THE EFFECT OF SLEEP DURATION AND HABITS ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF PHARMACY STUDENTS
Keywords:
Sleep, Students, Academic, College, Pharmacy, Degree.
Abstract
It is necessary to promote optimal health and well-being by having more than 7 hours of sleep a day
for adults. In modern society, sleep deprivation is a big concern. Students at colleges experience at least
twice as many sleep disorders as the general public due to their engagement in many social-, work-, and
academic-related activities.
The study aims to assess sleep behaviors and the degree of daytime sleepiness and examine the
connection between pharmacy students' sleep period and academic success.
This cross-sectional research was carried out at the Duhok University pharmacy college on 169
students from first-year to fifth-year. For a given course, students filled out a questionnaire involving
demographic variables, sleep habits, sleep length during the regular school week and at night before the
test, daytime sleep frequency, and the final score.
The results revealed that most pharmacy students had under-optimal sleep durations, described as less
than 7 hours. Early sleep and sufficient sleep the night before the test were favorably correlated with
student grades and academic success.
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References
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MORNINGNESS-EVENINGNESS
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between sleep-wake cycle and academic
performance in medical students. Biological
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impact of sleep on learning and behavior in
adolescents. The Teachers College Record,
104(4), 704-726.
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Kumar, V. (2009). Creativity, age and gender
as predictors of academic achievement among
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Science, 5(5), 101-112.
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of age to ten dimensions of job performance.
Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(2), 392.
Noland, H., Price, J. H., Dake, J., & Telljohann, S. K.
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perceptions of sleep. Journal of School Health,
79(5), 224-230.
Spiegel, K., Leproult, R., & Van Cauter, E. (1999).
Impact of sleep debt on metabolic and
endocrine function. The Lancet, 354(9188),
1435-1439.
Thacher, P. V. (2008). University students and the
“All Nighter”: Correlates and patterns of
students' engagement in a single night of total
sleep deprivation. Behavioral sleep medicine,
6(1), 16-31.
Veldi, M., Aluoja, A., & Vasar, V. (2005). Sleep
quality and more common sleep-related
problems in medical students. Sleep medicine,
6(3), 269-275.
Waldman, D. A., & Avolio, B. J. (1986). A meta-
analysis of age differences in job performance.
Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(1), 33.
Yang, C. M., Wu, C. H., Hsieh, M. H., Liu, M. H., &
Lu, F. H. (2003). Coping with sleep
disturbances among young adults: a survey of
first-year college students in Taiwan.
Behavioral medicine, 29(3), 133-138.
Yang, G., Lai, C. S. W., Cichon, J., Ma, L., Li, W., &
Gan, W. B. (2014). Sleep promotes branch-
specific formation of dendritic spines after
learning. Science, 344(6188), 1173-1178.
Zeek, M. L., Savoie, M. J., Song, M., Kennemur, L.
M., Qian, J., Jungnickel, P. W., & Westrick, S.
C. (2015). Sleep Duration and Academic
Performance Among Student Pharmacists.
American journal of pharmaceutical
education, 79(5).
mental performance. Physiology & Behavior,
90(2), 209-218.
Al Shawwa, L., Abulaban, A. A., Abulaban, A. A.,
Merdad, A., Baghlaf, S., Algethami, A. et al.,
(2015). Factors potentially influencing
academic performance among medical
students. Advances in medical education and
practice, 6, 65.
Bonnet, M.H. & Arand, D.L. (2010). How much
sleep do adults need? National Sleep
Foundation. Retrieved July 17, 2020, from
http://www.sleepfoundation.org/article/whitep
apers/howmuch-sleep-do-adults-need
Breus, M.J. (2004). Sleep habits: More important
than you think. WebMD. Retrieved July 17,
2020, from www.webmd.com/sleep-
disorders/guide/important-sleep-habits
Brown, F. C., Soper, B., & Buboltz Jr, W. C. (2001).
Prevalence of delayed sleep phase syndrome
in university students. College Student
Journal, 35(3), 472-477.
Cappuccio, F. P., D'Elia, L., Strazzullo, P., & Miller,
M. A. (2010). Sleep duration and all-cause
mortality: a systematic review and meta-
analysis of prospective studies. Sleep, 33(5),
585.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
(2007). Sleep and sleep disorders: sleep
hygiene tips. Retrieved July 17, 2020, from
http://www.cdc.gov/sleep/about_sleep/sleep_h
ygiene.html
Edens, K. M. (2006). The relationship of university
students' sleep habits and academic
motivation. NASPA Journal, 43(3), 432-445.
Eliasson, A. H., Lettieri, C. J., & Eliasson, A. H.
(2010). Early to bed, early to rise! Sleep habits
and academic performance in college students.
Sleep and Breathing, 14(1), 71-75.
Falleti, M. G., Maruff, P., Collie, A., Darby, D. G., &
McStephen, M. (2003). Qualitative similarities
in cognitive impairment associated with 24 h
of sustained wakefulness and a blood alcohol
concentration of 0.05%. Journal of sleep
research, 12(4), 265-274.
Gangwisch, J. E., Heymsfield, S. B., Boden-Albala,
B., Buijs, R. M., Kreier, F., Pickering, T. G. .. & Malaspina, D. (2006). Short sleep
duration as a risk factor for hypertension:
analyses of the first National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey. hypertension,
47(5), 833-839.
