MODELING THE BEHAVIOUR OF CHEMICAL RESISTANT CONCRETE MODIFIED WITH FLY ASH UNDER DIFFERENT PH ENVIRONMENTS
Keywords:
Concrete; pH; fly ash; chemical resistant; erosion
Abstract
Concrete is the main building unit used in infrastructure and buildings, including dams, swages, and
sewage pipes. The main problem in the concrete used in the sewerage pipe or the water treatment system
is the erosion when concrete becomes subjected to different pHs. This study’s objective is to evaluate and
model the effects of various pHs on plain concrete and concrete modified with fly ash. Water to cement
ratio and time of curing were taken as independent variables in the experiment. The main dependent
variables are the strengths of compression and tensile of the concrete. From the over 900 data collected,
the w/c was ranged between 0.3-0.5. The compression strength varied from 0-88.6 MPa and tensile
strength ranged from 0.5-5 MPa. Direct correlations between compression strength and w/c, curing time,
pH value and fly ash precentage were not found. From the Nonlinear Model ( NLM) parameters, fly ash
percentage has a positive effect on the concrete resisting the different pH values. However, FA% content
should not exceed 25% because it will cause the cement to lose its bonding qualities. FA might reduce the
rate of penetration of the chemicals and make the concrete resist the chemicals to penetrate further into
the interior of the concrete.
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References
Al-Jabri, K., Al-Saidy, A., Taha, R., & Al-Kemyani,
A. (2011). Effect of using Wastewater on the
Properties of High Strength Concrete.
Procedia Engineering,14, 370-376.
doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2011.07.046
Ariffin, M., Bhutta, M., Hussin, M., Tahir, M. M., &
Aziah, N. (2013). Sulfuric acid resistance of
blended ash geopolymer concrete.
Construction and Building Materials,43, 80-
86. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.01.018
Atiş, C. D. (2003). High-Volume Fly Ash Concrete
with High Strength and Low Drying
Shrinkage. Journal of Materials in Civil
Engineering,15(2), 153-156.
doi:10.1061/(asce)0899-1561(2003)15:2(153)
Atiş, C. D. (2005). Strength properties of high-
volume fly ash roller compacted and workable
concrete, and influence of curing condition.
Cement and Concrete Research,35(6), 1112-
1121. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.07.037
Aydın, S., Yazıcı, H., Yiğiter, H., & Baradan, B.
(2007). Sulfuric acid resistance of high-
volume fly ash concrete. Building and
Environment,42(2), 717-721.
doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.10.024
Bakharev, T. (2005). Resistance of geopolymer
materials to acid attack. Cement and Concrete
Research,35(4), 658-670.
doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.06.005
Barbhuiya. (2017). Behaviour of a Sustainable
Concrete in Acidic Environment.
Sustainability,9(9), 1556.
doi:10.3390/su9091556
Burhan, L., Ghafor, K., & Mohammed, A. (2020).
Enhancing the Fresh and Hardened Properties
of the Early Age Concrete Modified with
Powder Polymers and Characterized Using
Different Models. Advances in Civil
Engineering Materials, 9(1), 227-249.
Burhan, L., Ghafor, K., & Mohammed, A. (2019).
Modeling the effect of silica fume on the
compressive, tensile strengths and durability
of NSC and HSC in various strength ranges.
Journal of Building Pathology and
Rehabilitation,4(1). doi:10.1007/s41024-019-
0058-4
Chalee, W., Ausapanit, P., & Jaturapitakkul, C. (2010). Utilization of fly ash concrete in
marine environment for long term design life
analysis. Materials & Design,31(3), 1242-
1249. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2009.09.024
Chen, H., Li, L. G., Lai, Z., Kwan, A. K., Chen, P., &
Ng, P. L. (2019). Effects of Crushed Oyster
Shell on Strength and Durability of Marine
Concrete Containing Fly Ash and Blastfurnace
Slag. Materials Science,25(1).
doi:10.5755/j01.ms.25.1.18772
De Belie. (1998). 98/02137 Use of fly ash or silica
fume to increase the resistance of concrete to
feed acids. Fuel and Energy Abstracts,39(3),
193. doi:10.1016/s0140-6701(98)80331-7
Dinakar, P., Babu, K., & Santhanam, M. (2008).
Durability properties of high volume fly ash
self compacting concretes. Cement and
Concrete Composites,30(10), 880-886.
doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2008.06.011
Dugarte, M., Martinez-Arguelles, G., & Torres, J.
