PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS, NUTRITIONAL VALUE AND ETHNOBOTANICAL KNOWLEDGE OF Pelargonium quercetorum AGNEW (Geraniaceae)
Keywords:
Pelargonium, Edible Plant, Phytochemicals, Traditional knowledge, Medicinal Plant.
Abstract
Pelargonium quercetorum Agnew is an edible wild species of Pelargonium genus which has a lot of
concern in term of ethnobotanical knowledge, nutrition value and phytochemical analysis. Traditionally,
it was providing local and rural people medicines and food security. Nowadays, wild edible plants (WEPs)
become a central action to preserve the culture that belongs to the natural heritage. Thus, the aim of this
research is to investigate ethnobotanical knowledge related to the traditions, phytochemical and
nutritional value of P. quercetorum. Semi questionnaire has been used in Deralok town for ethnobotanical
knowledge determination. The findings showed the main threats were overgrazing and overharvesting of
this WEPs; a quantity of (10kg) took per year as a food and medicines during spring season. The plant
was in a high abundance but required bio-conservation alongside it can be taken together with medication
with the very rare side effect on the people. Furthermore, the analysis part has been done in the
laboratories of college of agricultural engineering science, University of Duhok, Kurdistan region of Iraq.
The findings of this research shown interestingly the highest level contents of (fat=3.68g / 100g,
carbohydrate=46.78g /100g, dry matter moisture content=10.93g / 100g and fibers=20.56g / 100g), macro
mineral (Ca=4512.9mg / 100g and Mg=229.69mg / 100 g), micro minerals (Zn=4.398mg / 100 g,
Mn=3.926mg / 100 g and Cu=1.074mg / 100g) were seen in leaves part. But, the highest content of (Energy
value 185.44g/100g, Protein 23.38g/100g and Ash 7.63g / 100g), macro mineral (P=928.5mg / 100g,
S=4.036mg / 100g, K=1147.9mg/100g and Na= 118.54mg / 100g), micro minerals (Fe=23.779mg / 100g)
were seen in root part. Hence, the study evidence shown that this geranium species can enhance nutrition
value and food security as well as natural remedies for the local people
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References
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American association of cereal chemists.
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Abduljabar, K. A., Mahdi, H. S., Yaseen, D. F.,
Mergye, Z., & Youseef, S. (2019). Effect of
pre-sowing treatments on seed germination
and seedling emergence of celtis tournefortii
lam.–kurdistan region of iraq. Journal of
Duhok University, 22(2), 121-132.
Ahmad, S. A. and Askari, A. A., (2015). Ethnobotany
of the Hawraman region of Kurdistan Iraq.
Harvard papers in botany, 20(1), pp.85-89.
Ahmed, H. M., (2016). Ethnopharmacobotanical
study on the medicinal plants used by
herbalists in Sulaymaniyah Province,
Kurdistan, Iraq. Journal of ethnobiology and
ethnomedicine, 12(1), p.8.
Brendler, T., & Van Wyk, B. E. (2008). A historical,
scientific and commercial perspective on the
medicinal use of Pelargonium sidoides
(Geraniaceae). Journal of
ethnopharmacology, 119 (3), 420-433.
Castleman, M., & Hendler, S. S. (1995). The healing
herbs: The ultimate guide to the curative
power of nature's medicines. Bantam.
Clarkson DT (1985) Factors affecting mineral
nutrient acquisition by plants. Annu Rev Plant
Physiol 36:77–115
Cotton, C.M. and Wilkie, P. (1996). Ethnobotany:
principles and applications (No. Sirsi)
i9780471955375). Chichester: John Wiley &
Sons.
Darwesh, D.T., (2017). Plant Biodiversity and
Ethnobotanical Properties of Various Plants in
Choman (Erbil-Iraq) (M. Sc. Thesis,
Kahramanmaraș Sütçü İmam University,
Graduate School of Natural and Applied
Sciences University, Kahramanmaraș, Turkey:
130 pp).
Davis PH, Mill RR, & Kit T (1988). Pelargonium
L’Hérit In: Flora of Turkey and the East
Aegean Islands, Davis PH (eds): University
Press, Edinburgh, (10)106.
E. Schonbeck-Temesy (1992). In Flora Iranica, K.H.
Rechinger (Ed.), Wien. Akademische Druck-
u.Verlagsanstalt, Graz.
Elad, Y., & Volpin, H. (1988). The involvement of
ethylene and calcium in gray mold of
pelargonium, ruscus, and rose
plants. Phytoparasitica, 16(2), 119.
