EFFECT OF VITAMIN E AND SELENIUM INJECTION ON SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN LOCAL RAM LAMB
Keywords:
Lambs, vitamin E, selenium, hematological value, thyroid hormones, biochemical parameters
Abstract
The aim of present study was to investigate the response of vitamin E and selenium injection in local
ram lambs on the hematological aspect, thyroid hormones, biochemical parameters, and growth rate.
Twenty-four weaned (3-4 month old) ram lambs and averaged 20.827±0.5 kg in weight were used. The
lambs were divided randomly into three groups (8 lambs each). 1st group was served as the control, the
lambs were injected with 1.0 ml\head of physiological saline solution (0.9%), 2nd group (T1), lambs were
injected intramuscularly with vitamin E 2.5 mg/kg of body weight and sodium selenite 25μg/kg of body
weight and 3rd group (T2), the lambs were injected intramuscularly with vitamin E 5 mg/kg of body
weight and sodium selenite 50μg/kg of body weight. The injection administered at weekly interval for 12
weeks. Results showed that T1 significantly increased packed cell volume (PCV %) and lymphocytes. The
result of current study did not show a significant change between the test group in growth rate, ESR,
thyroid hormones, biochemical parameter including (glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, cholesterol,
and triglyceride and aspartate aminotransferase).In conclusion, injection of vitamin E and selenium has
positive effect on some physiological parameters in local ram lamb.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Abdel-Raheem, S., G. Mahmoud, W. Senosy, and
T. El-Sherry (2019). Influence of vitamin E
and selenium supplementation on the
performance, reproductive indices and
metabolic status of Ossimi ewes. Slovenian
Vet. Res.; 56(22-Suppl).
Abrahem, M.S., W.J. Mohammed and W.K.
Ahmead (2019). Effect of injection Awassi
ewes with different levels of vitamin E and
selenium on some blood parameters and milk
yield and compositions. Euphrates J. Agric.
Sci. ; 11(2): 1-6.
Ahmed, S. (2014). Effect selenium and vitamin E
injection on the attaintment of puberty and
some blood parameters in female meriz goats.
MSc thesis. College of Agriculture. University
of Duhok.
Al Mallah, O. (2011). Study of the effect of adding
sunflower oil and vitamin E to the rations on
milk production, composition and some blood
parameters in awassi ewe. Mesopotamia J.
Agric.; 39(4): 167-174.
Ali, T. A. B., G. Bomboi and B. Floris (2009). Does
Vitamin E or Vitamin E plus Selenium
improve reproductive performance of rams during hot weather Italian J. Anim. Sci.; 8(4):
743-754.
Alimohamady, R., H. Aliarabi, A. Bahari and A.H.
Dezfoulian (2013). Influence of different
amounts and sources of selenium
supplementation on performance, some blood
parameters, and nutrient digestibility in lambs.
Biological Trace Element Research; 154(1):
45-54.
Al-Mallah, O.D. (2012). Effect of adding vitamin E
and heat treated soybean meal to the rations on
milk production, compenants and some blood
parameters in local ewes. Mesopotamia J.
Agric ; 40(4): 133-140.
Asadi, M. Abdolhakim T. and Taghi Gh. (2018).
Effect of oral administration and injection of
selenium and vitamin E on performance, blood
metabolites and digestibility of nutrients in
suckling Dalagh lambs. Res. Anim. Prod. 9
(20) 79-87.
Ashour, G., A. Neama, Ashmawy, S. Dessouki and
A. Neama (2015). Blood hematology,
metabolites and hormones in newborn sheep
and goat from birth to weaning. Int. J. Adv.
Res. 3 (7) : 1377-1386.
Chaudhary, R., L. Sailo, S.I. Rafiqi, N. Bathla,
U.B. Farooq, B. C. Naha and A.R. Prasad
(2015). Sheep farming and its scope in india.
Bulletin Vet. Anim. Sci. Res.; 1: 27.
Dacie, S.J. and S.M. Lewis (1991). Practical
Hematology. 7th Ed., Churchill Livingstone,
London, UK, PP.: 118-127.
De Souza Meira Jr, E. B., H. Rizzo, F. J. Benesi
and L. Gregory (2009). Influence of sexual
and age factors on total protein, albumin
fraction and serum activity of aspartate
aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyl
transferase in Santa Inês sheep. Brazilian J.
