EFFECT OF SPRAYING ZINC, COPPER AND IRON ON LEAF NUTRIENT, FRUIT SET AND SOME FRUIT QUALITY OF PISTACHIO TREES (Pistacia vera L.) CV. HALEBI
Keywords:
ZINC,, COPPER, IRON, LEAF NUTRIENT, FRUIT SET, PISTACHIO TRESS
Abstract
This study was conducted at a private orchard in the Ekmale village of Duhok Governorate, Kurdistan
Region, Iraq during growing season (2020) to evaluate the effect of foliar sprays of three concentrations of
zinc (0, 750, and 1500 mg.L−1
), three concentrations of copper (0, 100, and 200 mg.L−1
) and three
concentrations of iron (0, 150, and 300 mg.L−1
) on leaf nutrient, fruit set, as well as yield and quality of 18-
years old " Halebi " pistachio trees. The nutrition solutions were sprayed on trees at two times (bud swell
stage and green tip stage). Based on the obtained results, fruit set percentage, yield, and leaf nutrient were
significantly affected by foliar application of a zinc, copper and iron each alone. In combination, the triple
interactions among 1500mg.L−1 zinc plus 200mg.L−1
copper and 300mg.L−1 iron was the most affected one
which exceed significantly on the control treatment, Moreover, nutrient treatment had a significant effect
on the percentage of blankness. In general, these results show that Zn, Cu and Fe fertilizers is necessary
for obtaining better yield and fruit quality in " Halebi " pistachio trees.
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References
Abd El Motty, Z.E., Shahin, M.F.M., Hagagg, L.F.
(2006): Response of Valencia oranges trees
budded on Troyer citrange and Sour orange to
foliar application of some macro and micro
nutrients. J. Appl. Sci. Res. 2(11): 952-965.
Alvarez-Fernandez, A., Garcia-Lavina, P., Fidalgo, J.,
Abadia J. and Abadia A. (2004). Foliar
fertilization to control iron cholorosis in pear
(Pyrus communis L.) trees. Plant Soil, 263: 5-
15.
Baninasab, B., M. Rahemi and H. Shariatmadari.
2007. Seasonal change in mineral content of
different organs in the alternate bearing of
pistachio trees. Communications in Soil
Science and Plant Analysis 38:241–258.
Beede, R.H., Brown, P.H., Kallsen, C., Weinbaum,
S.A. (2005): Diagnosing and correcting
nutrient deficiencies. In: L. Ferguson (ed),
Pistachio production manual. 4th
edition.Division of Agriculture and Natural
Resources. University of California: Oakland.
Pp: 147-157.
Bhargava, B. and Raghupathi, H. (1993). Analysis of
plant materials for macro and micronutrients.
Methods of analysis of soil, plant, water and
fertilizers. Fertilizers Development and
Consultation Organization, New Delhi, India.
4(3): 49-82.
Bybordi, A., Malakouti, M.J. (2009): Effects of N, Zn
and B foliar application in increasing fruit set
and yield of pistachio in East Azerbaijan. 5th International Symposium on Pistachio and
Almond, Turkey. pp:260.
Chaturvedi, OP, Singh, AK, Tripathi, VK and Dixit,
AK (2005) Effect of zinc and iron on growth,
yield and quality of strawberry cv. Chandler.
Acta Hortic. 696: 237-240.
Einali, A. and Valizadeh, J., (2017). Storage reserve
mobilization, gluconeogenesis, and oxidative
pattern in dormant pistachio (Pistacia vera L.)
seeds during cold stratification. Trees, 31(2),
pp.659-671.
Ghaderi N, Vezvaei A, Talaei AR, Babalar M (2003)
Effect of boron and zinc foliar spraying as
well as concentrations of these elements on
some leaf and fruit characteristics of almond.
Iranian J Agric Sci 34: 127-135.
Gursoz, S., Gokoglu, S. and Ak, B.N., (2010).
Determination of mineral nutrition contents of
grape and pistachio cultivars grown as inter
planted orchard. Options
Mediterraneennes, 94, pp.25-30.