Fayed, S. A. (2009). Antioxidant and anticancer
activities of Citrus reticulate (Petitgrain
Mandarin) and Pelargonium graveolens
(Geranium) essential oils. Research Journal of
Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 5(5),
740-747.
Gâlea, C., Hancu, G., Csiszer, A., Jeszenszky, C. M.,
& Barabás, E. (2015). Determination of
mineral element content of Pelargonium
roseum plant by ICP-MS. Macedonian
pharmaceutical bulletin, 61(1), 27-34.
Geissler, C. and Powers, H.J. eds. (2017). Human
nutrition. Oxford University Press.
Graham, P. H., & Vance, C. P. (2003). Legumes:
importance and constraints to greater
use. Plant physiology, 131(3), 872- 877.
Gurib-Fakim, A. (2006). Medicinal plants: traditions
of yesterday and drugs of tomorrow.
Molecular aspects of Medicine, 27(1), pp.1-
93.
Hamilton, A., Shengji, P., Kessy, J., Khan, A.A.,
Lagos-Witte, S. and Shinwari, Z.K. (2003).
The purposes and teaching of applied
ethnobotany. United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization
(UNESCO).
Heinrich, M., Barnes, J., Prieto-Garcia, J., Gibbons,
S. and Williamson, E.M. (2017).
Fundamentals of Pharmacognosy and
Phytotherapy E-Book. Elsevier Health
Sciences.
Hornick, S. B. (1992). Factors affecting the
nutritional quality of crops. American
Journal of Alternative Agriculture, 63-68.
Hussain, J., Rehman, N.U., Khan, A.L., Hamayun,
M., Hussain, S.M. and Shinwari, Z.K., (2010).
Proximate and essential nutrients evaluation of
selected vegetables species from Kohat region,
Pakistan. Pak. J. Bot, 42(4), pp.2847-2855.
Hussein, W., E., Youssef, S., and Faizy, H., S.
(2020). ethnobotanical study of wild edible
plants, and determination of some active
constituents of (allium calocephalum
wendelbo) in duhok province/ dereluk,
College of Agricultural Engineering Science,
Duhok, University of Duhok.
İdris, U. C. E., & Tunçtürk, M. (2014). Some Wild
Plants That Are Naturally Grown and
Widely Used In Hakkari. Research Journal of
Biology Sciences, 7(2), 21-25.
James, C.S. (1995). Analytical Chemistry of Food.
Chapman and Hall, London pp 60-65.
Karthika, K. S., Rashmi, I., & Parvathi, M. S. (2018).
Biological functions, uptake and transport of
essential nutrients in relation to plant growth.
In Plant nutrients and abiotic stress tolerance
(pp. 1-49). Springer, Singapore.
Kaval, I., Behçet, L., & Cakilcioglu, U. (2014).
Ethnobotanical study on medicinal plants
in Geçitli and its surrounding (Hakkari-
Turkey). Journal of
Ethnopharmacology, 155(1), 171-184. Komarnisky, L. A., Christopherson, R. J., & Basu, T.
K. (2003). Sulfur: its clinical and toxicologic
aspects. Nutrition, 19(1), 54-61.
Latté, K. P., & Kolodziej, H. (2000). Pelargoniins,
new ellagitannins from Pelargonium
reniforme. Phytochemistry, 54(7), 701-708.
Latté, K. P., & Kolodziej, H. (2000). Pelargoniins,
new ellagitannins from Pelargonium
reniforme. Phytochemistry, 54(7), 701-708.
Mahdi, H. S., Hussein, W. I., Salih, H. M., &
Youssef, S. M. A. A. (2018). Effect of pre-
sowing treatments on seed germination of P.
eurycarpa and P. khinjuk–Kurdistan Region.
Journal of Duhok University, 20(1), 105-113.
Marschner, H. (1995). Mineral nutrition of higher
plants 2nd edition. Academic, Great Britain.
Martin, G.J. (2010). Ethnobotany: A Methods Manual
(People and plants conservation series).
Earthscan Publications.
MEA (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment). (2005).
Ecosystems and human well-being: synthesis.
Ozbilge, H., Kaya, E. G., Taskin, O. M., & Kosar, M.
(2010). Antimicrobial activity of Pelargonium
endlicherianum Fenzl.(Geraniaceae) roots
against some microorganisms. Journal of
Medicinal Plants Research, 4(24), 2647-2650.
Pallardy, S. G. (2010). Physiology of woody plants.
Academic Press.
Peel, M. C., Finlayson, B. L., and McMahon, T. A.
(2007). Updated world map of the Köppen-
Geiger climate classification. Hydrology and
earth system sciences discussions, 4(2),
pp.439-473.