Vet. Res. Anim. Sci. 46(6): 448-454.
Dhari, E. A. and W. Y. Kassim (2019). Effect of
Adding Selenium with or Without Vitamin E
and Combination of them on some of
Productive and Physiological Characteristics
of Awassi Lambs. Basrah J. Agri. Sci.; 32(2):
115-125.
Duncan, D.B. (1955). Multiple range and Multiple
test Biometric. 11:16.
Fraser, A. and D. Broom (1990). Farm Animal
Behaviour and Welfare. 3rd Ed. CAB
International, Wallingford, U.K.
Ghanem, M., M. Anwar, Y. Abd El-Raof and H.
El-Attar (2016). Clinical, hematological and
biochemical changes in lambs suffered from
nutritional muscular dystrophy. Benha Vet.
Med. J; 30(2): 61-66.
Guerra, M., M. Cabrera, D. F. Abella, A. Saadoun
and A. Burton (2019). Se and I status in
pregnant ewes from a pastoral system and the
effect of supplementation with Se and I or
only Se on wool quality of lambs. Heliyon;
5(9): 1-7.
Hamam, A. and H. A. Abou-Zeina (2007). Effect of
vitamin E and selenium supplements on the
antioxidant markers and immune status in
sheep. J. Biol. Sci. 7(6): 870-878.
Hong, H., E. Lee, I.H. Lee and S.-R Lee (2019).
Effects of transport stress on physiological
responses and milk production in lactating
dairy cows. Asian-Austr. j. Ani Sci.; 32(3):
442-451.
Hosnedlova, B., M. Kepinska, S. Skalickova, C.
Fernandez, B. Ruttkay-Nedecky, T.D.
Malevu, J. Sochor, M. Baron, M. Melcova
and J. Zidkova (2017). A summary of new
findings on the biological effects of selenium
in selected animal species—a critical review.
Int. j. Mol Sci. 18(10).
Jackson, P. G. and P. D. Cockcroft (2002). Clinical
examination of farm animals. Appendix 3,
Laboratory Reference Values: biochemistry.
Blackwell Science Ltd. Oxford, UK; pp (303-
305).
Koyuncu, M. and H. Yerlikaya (2007). Effect of
selenium-vitamin E injections of ewes on
reproduction and growth of their lambs. South
African J. Anim. Sci. 37(4): 233-236.
Kumar, N., A. K. Garg, V. Mudgal, R. S. Dass, V.
K. Chaturvedi and V. P. Varshney (2008).
Effect of different levels of selenium
supplementation on growth rate, nutrient
utilization, blood metabolic profile, and
immune response in lambs. Biological Trace
Element Research; 126(1): 44-56.
Lewis, E.D., S.N. Meydani and D. Wu (2019).
Regulatory role of vitamin E in the immune
system and inflammation. IUBMB life;
71(4):487-494.
Meschy, F. (2000). Recent progress in the assessment
of mineral requirements of goats. Livestock
Prod. Sci; 64(1): 9-14.
Moeini, M. and M. Jalilian (2014). Effect of
selenium and vitamin E injection during late
pregnancy on immune system and productive
performances of sanjabi ewes and their lambs.
Global J. Anim. Sci. Rese.; 2(3): 210-219.
Mohri, M., A. Ehsani, M. Norouzian, M. H. Bami
and H. A. Seifi (2011). Parenteral selenium
and vitamin E supplementation to lambs:
hematology, serum biochemistry,
performance, and relationship with other trace elements. Biol. Trace Element Res. 139(3):
308-316.
Mohri, M., H. A. Seifi and J. Khodadadi (2005).
Effects of preweaning parenteral
supplementation of vitamin E and selenium on
hematology, serum proteins, and weight gain
in dairy calves. Comparative Clinical
Pathology; 14(3): 149-154.
Musa, I., I. Bitto, J. Ayoade and E. Oyedipe (2018)
a . Serum immunoglobulins and lipid Profile
of sheep as affected by selenium and vitamin
E supplementation. Int. J. Vet. Sci. &
Technology. 2(1):27-29.
Musa S.I., I.I. Bitto, J.A. Ayoade and E.O.
Oyedipe (2018 ) b. Effects of selenium and
vitamin E on mating performance and
hormone profile of yankasa rams. Sch. J.