Javanshah, A., Alipour, H. and Hadavi, F., (2005). A
model for assessing the chill units received in
Kerman and Rafsanjan areas. In IV
International Symposium on Pistachios and
Almonds 726 (pp. 221-226).
Kallsen, C.E., Holtz, B.A., Wylie, C., Villaruz, L.
(1998): Injecting zinc and copper fertilizers
through low volume irrigation systems to meet
pistachio nutrient requirements. In: Calif.
Pistachio Ind. Ann. Rpt. pp: 105-106.
Kallsen, C.E., Holtz, B.A., Wylie, C., Villaruz, L.
(2000): Injecting zinc and copper fertilizers
through low volume irrigation systems to meet
pistachio nutrient requirements. In: Calif.
Pistachio Ind. Ann. Rpt. pp: 105-106
Keshavarz, K., Vahdati, K., Samar, M., Azadegan,
B., & Brown, P. H. (2011). Foliar application
of zinc and boron improves walnut vegetative
and reproductive
growth. HortTechnology, 21(2), 181-186.
Kizilgoz I, Sakin E, Aslant N. (2010). The effect of
zinc fertilization on the yield of Pistachio
(Pistacia vera L.) grown under rainfed
condition. African Journal of Agricultural
Research 5, 3427-3430.
Meshcheryakov, AM and Alekhina, LA (1971) The
effect of iron sulphate and chelate on chlorosis
and yields in irrigated grape vines grown on
calcareous soil. Trudy-Issledovaniya-Biologii-
Agrotekhniki-i-Uslovii – Vyraschivaniya -
Nekotorykh-Sel Skokhozyoi - stvennykh-
Koltur-Tadzhikistapa, 15: 90-104.
Mozafari, V. (2005): The role of potassium, calcium
and zinc in controlling pistachio dieback.
Ph.D. Thesis, Tarbiat Modarres University,
Tehran, Iran. (in Persian).
Najad, A.H. (2004): Effect of zinc and iron on
growth, yield and quality of pistachio M.Sc.
Thesis, Azadi University, Tehran, Iran. (in
Persian).
Norozi, M., ValizadehKaji, B., Karimi, R. and
Nikoogoftar Sedghi, M., (2019). Effects of
foliar application of potassium and zinc on
pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) fruit
yield. International Journal of Horticultural
Science and Technology, 6(1), pp.113-123.
Ojeda-Barrios D.L, Perea-Portillo E, Hernández-
Rodríguez O.A, Martínez-Téllez J, Abadía J,
Lombardini L. (2014). Foliar fertilization with
zinc in pecan trees. HortScience 49, 562-566.
Pandit, A. H., Wani, M. S., Mir, M. A., Bhat, K. M.,
Wani, S. M., & Malik, A. R. (2008, August).
Effect of foliar application of boron and zinc
on fruit set and productivity of almond. In IX
International Symposium on Integrating
Canopy, Rootstock and Environmental
Physiology in Orchard Systems 903 (pp. 1007-
1009).
Ranjbarkabotarkhani, H.R., Mohamadialiabadi, H.,
Hokmabadi, H. (2009): Effect of some
commercial fertilization of zinc, calcium and
copper chelate on pistachio fruit set. 5th
International Symposium on Pistachio and
Almond, Turkey. pp:260.
Razzaq, K., Khan, A.S., Malik, A.U, Shahid, M. and
Ullah, S. (2013) Foliar application of Zinc
influences the leaf mineral status, vegetative
and reproductive growth, yield and fruit
quality of “Kinnow” mandarin. Journal of
Plant Nutrition, 36, 1479- 1495.
Rosati, A., Zipanćič, M., Caporali, S. and Paoletti, A.,
(2010). Fruit set is inversely related to flower
and fruit weight in olive (Olea europaea
L.). Scientia horticulturae, 126(2), pp.200-
204.
SAS Institute. (2015). Base SAS 9.4 procedures
guide. SAS Institute.
Shahriaripour R, Tajabadipour A. (2010). Zinc
nutrition of pistachio: interaction of zinc with other trace elements. Communications in Soil
Science and Plant Analysis 41, 1885-1888.