Pieroni, A., Ahmed, H. M., & Zahir, H. (2017). The
spring has arrived: traditional wild vegetables
gathered by Yarsanis (Ahl-e Haqq) and Sunni
Muslims in Western Hawraman, SE Kurdistan
(Iraq). Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae,
86(1).
Prance, G., and Nesbitt, M. (Eds.) (2012). The
cultural history of plants. Routledge.
Sahira Banu, K. and L.Cathrine, (2015).General
Techniques Involved in Phytochemical
Analysis Assistant. International Journal of
Advanced Research in Chemical Science, 2(
4), pp.25-32.
Sarkiyayi, S. and Agar, T.M. (2010). Comparative
analysis on the nutritional and anti-nutritional
contents of the sweet and bitter cassava
varieties. Advance Journal of Food Science
and Technology, 2(6), pp.328-334.
Taherpour §, A., Maroofi, H., & Kheradmand, K.
(2007). Chemical composition of the essential
oil of Pelargonium quercetorum Agnew of
Iran. Natural product research, 21(1), 24-27.
Tahir, S.A., (2017). Plant biodiversity and
ethnobotanical properties of various plants in
amedi (Duhok-northern Iraq) (M. Sc. Thesis,
Kahramanmaraș Sütçü İmam University,
Graduate School of Natural and Applied
Sciences University, Kahramanmaraș,
Turkey).
Tomkins, M., Yousef, S., Adam-Bradford, A.,
Perkins, C., Grosrenaud, E., Mctough, M.,
and Viljoen, A. (2019). Cultivating refuge:
The role of urban agriculture amongst refugees
and forced migrants in the Kurdistan region of
Iraq. Urban Agriculture and City
Sustainability, pp.131.
Udo, E.J. and Oguwele, J.A. (1986). Laboratory
Manual for Analysis of Soil planted and Water
samples 3rd Ed. Department of Crop
Production. University of Ilorin Kwara State,
Nigeria.
Watt, J. M., & Breyer-Brandwijk, M. G. (1962). The
medicinal and poisonous plants of southern
and eastern Africa. Livingstone, Edinburgh,
London, Great Britain, 449-455.
Whitney, E. N., & Rolfes, S. R.
(2018). Understanding nutrition. Cengage
Learning.
Youssef, S., Galalaey, A., Mahmood, A., Mahdi, H.
and E. Véla (2019). Wild orchids of the
Kurdistan Region areas: a scientific window
on the unexpected nature of the North-Western
Zagros.-Société Méditerranéenne
d’Orchidologie, La Motte-d’Aigues, France.
164 P. ISBN: 978-2-900082-08-9.
Youssef, S., Mahmood, A., Hussein, W., Véla, E.,
(2017). Montagnes du Zagros, un paradis
terrestre aux pratiques ethnobotaniques
vivantes. La Garance voyageuse, 120:
pp.41-45.
Zheng, Q. H., JIANG, P., & Zhou, X. L. (2011).
Analysis of active ingredients of geranium oil
extracted from fresh leaves of Pelargonium
raveolens L for relieving cough. Biomass
Chemical Engineering, 45(1), 37-40.
American association of cereal chemists.
Methods, 54, p.21.
Abduljabar, K. A., Mahdi, H. S., Yaseen, D. F.,
Mergye, Z., & Youseef, S. (2019). Effect of
pre-sowing treatments on seed germination
and seedling emergence of celtis tournefortii
lam.–kurdistan region of iraq. Journal of
Duhok University, 22(2), 121-132.
Ahmad, S. A. and Askari, A. A., (2015). Ethnobotany
of the Hawraman region of Kurdistan Iraq.
Harvard papers in botany, 20(1), pp.85-89.
Ahmed, H. M., (2016). Ethnopharmacobotanical
study on the medicinal plants used by
herbalists in Sulaymaniyah Province,
Kurdistan, Iraq. Journal of ethnobiology and
ethnomedicine, 12(1), p.8.
Brendler, T., & Van Wyk, B. E. (2008). A historical,
scientific and commercial perspective on the
medicinal use of Pelargonium sidoides
(Geraniaceae). Journal of
ethnopharmacology, 119 (3), 420-433.
Castleman, M., & Hendler, S. S. (1995). The healing
herbs: The ultimate guide to the curative
power of nature's medicines. Bantam.
Clarkson DT (1985) Factors affecting mineral
nutrient acquisition by plants. Annu Rev Plant
Physiol 36:77–115
Cotton, C.M. and Wilkie, P. (1996). Ethnobotany:
principles and applications (No. Sirsi)
i9780471955375). Chichester: John Wiley &
Sons.