(2018). Experimental Evaluation of Modified
Sulfur Concrete for Achieving Sustainability
in Industry Applications. Sustainability,11(1),
70. doi:10.3390/su11010070
Goyal, S., Kumar, M., Sidhu, D. S., & Bhattacharjee,
B. (2009). Resistance of Mineral Admixture
Concrete to Acid Attack. Journal of Advanced
Concrete Technology,7(2), 273-283.
doi:10.3151/jact.7.273
Haufe, J., & Vollpracht, A. (2019). Tensile strength
of concrete exposed to sulfate attack. Cement
and Concrete Research,116, 81-88.
doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.11.005
High-Performance Concrete Incorporating Rice Husk
Ash as a Supplementary Cementing Material.
(1996). ACI Materials Journal,93(6).
doi:10.14359/9870
Huang, C., Lin, S., Chang, C., & Chen, H. (2013).
Mix proportions and mechanical properties of
concrete containing very high-volume of Class
F fly ash. Construction and Building
Materials,46, 71-78.
doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.04.016
Kaniraj, S. R., & Gayathri, V. (2003). Factors
Influencing the Strength of Cement Fly Ash
Base Courses. Journal of Transportation
Engineering,129(5), 538-548.
doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-
947x(2003)129:5(538)
Kim. (2018). Fly ash particle characterization for
predicting concrete compressive strength.
Construction and Building Materials.
Kou, S. C., Poon, C. S., & Chan, D. (2007). Influence
of Fly Ash as Cement Replacement on the
Properties of Recycled Aggregate Concrete.
Journal of Materials in Civil
Engineering,19(9), 709-717.
doi:10.1061/(asce)0899-1561(2007)19:9(709)
Kumar, S. (2000). Influence of water quality on the
strength of plain and blended cement concretes
in marine environments. Cement and Concrete
Research,30(3), 345-350. doi:10.1016/s0008-
8846(99)00263-x
Li. (2018). Resistance of recycled aggregate concrete
containing low- and high-volume fly ash
against the combined action of freeze–thaw
cycles and sulfate attack. Construction and
Building Materials.
Mazur, P., Mikuła, J., & Kowalski, J. (2013). The
Corrosion Resistance Of The Base
Geopolymer Fly Ash. Advances in Science
and Technology – Research Journal,7(19), 88-
92. doi:10.5604/20804075.1062704
Meddah, M. S., Zitouni, S., & Belâabes, S. (2010).
Effect of content and particle size distribution
of coarse aggregate on the compressive
strength of concrete. Construction and
Building Materials,24(4), 505-512.
doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.10.009
Mehta, P. (1985). Studies on chemical resistance of
low water/cement ratio concretes. Cement and
Concrete Research,15(6), 969-978.
doi:10.1016/0008-8846(85)90087-0
Mohammed, Ahmed, and Wael Mahmood.
"Estimating the efficiency of the sandy soils-
cement based grout interactions from particle
size distribution (PSD)." Geomechanics and
Geoengineering (2019): 1-18,
https://doi.org/10.1080/17486025.2019.16453
61.
Mahmood, Wael, and Ahmed Mohammed.
"Hydraulic Conductivity, Grain Size
Distribution (GSD) and Cement Injectability
Limits Predicted of Sandy Soils Using
Vipulanandan Models." Geotechnical and
Geological Engineering (2019): 1-20,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-019-01153-z.
Mahmood, Wael, and Ahmed Mohammed. "New
vipulanandan pq model for particle size
distribution and groutability limits for sandy
soils." Journal of Testing and Evaluation 48,
no. 5 (2020),
https://doi.org/10.1520/JTE20180606.
Mahmood, Wael, Ahmed Mohammed, and Saman
HamaHussein. "Predicting mechanical
properties and ultimate shear strength of
gypsum, limestone and sandstone rocks using
Vipulanandan models." Geomechanics and
Geoengineering (2019): 1-1,
https://doi.org/10.1080/17486025.2019.16324
94.
Mohammed, Ahmed, and Wael Mahmood.
"Statistical variations and new correlation
models to predict the mechanical behavior and
ultimate shear strength of gypsum rock." Open
Engineering 8, no. 1 (2018): 213-226, DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2018-0026.
Mohammed, Ahmed, and Wael Mahmood. "Vipulanandan failure models to predict the
tensile strength, compressive modulus,
fracture toughness and ultimate shear strength
of calcium rocks." International Journal of
Geotechnical Engineering (2018): 1-11,
https://doi.org/10.1080/19386362.2018.14686
63.