Agric. Vet. Sci., 5(8):463-466.
National Research Council (2007). Nutrient
Requirements of Small Ruminants: Sheep,
Goats, Cervids, and New World Camelids,
National Academies Press.
Naziroglu, M., C. Mehmet, V. Tahan, B. Ramazan
and N. Delibas (1998). Effects of selenium
and vitamin E supplementation on
concentrations of plasma thyroid hormones in
lambs. Turkish J. Vet. and Anim. Sci.;
22(2):157-160.
Pandian, A., S. Theepika and J. Dhanalakshmi
(2015). Economic losses due to diseases in
sheep farms. Indian J. Vet. Res.; 24(2): 21-23.
Pekmezci D. (2011). 'Vitamin E and immunity.
Vitamins Hormones, 86: 179-215.
Pond, W. G., D. C. Church and K. R. Pond (1995).
Basic Animal Nutrition and Feeding. (4th Ed.
Tohn Wiley and Sons) New York, Toronto,
Singapore.
Qureshi, Z., L. Lodhi, H. Samad, N. Naz and M.
Nawaz (2001). Haematological profile
following immunomodulation during late
gestation in buffaloes (Bubalis bubalus). Pak.
Vet. J.; 21(3): 148-151.
Rinehart, L. (2008). Ruminant Nutrition for Graziers
[Online]. ATTRA publication #IP318.
National Sustainable Agriculture Information
Service. Available
at: https://attra.ncat.org/attra-
pub/summaries/summary.php?pub=201
Rodriguez, A.M., C.O. Schild, G.J. Canton, F.
Riet-Correa, J.I. Armendano, R.D.
Caffarena, E.C. Brambilla, J.A. García,
E.L. R. Morrell and Poppenga (2018). White
muscle disease in three selenium deficient beef
and dairy calves in Argentina and Uruguay.
Ciência Rural; 48(5).
Santo da Cruz, R. E., F. M. Rocha, C.V.B. Sena, P.
G. Noleto, E. C. Guimarães, J. A. Galo and
A. V. Mundim (2017). Effects of age and sex
on blood biochemistry of Dorper lambs.
Semina: Ciências Agrárias; 38(5): 3085-3093.
SAS Institute (2007). Statistical Analysis System.
STAT/ User’s Guide, Release 9.2, SAS
Institute, Cary: NC. USA.
Shakirullah, M. S. Q., Ghufranullah, Sohail
Akhtar, Ijaz Ali. (2018). Evaluation of
dietary vitamin E and selenium
supplementation on physiological and fertility
potential of indigenous breeds of sheep under
heat stress. Int. J. Bio. Sci.; 13(1): 206-213.
Siddig, A. (2014). Effect of vitamin E and selenium
on reproductive efficiency in nubian goats,
unpublished thesis department of animal
production, PhD dissertation, College of
Graduate Studies, Sudan Uni. Sci. Tech.
Sudan.
Soliman, E. (2015). Dose-response of vitamin E and
selenium injection on growth performance,
physiological and immune responses of
Ossimi lambs. Egypt. J. Sheep Goats Sci.;
10(1): 27-40.
Soliman, E., A. Abd El-Moty and A. Kassab
(2012). Combined effect of vitamin E and
selenium on some productive and
physiological characteristics of ewes and their
lambs during suckling period. Egypt J. Sheep
Goat Sci; 7(2): 31-42.
Soliman, E., M. El-Barody and S. Fahmy (2001).
Some physiological reactions of male lambs
subject to vitamin E and selenium injection
during summer conditions. Assuit Vet. Med. J;
(46): 210-225.
Tayeb, M., O. A. G. Al-Zeadan and N. Basher
(2020). Effect of using sodium bicarbonate
and mixture of vitamin E and selenium in
production performance of awassi ewes. Iraqi
J. Agri. Sci., 51(1):311-316.
Yami, A. (2008). Nutrition and feeding of Sheep and
Goats. In Sheep and Goat Production
Handbook for Ethiopia. Alemu Yami and R.C.
Merkel (Editors). Pp.110-167.
Zhao, T., H. Luo, Y. Zhang, K. Liu, H. Jia, Y.