Darwesh, D.T., (2017). Plant Biodiversity and
Ethnobotanical Properties of Various Plants in
Choman (Erbil-Iraq) (M. Sc. Thesis,
Kahramanmaraș Sütçü İmam University,
Graduate School of Natural and Applied
Sciences University, Kahramanmaraș, Turkey:
130 pp).
Davis PH, Mill RR, & Kit T (1988). Pelargonium
L’Hérit In: Flora of Turkey and the East
Aegean Islands, Davis PH (eds): University
Press, Edinburgh, (10)106.
E. Schonbeck-Temesy (1992). In Flora Iranica, K.H.
Rechinger (Ed.), Wien. Akademische Druck-
u.Verlagsanstalt, Graz.
Elad, Y., & Volpin, H. (1988). The involvement of
ethylene and calcium in gray mold of
pelargonium, ruscus, and rose
plants. Phytoparasitica, 16(2), 119.
Fayed, S. A. (2009). Antioxidant and anticancer
activities of Citrus reticulate (Petitgrain
Mandarin) and Pelargonium graveolens
(Geranium) essential oils. Research Journal of
Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 5(5),
740-747.
Gâlea, C., Hancu, G., Csiszer, A., Jeszenszky, C. M.,
& Barabás, E. (2015). Determination of
mineral element content of Pelargonium
roseum plant by ICP-MS. Macedonian
pharmaceutical bulletin, 61(1), 27-34.
Geissler, C. and Powers, H.J. eds. (2017). Human
nutrition. Oxford University Press.
Graham, P. H., & Vance, C. P. (2003). Legumes:
importance and constraints to greater
use. Plant physiology, 131(3), 872- 877.
Gurib-Fakim, A. (2006). Medicinal plants: traditions
of yesterday and drugs of tomorrow.
Molecular aspects of Medicine, 27(1), pp.1-
93.
Hamilton, A., Shengji, P., Kessy, J., Khan, A.A.,
Lagos-Witte, S. and Shinwari, Z.K. (2003).
The purposes and teaching of applied
ethnobotany. United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization
(UNESCO).
Heinrich, M., Barnes, J., Prieto-Garcia, J., Gibbons,
S. and Williamson, E.M. (2017).
Fundamentals of Pharmacognosy and
Phytotherapy E-Book. Elsevier Health
Sciences.
Hornick, S. B. (1992). Factors affecting the
nutritional quality of crops. American
Journal of Alternative Agriculture, 63-68.
Hussain, J., Rehman, N.U., Khan, A.L., Hamayun,
M., Hussain, S.M. and Shinwari, Z.K., (2010).
Proximate and essential nutrients evaluation of
selected vegetables species from Kohat region,
Pakistan. Pak. J. Bot, 42(4), pp.2847-2855.
Hussein, W., E., Youssef, S., and Faizy, H., S.
(2020). ethnobotanical study of wild edible
plants, and determination of some active
constituents of (allium calocephalum
wendelbo) in duhok province/ dereluk,
College of Agricultural Engineering Science,
Duhok, University of Duhok.
İdris, U. C. E., & Tunçtürk, M. (2014). Some Wild
Plants That Are Naturally Grown and
Widely Used In Hakkari. Research Journal of
Biology Sciences, 7(2), 21-25.
James, C.S. (1995). Analytical Chemistry of Food.
Chapman and Hall, London pp 60-65.
Karthika, K. S., Rashmi, I., & Parvathi, M. S. (2018).
Biological functions, uptake and transport of
essential nutrients in relation to plant growth.
In Plant nutrients and abiotic stress tolerance
(pp. 1-49). Springer, Singapore.
Kaval, I., Behçet, L., & Cakilcioglu, U. (2014).
Ethnobotanical study on medicinal plants
in Geçitli and its surrounding (Hakkari-
Turkey). Journal of
Ethnopharmacology, 155(1), 171-184. Komarnisky, L. A., Christopherson, R. J., & Basu, T.
K. (2003). Sulfur: its clinical and toxicologic
aspects. Nutrition, 19(1), 54-61.
Latté, K. P., & Kolodziej, H. (2000). Pelargoniins,
new ellagitannins from Pelargonium
reniforme. Phytochemistry, 54(7), 701-708.
Latté, K. P., & Kolodziej, H. (2000). Pelargoniins,
new ellagitannins from Pelargonium
reniforme. Phytochemistry, 54(7), 701-708.
Mahdi, H. S., Hussein, W. I., Salih, H. M., &
Youssef, S. M. A. A. (2018). Effect of pre-
sowing treatments on seed germination of P.
eurycarpa and P. khinjuk–Kurdistan Region.