Nejad, F. M., Tolouei, M., Nazari, H., & Naderan, A.
(2018). Effects of Calcium Carbonate
Nanoparticles and Fly Ash on Mechanical and
Permeability Properties of Concrete. Advances
in Civil Engineering Materials,7(1),
20180066. doi:10.1520/acem20180066
Nguyen, T. B., Chatchawan, R., Saengsoy, W.,
Tangtermsirikul, S., & Sugiyama, T. (2019).
Influences of different types of fly ash and
confinement on performances of expansive
mortars and concretes. Construction and
Building Materials,209, 176-186.
doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.032
Omar,. (2015). Effect of Local Steel Slag as a Coarse
Aggregate on Properties of Fly Ash Based-
Geopolymer Concrete. International Journal of
Civil, Environmental, Structural, Construction
and Architectural Engineering,9(11).
Oner, A., & Akyuz, S. (2007). An experimental study
on optimum usage of GGBS for the
compressive strength of concrete. Cement and
Concrete Composites,29(6), 505-514.
doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2007.01.001
PATIL. (2015). To Study the Effect of Untreated
Algae, Kitchen and Garage Wastewater on
Strength Characteristics of Concrete as Curing
Water’s. International Research Journal of
Engineering and Technology.
Pereira, P., Evangelista, L., & Brito, J. D. (2012). The
effect of superplasticisers on the workability
and compressive strength of concrete made
with fine recycled concrete aggregates.
Construction and Building Materials,28(1),
722-729.
doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.10.050
Qadir, W., Ghafor, K., & Mohammed, A. (2019).
Characterizing and Modeling the Mechanical
Properties of the Cement Mortar Modified
with Fly Ash for Various Water-to-Cement
Ratios and Curing Times. Advances in Civil
Engineering,2019, 1-11.
doi:10.1155/2019/7013908
Sahoo, S., Das, B. B., & Mustakim, S. (2017). Acid,
Alkali, and Chloride Resistance of Concrete
Composed of Low-Carbonated Fly Ash.
Journal of Materials in Civil
Engineering,29(3), 04016242.
doi:10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0001759
Sathawane, S. H., Vairagade, V. S., & Kene, K. S.
(2013). Combine Effect of Rice Husk Ash and
Fly Ash on Concrete by 30% Cement
Replacement. Procedia Engineering,51, 35-44.
doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2013.01.009
Shaikh, F., & Supit, S. (2015). Compressive strength
and durability of high-volume fly ash concrete
reinforced with calcium carbonate
nanoparticles. Fillers and Reinforcements for
Advanced Nanocomposites,275-307.
doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-100079-3.00011-9
Siddique, R. (2011). Properties of self-compacting
concrete containing class F fly ash. Materials
& Design,32(3), 1501-1507.
doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2010.08.043
Song. (2005). Durability of fly ash based Geopolymer
concrete against sulphuric acid attack.
International Conference On Durability of
Building Materials and Components.
Sorkor. (2014). Curing of concrete with wostewoter
ond curing compounds : Effect on strength
ond woter obsorption. The Indian Concrete
Journal.
Torii, K., & Kawamura, M. (1994). Effects of fly ash
and silica fume on the resistance of mortar to
sulfuric acid and sulfate attack. Cement and
Concrete Research,24(2), 361-370.
doi:10.1016/0008-8846(94)90063-9
Torii,, K. (1995). 95/06015 Sulfate resistance of high
fly ash content concrete. Fuel and Energy
Abstracts,36(6), 427. doi:10.1016/0140-
6701(95)97664-6
Verma,. (2013). Influence of Aggressive Chemical
Environment on High Volume Fly Ash
Concrete. Concrete Research Letters.
Vipulanandan, C., and A. Mohammed. "Magnetic
field strength and temperature effects on the
behavior of oil well cement slurry modified
with iron oxide nanoparticles and quantified
with vipulanandan models." Journal of Testing
and Evaluation 48, no. 6 (2020),
https://doi.org/10.1520/JTE20180107.
Vipulanandan, C., & Mohammed, A. (2020). Effect
of drilling mud bentonite contents on the fluid
loss and filter cake formation on a field clay
soil formation compared to the API fluid loss
method and characterized using Vipulanandan
models. Journal of Petroleum Science and
Engineering, 189, 107029.