Chang, L. Jiao and W. Gao (2013). Effect of
vitamin E supplementation on growth
performance, carcass characteristics and
intramuscular fatty acid composition of
Longissimus dorsi muscle in Tan’sheep.
Chilean j. Agri. Res.; 73(4): 358-365.
Ziaei, N. (2015). Effect of selenium and vitamin E
supplementation on reproductive indices and
biochemical metabolites in Raieni goats. J.
Applied Anim. Res., 43(4): 426-430.
T. El-Sherry (2019). Influence of vitamin E
and selenium supplementation on the
performance, reproductive indices and
metabolic status of Ossimi ewes. Slovenian
Vet. Res.; 56(22-Suppl).
Abrahem, M.S., W.J. Mohammed and W.K.
Ahmead (2019). Effect of injection Awassi
ewes with different levels of vitamin E and
selenium on some blood parameters and milk
yield and compositions. Euphrates J. Agric.
Sci. ; 11(2): 1-6.
Ahmed, S. (2014). Effect selenium and vitamin E
injection on the attaintment of puberty and
some blood parameters in female meriz goats.
MSc thesis. College of Agriculture. University
of Duhok.
Al Mallah, O. (2011). Study of the effect of adding
sunflower oil and vitamin E to the rations on
milk production, composition and some blood
parameters in awassi ewe. Mesopotamia J.
Agric.; 39(4): 167-174.
Ali, T. A. B., G. Bomboi and B. Floris (2009). Does
Vitamin E or Vitamin E plus Selenium
improve reproductive performance of rams during hot weather Italian J. Anim. Sci.; 8(4):
743-754.
Alimohamady, R., H. Aliarabi, A. Bahari and A.H.
Dezfoulian (2013). Influence of different
amounts and sources of selenium
supplementation on performance, some blood
parameters, and nutrient digestibility in lambs.
Biological Trace Element Research; 154(1):
45-54.
Al-Mallah, O.D. (2012). Effect of adding vitamin E
and heat treated soybean meal to the rations on
milk production, compenants and some blood
parameters in local ewes. Mesopotamia J.
Agric ; 40(4): 133-140.
Asadi, M. Abdolhakim T. and Taghi Gh. (2018).
Effect of oral administration and injection of
selenium and vitamin E on performance, blood
metabolites and digestibility of nutrients in
suckling Dalagh lambs. Res. Anim. Prod. 9
(20) 79-87.
Ashour, G., A. Neama, Ashmawy, S. Dessouki and
A. Neama (2015). Blood hematology,
metabolites and hormones in newborn sheep
and goat from birth to weaning. Int. J. Adv.
Res. 3 (7) : 1377-1386.
Chaudhary, R., L. Sailo, S.I. Rafiqi, N. Bathla,
U.B. Farooq, B. C. Naha and A.R. Prasad
(2015). Sheep farming and its scope in india.
Bulletin Vet. Anim. Sci. Res.; 1: 27.
Dacie, S.J. and S.M. Lewis (1991). Practical
Hematology. 7th Ed., Churchill Livingstone,
London, UK, PP.: 118-127.
De Souza Meira Jr, E. B., H. Rizzo, F. J. Benesi
and L. Gregory (2009). Influence of sexual
and age factors on total protein, albumin
fraction and serum activity of aspartate
aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyl
transferase in Santa Inês sheep. Brazilian J.
Vet. Res. Anim. Sci. 46(6): 448-454.
Dhari, E. A. and W. Y. Kassim (2019). Effect of
Adding Selenium with or Without Vitamin E
and Combination of them on some of
Productive and Physiological Characteristics
of Awassi Lambs. Basrah J. Agri. Sci.; 32(2):
115-125.
Duncan, D.B. (1955). Multiple range and Multiple
test Biometric. 11:16.
Fraser, A. and D. Broom (1990). Farm Animal
Behaviour and Welfare. 3rd Ed. CAB
International, Wallingford, U.K.
Ghanem, M., M. Anwar, Y. Abd El-Raof and H.
El-Attar (2016). Clinical, hematological and
biochemical changes in lambs suffered from
nutritional muscular dystrophy. Benha Vet.
Med. J; 30(2): 61-66.
Guerra, M., M. Cabrera, D. F. Abella, A. Saadoun
and A. Burton (2019). Se and I status in
pregnant ewes from a pastoral system and the
effect of supplementation with Se and I or
only Se on wool quality of lambs. Heliyon;
5(9): 1-7.
