid urbanization and the growing threat of violence and conflict: A 21st century crisis. Prehosp. Disaster Med. 27(2): 194–97.
Popescu, C. G. (2011). Relation between vehicle traffic and heavy metals content from the particulate matters. Romanian Reports in Physics, 63(2), 471–482.
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Shinde, S. M., &Karjinni, V. V. (2005). Impact of Vehicular Growth a Cause for Change in Air Quality of Indian Cities–A Review. Population, 2008(2015), 2025.
Singh, N., Pandey, V., Misra, J., Yunus, M., & Ahmad, K. J. (1997). Atmospheric lead pollution from vehicular emissions–measurements in plants, soil and milk samples. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 45(1), 9-19.
Singh, R., Jha, A. B., Misra, A. N., & Sharma, P. (2019). Adaption mechanisms in plants under heavy metal stress conditions during phytoremediation. In Phytomanagement of Polluted Sites (pp. 329–360).
Staszewski, T., Kubiesa, P., Łukasik, W., &Zając, E. (2009). Changes in concentration of Cd and Pb in soil of Pieniński National Park. Mendelova Zemědělská a Lesnická Univerzita v Brně, 2(2), 11.
Świetlik, R., Strzelecka, M., &Trojanowska, M. (2013). Evaluation of traffic-related heavy metals emissions using noise barrier road dust analysis. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 22(2), 561-567.
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Yerramilli, A., Dodla, V. B. R., &Yerramilli, S. (2011). Air pollution, modeling and GIS based decision support systems for air quality risk assessment. Advance air pollution, 295-324.
Yilmaz G. and Y. Hocanli (2006). Mapping of noise by using GIS in Sanliurfa, Environ. Monit. Assess. 121: 103–108.
Youssef, S., Galalaey, A., Mahmood, A., Mahdi, H., & Véla, E. (2019). Wild orchids of the Kurdistan Region areas: a scientific window on the unexpected nature of the North-Western Zagros
Albeyboni, D., & Youssef, S. (2019). Assessing the heavy metals bioaccumulation of Pinus brutia ten. urban tree in Duhok, Kurdistan region of Iraq. Journal of Duhok University, 22(1), 332-346.
Bakirdere, S., &Yaman, M. (2008). Determination of lead, cadmium and copper in roadside soil and plants in Elazig, Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 136(1–3), 401–410.
Banja M., E. Como, B. Murtaj, A.Zotaj A. (2010). Mapping air Pollution in urban Tirana area using GIS. International Conference SDI. 15:105-114
Bozdogan, E., 2016. Heavy metal concentration in leaves of Melia azedarach as a biomonitor of traffic-related air pollution. Oxid. Communic, 39, 756-764.
Cassidy, T., G. Inglis, C. Wiysonge, and R. Matzopoulos. (2014). A systematic review of the effects of poverty deconcentration and urban upgrading on youth violence. Health Place 26:78–87.
Celik, A., Kartal, A. A., Akdoğan, A., &Kaska, Y. (2005). Determining the heavy metal pollution in Denizli (Turkey) by using Robinio pseudo-acacia L. Environment International, 31(1), 105–112.
Dogan, Y., Ugulu, I., & Baslar, S. (2010). Turkish Red Pine as a biomonitor: A comparative study of the accumulation of trace elements in the needles and bark. Ekoloji, 19(75), 88-96.
Duh, J.-D., V. Shandas, H. Chang, and L.A. George. (2008). Rates of urbanisation and the resiliency of air and water quality. Sci. Total Environ. 400(1–3): 238–56.
El-Hasan, T., Al-Omari, H., Jiries, A., & Al-Nasir, F. (2002). Cypress tree (Cupressus semervirens L.) bark as an indicator for heavy metal pollution in the atmosphere of Amman City, Jordan. Environment International, 28(6), 513-519.
ESRI (1999). Getting started with ArcGIS. USA. 260 p
Gerdol, R., Marchesini, R., Iacumin, P., &Brancaleoni, L. (2014). Monitoring temporal trends of air pollution in an urban area using mosses and lichens as biomonitors. Chemosphere, 108, 388-395.
Gouri S.B, K.S. Pravat, Ramkrishna M. (2018). Comparison of GIS-based interpolation methods for spatial distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC), J. Saudi Soc. Agric. Sci. 17: 114–126.
Hassan R. A., (2012). Evaluation of the Effect of Vehicle Exhaust Emission on the Ambient Air Quality in Duhok City. MSC. Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, School of Planning. Duhok. Iraq.
Hu, R., Yan, Y., Zhou, X., Wang, Y., & Fang, Y. (2018). Monitoring heavy metal contents with Sphagnum junghuhnianum moss bags in relation to traffic volume in Wuxi, China. International journal of environmental research and public health, 15(2), 374.
Huff, G., and L. Angeles. 2011. Globalization, industrialization and urbanization in pre-World War II Southeast Asia. Explor. Econ. Hist. 48(1): 20–36.
Jerrett M, A. Arain, PK. anaroglou, B. Beckerman, D. Potoglou, T. Sahsuvaroglu, J. Morrison and Giovis C. (2005). A review and evaluation of intraurban air pollution exposure models. J. of Exposure science& Environmental Epidemiology. 15, pages185–204.
Kabata-Pendias, A., &Pendias, H. (2001). Trace Elements in Soils and Plants Third Edition (Third edition). Boca: CRC Press.
Khan, S., Khan, M. A., & Rehman, S. (2011). Lead and Cadmium Contamination of Different Roadside Soils and Plants in Peshawar City, Pakistan. Pedosphere, 21(3), 351–357.
