ENDEMIC PLANT SPECIES OF IRAQ: FROM FLORISTIC DIVERSITY TO CRITICAL ANALYSIS REVIEW
Keywords:
Endemism, Biodiversity Conservation, Flora of Iraq, Zagros, Irano-Anatolian hotspot, Mesopotamia.
Abstract
The endemic flora is the heart of our understanding of the current biodiversity hotspots, and plays a
critical role to conceive successful management strategies for global biodiversity conservation. In Iraq
territory context, despite its high plant diversity value, the endemicity is still largely under-investigated
and there is no updated database of the Iraqi endemic flora. Therefore, this study sets out to present an
updated list of the endemic plant species in Iraq, including a quantitative analysis of their floristic
analysis, biological life forms, and geographical distribution. This first Iraqi endemic list can be seen as
the first step towards better understanding of the floristic diversity, and can play an important role for
future conservation priorities. This endemic list was based initially on the classical flora of Iraq and it has
been completed and refining according to the floras of the neighbouring countries. To establish an
updated list, it has been added all the Iraqi endemic taxa newly described by retrieving it from the
botanical papers and taxonomical websites. For each endemic taxa researcher has provided the following
floristic baseline: scientific name, family, phytogeographical distribution, elevation range, biological life
forms, and IUCN assessment. The results of this floristic investigation present for the first time an
updated endemic list of Iraqi plant species which contains a total of 174 endemic taxa(153 species, 11
subspecies, 10 varieties) in 27 families and 75 genera. They represent an endemicity rate of 5.3% of the
total estimated flora of Iraq, which constitutes a low level compared to those of neighboring Irano-
Anatolian countries. The family Asteraceae, Papilionaceae, Boraginaceae and Apiaceae are the richest
flowering families. The life biological forms indicate that a major part of endemic taxa are chamaephytes
(44%) and perennial hemicryptophytes (32%) as an adaptation indicator to the dry-harsh environmental
conditions of the Irano-Anatolian mountainous areas. These floristic quantitative analysis support the
idea that the species richness and endemicity are not uniformly distributed within the altitudinal gradient
and phytogeographical districts of Iraq. For instance, a significant part of the Iraqi endemic taxa
concentrate on the Zagrosian foothills and the mountain range between 1000 and 1700. The most striking
findings were that only one taxon on average per year was newly described for Iraq, over the last 20 years,
compared to around 50 taxa for Iran and Turkey confirming its status of the floristic knowledge coldspot.
The current findings add substantially to our understanding of the endemism diversity in Iraqi Zagrosian
part, and can serve as a base for future floristic investigation and biodiversity conservation studies
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biodiversity in the endangered Irano-Anatolian
and Caucasus biodiversity hotspots. Scientific
Reports, 6, 22507.
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endemic plants in the World and Turkey.
Erzincan Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi
Dergisi; Vol 7, No 1 (2005); 85-99.
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biology of rarity: causes and consequences of
rare—common differences (Vol. 17). Springer
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formations of western South-West Asia:
ecology, structure and zonation. Proceedings
of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Section B:
Biological Sciences, 89, 169-179.
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trachycoleum. The IUCN Red List of
Threatened Species 2019:
e.T136006215A136006220.
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Visions of the past and dreams of the future in
the Orient: the Irano‐Turanian region from
classical botany to evolutionary studies.
Biological reviews, 92(3), 1365-1388.
Médail, F., & Diadema, K. (2009). Glacial refugia
influence plant diversity patterns in the
Mediterranean Basin. Journal of
biogeography, 36(7), 1333-1345.
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biogeography of Cousinia (Asteraceae).
Unpublished PhD thesis, Johannes Gutenberg
Universität, Mainz.
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Hamilton AC (eds) Centres of plant diversity:
a guide and strategy for their conservation, vol
1: Europe, Africa, South West Asia and the
Middle East. IUCN Publications Unit,
Cambridge.
Miller, T., & Neale, S. (2015). Provisional IUCN Red
List of Iraq’s endemic plants. Version 1.
Centre for Middle Eastern Plants, Royal
Botanic Garden Edinburgh, UK.
Mittermeier, R. A., Roblesgil, P., Hoffmann, M.,
Pilgrim, J., Brooks, T., Mittermeier, C. G.,
Lamoreux, J., & Da Fonseca G. A. B. (2004).
Hotspots revisited: Earth’s biologically richest
and most endangered terrestrial ecoregions.
CEMEX, Mexico City, Mexico.
Mittermeier, R. A., Turner, W. R., Larsen, F. W.,
Brooks, T. M., & Gascon, C. (2011). Global
biodiversity conservation: the critical role of
hotspots. In Biodiversity hotspots (pp. 3-22).
Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
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de la Syrie. Vols. 1–3. Dar El-Machreq
(Imprimerie Catholique) (Beyrouth).
Noroozi, J., Talebi, A., Doostmohammadi, M.,
Manafzadeh, S., Asgarpour, Z., &
Schneeweiss, G. M. (2019a). Endemic
diversity and distribution of the Iranian
vascular flora across phytogeographical
regions, biodiversity hotspots and areas of
endemism. Scientific reports, 9(1), 1-12.
Noroozi, J., Zare, G., Sherafati, M., Mahmoodi, M.,
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Published
2020-12-15
How to Cite
YOUSSEF, S. (2020). ENDEMIC PLANT SPECIES OF IRAQ: FROM FLORISTIC DIVERSITY TO CRITICAL ANALYSIS REVIEW. Journal of Duhok University, 23(2), 90-105. https://doi.org/10.26682/ajuod.2020.23.2.12
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Agriculture and Veterinary Science
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