Shivanandam, VN, Pradeep, SL, Rajanna, KM and
Shivappa. (2007) Effect of zinc sulphate on
growth and yield of mango varieties and
hybrids. J. Soil Crops, 17: 225-229.
Shoeib, MM. and El sayed, A (2003) Response of
“Thompson Seedless” grape vines to the spray
of some nutrients and citric acid. Minia J.
Agric. Res. Dev. 23(4): 681–698.
Soliemanzadeh, A.; Mozafari, V. and Kamali, M.
(2014). Treatment of Pistachio Trees with
Zinc and Copper in Time of Swollen Bud in
Two Consecutive Years. Communications in
soil science and plant analysis. 45(8): 1025-
1036.
Soliemanzadeh, A. (2012): Study effects of foliar
application zinc, iron and copper on fruit set of
pistachio trees. MSc Thesis, Vali-E-Asr
University of Rafsanjan, Iran. (in Persian).
Soliemanzadeh, A.; Mozafari, V.; Pour, A.T. and
Akhgar, A. (2013). Effect of Zn, Cu and Fe
foliar application on fruit set and some quality
and quantity characteristics of Pistachio trees.
South Western Journal of Horticulture,
Biology and Environment. 4(1): 19-34.
Sotomayor, C., Silva, H. and Castro, J. (2000).
Effectiveness of boron and zinc foliar sprays
on fruit setting of two Almond cultivars. Acta
Hort. 591:129-132.
Tavallali, V. and Rahemi, M., (2007). Effects of
rootstock on nutrient acquisition by leaf,
kernel and quality of pistachio (Pistacia vera
L.). American-Eurasian Journal of
Agricultural and Environmental Science, 2(3),
pp.240-246.
Tavallali, V., Rahemi, M. (2007): Effect of rootstock
on nutrient acquisition by leaf, kernel and
quality of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.).
American-Eurasian J. Agric. Environ. Sci.
2(3): 240-246.
Tsipouridis, C., Thomidis, T., Zakinthinos, I.,
Michilidis, Z., Michaillides, T. (2005):
Treatment of pistachio with boric acid, zn-
sulfate and zn-chelate. Agronomy for
Sustainable Development. 25:377-379.
Wang, S., Li, M., Tian, X., Li, S., Chen, Y., Jia, Z., ...
& Zhao, A. (2016). Zinc and iron
concentrations in grain milling fractions
through combined foliar applications of Zn
and macronutrients. Field Crops
Research, 187, 135-141.
Zhang, Q., Brown, P. (1999b): The mechanism of
foliar zinc adsorption in pistachio and walnut.
J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 124:312-317.
(2006): Response of Valencia oranges trees
budded on Troyer citrange and Sour orange to
foliar application of some macro and micro
nutrients. J. Appl. Sci. Res. 2(11): 952-965.
Alvarez-Fernandez, A., Garcia-Lavina, P., Fidalgo, J.,
Abadia J. and Abadia A. (2004). Foliar
fertilization to control iron cholorosis in pear
(Pyrus communis L.) trees. Plant Soil, 263: 5-
15.
Baninasab, B., M. Rahemi and H. Shariatmadari.
2007. Seasonal change in mineral content of
different organs in the alternate bearing of
pistachio trees. Communications in Soil
Science and Plant Analysis 38:241–258.
Beede, R.H., Brown, P.H., Kallsen, C., Weinbaum,
S.A. (2005): Diagnosing and correcting
nutrient deficiencies. In: L. Ferguson (ed),
Pistachio production manual. 4th
edition.Division of Agriculture and Natural
Resources. University of California: Oakland.
Pp: 147-157.
Bhargava, B. and Raghupathi, H. (1993). Analysis of
plant materials for macro and micronutrients.
Methods of analysis of soil, plant, water and
fertilizers. Fertilizers Development and
Consultation Organization, New Delhi, India.
4(3): 49-82.
Bybordi, A., Malakouti, M.J. (2009): Effects of N, Zn
and B foliar application in increasing fruit set
and yield of pistachio in East Azerbaijan. 5th International Symposium on Pistachio and
Almond, Turkey. pp:260.