Journal of Duhok University, 20(1), 105-113.
Marschner, H. (1995). Mineral nutrition of higher
plants 2nd edition. Academic, Great Britain.
Martin, G.J. (2010). Ethnobotany: A Methods Manual
(People and plants conservation series).
Earthscan Publications.
MEA (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment). (2005).
Ecosystems and human well-being: synthesis.
Ozbilge, H., Kaya, E. G., Taskin, O. M., & Kosar, M.
(2010). Antimicrobial activity of Pelargonium
endlicherianum Fenzl.(Geraniaceae) roots
against some microorganisms. Journal of
Medicinal Plants Research, 4(24), 2647-2650.
Pallardy, S. G. (2010). Physiology of woody plants.
Academic Press.
Peel, M. C., Finlayson, B. L., and McMahon, T. A.
(2007). Updated world map of the Köppen-
Geiger climate classification. Hydrology and
earth system sciences discussions, 4(2),
pp.439-473.
Pieroni, A., Ahmed, H. M., & Zahir, H. (2017). The
spring has arrived: traditional wild vegetables
gathered by Yarsanis (Ahl-e Haqq) and Sunni
Muslims in Western Hawraman, SE Kurdistan
(Iraq). Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae,
86(1).
Prance, G., and Nesbitt, M. (Eds.) (2012). The
cultural history of plants. Routledge.
Sahira Banu, K. and L.Cathrine, (2015).General
Techniques Involved in Phytochemical
Analysis Assistant. International Journal of
Advanced Research in Chemical Science, 2(
4), pp.25-32.
Sarkiyayi, S. and Agar, T.M. (2010). Comparative
analysis on the nutritional and anti-nutritional
contents of the sweet and bitter cassava
varieties. Advance Journal of Food Science
and Technology, 2(6), pp.328-334.
Taherpour §, A., Maroofi, H., & Kheradmand, K.
(2007). Chemical composition of the essential
oil of Pelargonium quercetorum Agnew of
Iran. Natural product research, 21(1), 24-27.
Tahir, S.A., (2017). Plant biodiversity and
ethnobotanical properties of various plants in
amedi (Duhok-northern Iraq) (M. Sc. Thesis,
Kahramanmaraș Sütçü İmam University,
Graduate School of Natural and Applied
Sciences University, Kahramanmaraș,
Turkey).
Tomkins, M., Yousef, S., Adam-Bradford, A.,
Perkins, C., Grosrenaud, E., Mctough, M.,
and Viljoen, A. (2019). Cultivating refuge:
The role of urban agriculture amongst refugees
and forced migrants in the Kurdistan region of
Iraq. Urban Agriculture and City
Sustainability, pp.131.
Udo, E.J. and Oguwele, J.A. (1986). Laboratory
Manual for Analysis of Soil planted and Water
samples 3rd Ed. Department of Crop
Production. University of Ilorin Kwara State,
Nigeria.
Watt, J. M., & Breyer-Brandwijk, M. G. (1962). The
medicinal and poisonous plants of southern
and eastern Africa. Livingstone, Edinburgh,
London, Great Britain, 449-455.
Whitney, E. N., & Rolfes, S. R.
(2018). Understanding nutrition. Cengage
Learning.
Youssef, S., Galalaey, A., Mahmood, A., Mahdi, H.
and E. Véla (2019). Wild orchids of the
Kurdistan Region areas: a scientific window
on the unexpected nature of the North-Western
Zagros.-Société Méditerranéenne
d’Orchidologie, La Motte-d’Aigues, France.
164 P. ISBN: 978-2-900082-08-9.
Youssef, S., Mahmood, A., Hussein, W., Véla, E.,
(2017). Montagnes du Zagros, un paradis
terrestre aux pratiques ethnobotaniques
vivantes. La Garance voyageuse, 120:
pp.41-45.
Zheng, Q. H., JIANG, P., & Zhou, X. L. (2011).
Analysis of active ingredients of geranium oil
extracted from fresh leaves of Pelargonium
raveolens L for relieving cough. Biomass
Chemical Engineering, 45(1), 37-40.
Published
2020-12-16
How to Cite
MAHDI, H. S. (2020). PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS, NUTRITIONAL VALUE AND ETHNOBOTANICAL KNOWLEDGE OF Pelargonium quercetorum AGNEW (Geraniaceae). Journal of Duhok University, 23(2), 153-168. https://doi.org/10.26682/ajuod.2020.23.2.19
Section
Agriculture and Veterinary Science
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