Hamam, A. and H. A. Abou-Zeina (2007). Effect of
vitamin E and selenium supplements on the
antioxidant markers and immune status in
sheep. J. Biol. Sci. 7(6): 870-878.
Hong, H., E. Lee, I.H. Lee and S.-R Lee (2019).
Effects of transport stress on physiological
responses and milk production in lactating
dairy cows. Asian-Austr. j. Ani Sci.; 32(3):
442-451.
Hosnedlova, B., M. Kepinska, S. Skalickova, C.
Fernandez, B. Ruttkay-Nedecky, T.D.
Malevu, J. Sochor, M. Baron, M. Melcova
and J. Zidkova (2017). A summary of new
findings on the biological effects of selenium
in selected animal species—a critical review.
Int. j. Mol Sci. 18(10).
Jackson, P. G. and P. D. Cockcroft (2002). Clinical
examination of farm animals. Appendix 3,
Laboratory Reference Values: biochemistry.
Blackwell Science Ltd. Oxford, UK; pp (303-
305).
Koyuncu, M. and H. Yerlikaya (2007). Effect of
selenium-vitamin E injections of ewes on
reproduction and growth of their lambs. South
African J. Anim. Sci. 37(4): 233-236.
Kumar, N., A. K. Garg, V. Mudgal, R. S. Dass, V.
K. Chaturvedi and V. P. Varshney (2008).
Effect of different levels of selenium
supplementation on growth rate, nutrient
utilization, blood metabolic profile, and
immune response in lambs. Biological Trace
Element Research; 126(1): 44-56.
Lewis, E.D., S.N. Meydani and D. Wu (2019).
Regulatory role of vitamin E in the immune
system and inflammation. IUBMB life;
71(4):487-494.
Meschy, F. (2000). Recent progress in the assessment
of mineral requirements of goats. Livestock
Prod. Sci; 64(1): 9-14.
Moeini, M. and M. Jalilian (2014). Effect of
selenium and vitamin E injection during late
pregnancy on immune system and productive
performances of sanjabi ewes and their lambs.
Global J. Anim. Sci. Rese.; 2(3): 210-219.
Mohri, M., A. Ehsani, M. Norouzian, M. H. Bami
and H. A. Seifi (2011). Parenteral selenium
and vitamin E supplementation to lambs:
hematology, serum biochemistry,
performance, and relationship with other trace elements. Biol. Trace Element Res. 139(3):
308-316.
Mohri, M., H. A. Seifi and J. Khodadadi (2005).
Effects of preweaning parenteral
supplementation of vitamin E and selenium on
hematology, serum proteins, and weight gain
in dairy calves. Comparative Clinical
Pathology; 14(3): 149-154.
Musa, I., I. Bitto, J. Ayoade and E. Oyedipe (2018)
a . Serum immunoglobulins and lipid Profile
of sheep as affected by selenium and vitamin
E supplementation. Int. J. Vet. Sci. &
Technology. 2(1):27-29.
Musa S.I., I.I. Bitto, J.A. Ayoade and E.O.
Oyedipe (2018 ) b. Effects of selenium and
vitamin E on mating performance and
hormone profile of yankasa rams. Sch. J.
Agric. Vet. Sci., 5(8):463-466.
National Research Council (2007). Nutrient
Requirements of Small Ruminants: Sheep,
Goats, Cervids, and New World Camelids,
National Academies Press.
Naziroglu, M., C. Mehmet, V. Tahan, B. Ramazan
and N. Delibas (1998). Effects of selenium
and vitamin E supplementation on
concentrations of plasma thyroid hormones in
lambs. Turkish J. Vet. and Anim. Sci.;
22(2):157-160.
Pandian, A., S. Theepika and J. Dhanalakshmi
(2015). Economic losses due to diseases in
sheep farms. Indian J. Vet. Res.; 24(2): 21-23.
Pekmezci D. (2011). 'Vitamin E and immunity.
Vitamins Hormones, 86: 179-215.
Pond, W. G., D. C. Church and K. R. Pond (1995).
Basic Animal Nutrition and Feeding. (4th Ed.
Tohn Wiley and Sons) New York, Toronto,
Singapore.