Chaturvedi, OP, Singh, AK, Tripathi, VK and Dixit,
AK (2005) Effect of zinc and iron on growth,
yield and quality of strawberry cv. Chandler.
Acta Hortic. 696: 237-240.
Einali, A. and Valizadeh, J., (2017). Storage reserve
mobilization, gluconeogenesis, and oxidative
pattern in dormant pistachio (Pistacia vera L.)
seeds during cold stratification. Trees, 31(2),
pp.659-671.
Ghaderi N, Vezvaei A, Talaei AR, Babalar M (2003)
Effect of boron and zinc foliar spraying as
well as concentrations of these elements on
some leaf and fruit characteristics of almond.
Iranian J Agric Sci 34: 127-135.
Gursoz, S., Gokoglu, S. and Ak, B.N., (2010).
Determination of mineral nutrition contents of
grape and pistachio cultivars grown as inter
planted orchard. Options
Mediterraneennes, 94, pp.25-30.
Javanshah, A., Alipour, H. and Hadavi, F., (2005). A
model for assessing the chill units received in
Kerman and Rafsanjan areas. In IV
International Symposium on Pistachios and
Almonds 726 (pp. 221-226).
Kallsen, C.E., Holtz, B.A., Wylie, C., Villaruz, L.
(1998): Injecting zinc and copper fertilizers
through low volume irrigation systems to meet
pistachio nutrient requirements. In: Calif.
Pistachio Ind. Ann. Rpt. pp: 105-106.
Kallsen, C.E., Holtz, B.A., Wylie, C., Villaruz, L.
(2000): Injecting zinc and copper fertilizers
through low volume irrigation systems to meet
pistachio nutrient requirements. In: Calif.
Pistachio Ind. Ann. Rpt. pp: 105-106
Keshavarz, K., Vahdati, K., Samar, M., Azadegan,
B., & Brown, P. H. (2011). Foliar application
of zinc and boron improves walnut vegetative
and reproductive
growth. HortTechnology, 21(2), 181-186.
Kizilgoz I, Sakin E, Aslant N. (2010). The effect of
zinc fertilization on the yield of Pistachio
(Pistacia vera L.) grown under rainfed
condition. African Journal of Agricultural
Research 5, 3427-3430.
Meshcheryakov, AM and Alekhina, LA (1971) The
effect of iron sulphate and chelate on chlorosis
and yields in irrigated grape vines grown on
calcareous soil. Trudy-Issledovaniya-Biologii-
Agrotekhniki-i-Uslovii – Vyraschivaniya -
Nekotorykh-Sel Skokhozyoi - stvennykh-
Koltur-Tadzhikistapa, 15: 90-104.
Mozafari, V. (2005): The role of potassium, calcium
and zinc in controlling pistachio dieback.
Ph.D. Thesis, Tarbiat Modarres University,
Tehran, Iran. (in Persian).
Najad, A.H. (2004): Effect of zinc and iron on
growth, yield and quality of pistachio M.Sc.
Thesis, Azadi University, Tehran, Iran. (in
Persian).
Norozi, M., ValizadehKaji, B., Karimi, R. and
Nikoogoftar Sedghi, M., (2019). Effects of
foliar application of potassium and zinc on
pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) fruit
yield. International Journal of Horticultural
Science and Technology, 6(1), pp.113-123.
Ojeda-Barrios D.L, Perea-Portillo E, Hernández-
Rodríguez O.A, Martínez-Téllez J, Abadía J,
Lombardini L. (2014). Foliar fertilization with
zinc in pecan trees. HortScience 49, 562-566.
Pandit, A. H., Wani, M. S., Mir, M. A., Bhat, K. M.,
Wani, S. M., & Malik, A. R. (2008, August).
Effect of foliar application of boron and zinc
on fruit set and productivity of almond. In IX
International Symposium on Integrating
Canopy, Rootstock and Environmental
Physiology in Orchard Systems 903 (pp. 1007-
1009).