Kuklová, M., Hniličková, H., Hnilička, F., Pivková, I., &Kukla, J. (2019). Impact of expressway on physiology of plants and accumulation of risk elements in forest ecosystems. Plant, Soil and Environment, 65(1), 46–53.
Kumar, A., Gupta, I., Brandt, J., Kumar, R., Dikshit, A. K., &Patil, R. S. (2016). Air quality mapping using GIS and economic evaluation of health impact for Mumbai city, India. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 66(5), 470-481.
Martens, D. C., & Lindsay, W. L. (1990). Testing soils for copper, iron, manganese, and zinc. Testing Soils for Copper, Iron, Manganese, and Zinc. 229–264.
Matejicek, L., (2005). Spatial Modelling of Air Pollution in Urban Areas with GIS: A Case Study on Integrated Database Development. Advances in Geosciences, 63–68.
Mishra, S., & Pandey, R. P. (2011). Effects of air pollution on plants in urban area: A case study of Ghaziabad (UP) India, VSRD Tech. Non-Tech. J, 2(5), 262-266.
Mishra, S., Bharagava, R. N., More, N., Yadav, A., Zainith, S., Mani, S., &Chowdhary, P. (2019). Heavy metal contamination: an alarming threat to environment and human health. In Environmental biotechnology: For sustainable future (pp. 103-125). Springer, Singapore.
Mohammed (2013) Land use and cover change assessment using Remote sensing and GIS: Duhok city Kurdistan, Iraq (1998- 2011).International journal of Geomatics and Geosciences. 3(3):0976- 4380.
Mustafa and Noori (2013), Satellite remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) to assess changes in the water level in the Duhok dam. International Journal of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering. 5(6), pp. 351-359.
Naderizadeh, Z., Khademi, H., & Ayoubi, S. (2016). Biomonitoring of atmospheric heavy metals pollution using dust deposited on date palm leaves in southwestern Iran. Atmósfera, 29(2).
NCCIRAQ. (2015). Dohuk Governorate Profile. Retrieved online at: https://www.ncciraq.org/images/infobygov/NCCI_Dohuk_Governorate_Profile.pdf Hindav N. Habeeb and Yaseen T. Mustafa (2014). High Spatial Resolution WorldView-2 Imagery for Mapping and Classification of Tree Species in Zawita Sub-district, Duhok, Kurdistan Region-Iraq. Journal of University of Duhok.
Ndiokwere, C. L. (1984). A study of heavy metal pollution from motor vehicle emissions and its effect on roadside soil, vegetation and crops in Nigeria. Environmental Pollution Series B, Chemical and Physical, 7(1), 35–42.
Onder, S, Dursun, S., Gezgin, S., &Demirbas, A. (2007). Determination of Heavy Metal Pollution in Grass and Soil of City Centre Green Areas. 16(1), 10.
Patel, R.B., and F.M. Burkle (2012). Rapid urbanization and the growing threat of violence and conflict: A 21st century crisis. Prehosp. Disaster Med. 27(2): 194–97.
Popescu, C. G. (2011). Relation between vehicle traffic and heavy metals content from the particulate matters. Romanian Reports in Physics, 63(2), 471–482.
Rajé, F., Tight, M., & Pope, F. D. (2018). Traffic pollution: a search for solutions for a city like Nairobi. Cities, 82, 100-107.
Rodrigue, J. P., Comtois, C., &Slack, B. (2016). The geography of transport systems. Routledge.
Sarkar, C., & Webster, C. (2017). Urban environments and human health: current trends and future directions. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 25, 33-44.
Shinde, S. M., &Karjinni, V. V. (2005). Impact of Vehicular Growth a Cause for Change in Air Quality of Indian Cities–A Review. Population, 2008(2015), 2025.
Singh, N., Pandey, V., Misra, J., Yunus, M., & Ahmad, K. J. (1997). Atmospheric lead pollution from vehicular emissions–measurements in plants, soil and milk samples. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 45(1), 9-19.
Singh, R., Jha, A. B., Misra, A. N., & Sharma, P. (2019). Adaption mechanisms in plants under heavy metal stress conditions during phytoremediation. In Phytomanagement of Polluted Sites (pp. 329–360).
Staszewski, T., Kubiesa, P., Łukasik, W., &Zając, E. (2009). Changes in concentration of Cd and Pb in soil of Pieniński National Park. Mendelova Zemědělská a Lesnická Univerzita v Brně, 2(2), 11.
Świetlik, R., Strzelecka, M., &Trojanowska, M. (2013). Evaluation of traffic-related heavy metals emissions using noise barrier road dust analysis. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 22(2), 561-567.
United States Office of Air Quality. (2007). Metals Risk Assessment, EPA 120/R-07/001, 3-21-29.
Yerramilli, A., Dodla, V. B. R., &Yerramilli, S. (2011). Air pollution, modeling and GIS based decision support systems for air quality risk assessment. Advance air pollution, 295-324.
Yilmaz G. and Y. Hocanli (2006). Mapping of noise by using GIS in Sanliurfa, Environ. Monit. Assess. 121: 103–108.
Youssef, S., Galalaey, A., Mahmood, A., Mahdi, H., & Véla, E. (2019). Wild orchids of the Kurdistan Region areas: a scientific window on the unexpected nature of the North-Western Zagros
Published
2020-09-08
How to Cite
HAJI, G. Y., ALBEYBONI, D. J., YOUSSEF, S. M., KARIM, N. A., & FATAH, M. Y. (2020). MAPPING HEAVY METALS POLLUTION IN URBAN AREA BY USING GIS TECHNIQUES IN DUHOK GOVERNORATE, KURDISTAN REGION OF IRAQ. Journal of Duhok University, 23(1), 51-64. https://doi.org/10.26682/ajuod.2020.23.1.7
Section
Agriculture and Veterinary Science
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