Qureshi, Z., L. Lodhi, H. Samad, N. Naz and M.
Nawaz (2001). Haematological profile
following immunomodulation during late
gestation in buffaloes (Bubalis bubalus). Pak.
Vet. J.; 21(3): 148-151.
Rinehart, L. (2008). Ruminant Nutrition for Graziers
[Online]. ATTRA publication #IP318.
National Sustainable Agriculture Information
Service. Available
at: https://attra.ncat.org/attra-
pub/summaries/summary.php?pub=201
Rodriguez, A.M., C.O. Schild, G.J. Canton, F.
Riet-Correa, J.I. Armendano, R.D.
Caffarena, E.C. Brambilla, J.A. García,
E.L. R. Morrell and Poppenga (2018). White
muscle disease in three selenium deficient beef
and dairy calves in Argentina and Uruguay.
Ciência Rural; 48(5).
Santo da Cruz, R. E., F. M. Rocha, C.V.B. Sena, P.
G. Noleto, E. C. Guimarães, J. A. Galo and
A. V. Mundim (2017). Effects of age and sex
on blood biochemistry of Dorper lambs.
Semina: Ciências Agrárias; 38(5): 3085-3093.
SAS Institute (2007). Statistical Analysis System.
STAT/ User’s Guide, Release 9.2, SAS
Institute, Cary: NC. USA.
Shakirullah, M. S. Q., Ghufranullah, Sohail
Akhtar, Ijaz Ali. (2018). Evaluation of
dietary vitamin E and selenium
supplementation on physiological and fertility
potential of indigenous breeds of sheep under
heat stress. Int. J. Bio. Sci.; 13(1): 206-213.
Siddig, A. (2014). Effect of vitamin E and selenium
on reproductive efficiency in nubian goats,
unpublished thesis department of animal
production, PhD dissertation, College of
Graduate Studies, Sudan Uni. Sci. Tech.
Sudan.
Soliman, E. (2015). Dose-response of vitamin E and
selenium injection on growth performance,
physiological and immune responses of
Ossimi lambs. Egypt. J. Sheep Goats Sci.;
10(1): 27-40.
Soliman, E., A. Abd El-Moty and A. Kassab
(2012). Combined effect of vitamin E and
selenium on some productive and
physiological characteristics of ewes and their
lambs during suckling period. Egypt J. Sheep
Goat Sci; 7(2): 31-42.
Soliman, E., M. El-Barody and S. Fahmy (2001).
Some physiological reactions of male lambs
subject to vitamin E and selenium injection
during summer conditions. Assuit Vet. Med. J;
(46): 210-225.
Tayeb, M., O. A. G. Al-Zeadan and N. Basher
(2020). Effect of using sodium bicarbonate
and mixture of vitamin E and selenium in
production performance of awassi ewes. Iraqi
J. Agri. Sci., 51(1):311-316.
Yami, A. (2008). Nutrition and feeding of Sheep and
Goats. In Sheep and Goat Production
Handbook for Ethiopia. Alemu Yami and R.C.
Merkel (Editors). Pp.110-167.
Zhao, T., H. Luo, Y. Zhang, K. Liu, H. Jia, Y.
Chang, L. Jiao and W. Gao (2013). Effect of
vitamin E supplementation on growth
performance, carcass characteristics and
intramuscular fatty acid composition of
Longissimus dorsi muscle in Tan’sheep.
Chilean j. Agri. Res.; 73(4): 358-365.
Ziaei, N. (2015). Effect of selenium and vitamin E
supplementation on reproductive indices and
biochemical metabolites in Raieni goats. J.
Applied Anim. Res., 43(4): 426-430.
Published
2020-12-14
How to Cite
HASAN, W. I., & MUSTAFA, K. N. S. (2020). EFFECT OF VITAMIN E AND SELENIUM INJECTION ON SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN LOCAL RAM LAMB. Journal of Duhok University, 23(2), 34-43. https://doi.org/10.26682/ajuod.2020.23.2.6
Section
Agriculture and Veterinary Science
It is the policy of the Journal of Duhok University to own the copyright of the technical contributions. It publishes and facilitates the appropriate re-utilize of the published materials by others. Photocopying is permitted with credit and referring to the source for individuals use.
Copyright © 2017. All Rights Reserved.