Ranjbarkabotarkhani, H.R., Mohamadialiabadi, H.,
Hokmabadi, H. (2009): Effect of some
commercial fertilization of zinc, calcium and
copper chelate on pistachio fruit set. 5th
International Symposium on Pistachio and
Almond, Turkey. pp:260.
Razzaq, K., Khan, A.S., Malik, A.U, Shahid, M. and
Ullah, S. (2013) Foliar application of Zinc
influences the leaf mineral status, vegetative
and reproductive growth, yield and fruit
quality of “Kinnow” mandarin. Journal of
Plant Nutrition, 36, 1479- 1495.
Rosati, A., Zipanćič, M., Caporali, S. and Paoletti, A.,
(2010). Fruit set is inversely related to flower
and fruit weight in olive (Olea europaea
L.). Scientia horticulturae, 126(2), pp.200-
204.
SAS Institute. (2015). Base SAS 9.4 procedures
guide. SAS Institute.
Shahriaripour R, Tajabadipour A. (2010). Zinc
nutrition of pistachio: interaction of zinc with other trace elements. Communications in Soil
Science and Plant Analysis 41, 1885-1888.
Shivanandam, VN, Pradeep, SL, Rajanna, KM and
Shivappa. (2007) Effect of zinc sulphate on
growth and yield of mango varieties and
hybrids. J. Soil Crops, 17: 225-229.
Shoeib, MM. and El sayed, A (2003) Response of
“Thompson Seedless” grape vines to the spray
of some nutrients and citric acid. Minia J.
Agric. Res. Dev. 23(4): 681–698.
Soliemanzadeh, A.; Mozafari, V. and Kamali, M.
(2014). Treatment of Pistachio Trees with
Zinc and Copper in Time of Swollen Bud in
Two Consecutive Years. Communications in
soil science and plant analysis. 45(8): 1025-
1036.
Soliemanzadeh, A. (2012): Study effects of foliar
application zinc, iron and copper on fruit set of
pistachio trees. MSc Thesis, Vali-E-Asr
University of Rafsanjan, Iran. (in Persian).
Soliemanzadeh, A.; Mozafari, V.; Pour, A.T. and
Akhgar, A. (2013). Effect of Zn, Cu and Fe
foliar application on fruit set and some quality
and quantity characteristics of Pistachio trees.
South Western Journal of Horticulture,
Biology and Environment. 4(1): 19-34.
Sotomayor, C., Silva, H. and Castro, J. (2000).
Effectiveness of boron and zinc foliar sprays
on fruit setting of two Almond cultivars. Acta
Hort. 591:129-132.
Tavallali, V. and Rahemi, M., (2007). Effects of
rootstock on nutrient acquisition by leaf,
kernel and quality of pistachio (Pistacia vera
L.). American-Eurasian Journal of
Agricultural and Environmental Science, 2(3),
pp.240-246.
Tavallali, V., Rahemi, M. (2007): Effect of rootstock
on nutrient acquisition by leaf, kernel and
quality of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.).
American-Eurasian J. Agric. Environ. Sci.
2(3): 240-246.
Tsipouridis, C., Thomidis, T., Zakinthinos, I.,
Michilidis, Z., Michaillides, T. (2005):
Treatment of pistachio with boric acid, zn-
sulfate and zn-chelate. Agronomy for
Sustainable Development. 25:377-379.
Wang, S., Li, M., Tian, X., Li, S., Chen, Y., Jia, Z., ...
& Zhao, A. (2016). Zinc and iron
concentrations in grain milling fractions
through combined foliar applications of Zn
and macronutrients. Field Crops
Research, 187, 135-141.
Zhang, Q., Brown, P. (1999b): The mechanism of
foliar zinc adsorption in pistachio and walnut.
J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 124:312-317.
Published
2020-12-17
How to Cite
IBRAHIM, Z. R. (2020). EFFECT OF SPRAYING ZINC, COPPER AND IRON ON LEAF NUTRIENT, FRUIT SET AND SOME FRUIT QUALITY OF PISTACHIO TREES (Pistacia vera L.) CV. HALEBI. Journal of Duhok University, 23(2), 218-227. https://doi.org/10.26682/ajuod.2020.23.2.25
Section
Agriculture and Veterinary Science
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