Gilbert, S. P., & Weaver, C. C. (2010). Sleep quality
and academic performance in university
students: A wake-up call for college
psychologists. Journal of college student
psychotherapy, 24(4), 295-306.
Gomes, A. A., Tavares, J., & de Azevedo, M. H. P.
(2011). Sleep and academic performance in
undergraduates: a multi-measure, multi-
predictor approach. Chronobiology
International, 28(9), 786-801.
Gvilia, I., Turner, A., McGinty, D., & Szymusiak, R.
(2006). Preoptic area neurons and the
homeostatic regulation of rapid eye movement
sleep. The Journal of neuroscience, 26(11),
3037-3044.
Hicks, R. A., Conti, P. A., & Pellegrini, R. J. (1992).
The incidence of sleep problems among Type
A and Type B college students: Changes over
a ten-year period (1982–1992). Perceptual and
motor skills.
Howell, A. J., Jahrig, J. C., & Powell, R. A. (2004).
SLEEP QUALITY, SLEEP PROPENSITY
AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE 1.
Perceptual and motor skills, 99(2), 525-535.
Kalat, J. W. (2009). Synapses, Drugs, and Addictions.
Biological Psychology, 68-78.
Kamdar, B. B., Kaplan, K. A., Kezirian, E. J., &
Dement, W. C. (2004). The impact of
extended sleep on daytime alertness, vigilance,
and mood. Sleep medicine, 5(5), 441-448.
Kelly, W. E., Kelly, K. E., & Clanton, R. C. (2001).
The relationship between sleep length and
grade-point average among college students.
College student journal, 35(1), 84-86.
Killgore, W. D., & Killgore, D. B. (2007).
MORNINGNESS-EVENINGNESS
CORRELATES WITH VERBAL ABILITY
IN WOMEN BUT NOT MEN 1, 2. Perceptual
and motor skills, 104(1), 335-338.
Lund, H. G., Reider, B. D., Whiting, A. B., &
Prichard, J. R. (2010). Sleep patterns and
predictors of disturbed sleep in a large
population of college students. Journal of
adolescent health, 46(2), 124-132.
McEvoy, G. M., & Cascio, W. F. (1989). Cumulative
evidence of the relationship between employee
age and job performance. Journal of applied
psychology, 74(1), 11.
Medeiros, A. L. D., Mendes, D. B., Lima, P. F., &
Araujo, J. F. (2001). The relationships
between sleep-wake cycle and academic
performance in medical students. Biological
Rhythm Research, 32(2), 263-270.
Mitru, G., Millrood, D., & Mateika, J. (2002). The
impact of sleep on learning and behavior in
adolescents. The Teachers College Record,
104(4), 704-726.
Naderi, H., Abdullah, R., Aizan, H. T., Sharir, J., &
Kumar, V. (2009). Creativity, age and gender
as predictors of academic achievement among
undergraduate students. Journal of American
Science, 5(5), 101-112.
Ng, T. W., & Feldman, D. C. (2008). The relationship
of age to ten dimensions of job performance.
Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(2), 392.
Noland, H., Price, J. H., Dake, J., & Telljohann, S. K.
(2009). Adolescents’ sleep behaviors and
perceptions of sleep. Journal of School Health,
79(5), 224-230.
Spiegel, K., Leproult, R., & Van Cauter, E. (1999).
Impact of sleep debt on metabolic and
endocrine function. The Lancet, 354(9188),
1435-1439.
Thacher, P. V. (2008). University students and the
“All Nighter”: Correlates and patterns of
students' engagement in a single night of total
sleep deprivation. Behavioral sleep medicine,
6(1), 16-31.
Veldi, M., Aluoja, A., & Vasar, V. (2005). Sleep
quality and more common sleep-related
problems in medical students. Sleep medicine,
6(3), 269-275.
Waldman, D. A., & Avolio, B. J. (1986). A meta-
analysis of age differences in job performance.
Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(1), 33.
Yang, C. M., Wu, C. H., Hsieh, M. H., Liu, M. H., &
Lu, F. H. (2003). Coping with sleep
disturbances among young adults: a survey of
first-year college students in Taiwan.
Behavioral medicine, 29(3), 133-138.
Yang, G., Lai, C. S. W., Cichon, J., Ma, L., Li, W., &
Gan, W. B. (2014). Sleep promotes branch-
specific formation of dendritic spines after
learning. Science, 344(6188), 1173-1178.
Zeek, M. L., Savoie, M. J., Song, M., Kennemur, L.
M., Qian, J., Jungnickel, P. W., & Westrick, S.
C. (2015). Sleep Duration and Academic
Performance Among Student Pharmacists.
American journal of pharmaceutical
education, 79(5).
Published
2020-12-13
How to Cite
ABDULLAH, R. G., IHSAN, S. A., AHMAD, J. Z., MOHAMMAD, C. J., RAMADAN, R. A., & MOHAMMAD, N. A. (2020). THE EFFECT OF SLEEP DURATION AND HABITS ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF PHARMACY STUDENTS. Journal of Duhok University, 23(2), 205-212. https://doi.org/10.26682/sjuod.2020.23.2.21
Section
Pure and Engineering Sciences
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