Wang, H., Li, H., Liang, X., Zhou, H., Xie, N., &
Dai, Z. (2019). Investigation on the
mechanical properties and environmental
impacts of pervious concrete containing fly
ash based on the cement-aggregate ratio.
Construction and Building Materials,202, 387-
395. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.044
Zheng, X., Ji, T., Easa, S. M., & Ye, Y. (2018).
Evaluating feasibility of using sea water
curing for green artificial reef concrete.
Construction and Building Materials,187, 545-
552. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.07.140
A. (2011). Effect of using Wastewater on the
Properties of High Strength Concrete.
Procedia Engineering,14, 370-376.
doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2011.07.046
Ariffin, M., Bhutta, M., Hussin, M., Tahir, M. M., &
Aziah, N. (2013). Sulfuric acid resistance of
blended ash geopolymer concrete.
Construction and Building Materials,43, 80-
86. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.01.018
Atiş, C. D. (2003). High-Volume Fly Ash Concrete
with High Strength and Low Drying
Shrinkage. Journal of Materials in Civil
Engineering,15(2), 153-156.
doi:10.1061/(asce)0899-1561(2003)15:2(153)
Atiş, C. D. (2005). Strength properties of high-
volume fly ash roller compacted and workable
concrete, and influence of curing condition.
Cement and Concrete Research,35(6), 1112-
1121. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.07.037
Aydın, S., Yazıcı, H., Yiğiter, H., & Baradan, B.
(2007). Sulfuric acid resistance of high-
volume fly ash concrete. Building and
Environment,42(2), 717-721.
doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.10.024
Bakharev, T. (2005). Resistance of geopolymer
materials to acid attack. Cement and Concrete
Research,35(4), 658-670.
doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.06.005
Barbhuiya. (2017). Behaviour of a Sustainable
Concrete in Acidic Environment.
Sustainability,9(9), 1556.
doi:10.3390/su9091556
Burhan, L., Ghafor, K., & Mohammed, A. (2020).
Enhancing the Fresh and Hardened Properties
of the Early Age Concrete Modified with
Powder Polymers and Characterized Using
Different Models. Advances in Civil
Engineering Materials, 9(1), 227-249.
Burhan, L., Ghafor, K., & Mohammed, A. (2019).
Modeling the effect of silica fume on the
compressive, tensile strengths and durability
of NSC and HSC in various strength ranges.
Journal of Building Pathology and
Rehabilitation,4(1). doi:10.1007/s41024-019-
0058-4
Chalee, W., Ausapanit, P., & Jaturapitakkul, C. (2010). Utilization of fly ash concrete in
marine environment for long term design life
analysis. Materials & Design,31(3), 1242-
1249. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2009.09.024
Chen, H., Li, L. G., Lai, Z., Kwan, A. K., Chen, P., &
Ng, P. L. (2019). Effects of Crushed Oyster
Shell on Strength and Durability of Marine
Concrete Containing Fly Ash and Blastfurnace
Slag. Materials Science,25(1).
doi:10.5755/j01.ms.25.1.18772
De Belie. (1998). 98/02137 Use of fly ash or silica
fume to increase the resistance of concrete to
feed acids. Fuel and Energy Abstracts,39(3),
193. doi:10.1016/s0140-6701(98)80331-7
Dinakar, P., Babu, K., & Santhanam, M. (2008).
Durability properties of high volume fly ash
self compacting concretes. Cement and
Concrete Composites,30(10), 880-886.
doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2008.06.011
Dugarte, M., Martinez-Arguelles, G., & Torres, J.
(2018). Experimental Evaluation of Modified
Sulfur Concrete for Achieving Sustainability
in Industry Applications. Sustainability,11(1),
70. doi:10.3390/su11010070
Goyal, S., Kumar, M., Sidhu, D. S., & Bhattacharjee,
B. (2009). Resistance of Mineral Admixture
Concrete to Acid Attack. Journal of Advanced
Concrete Technology,7(2), 273-283.
doi:10.3151/jact.7.273
Haufe, J., & Vollpracht, A. (2019). Tensile strength
of concrete exposed to sulfate attack. Cement
and Concrete Research,116, 81-88.
doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.11.005
High-Performance Concrete Incorporating Rice Husk
Ash as a Supplementary Cementing Material.
(1996). ACI Materials Journal,93(6).
doi:10.14359/9870
Huang, C., Lin, S., Chang, C., & Chen, H. (2013).
Mix proportions and mechanical properties of
concrete containing very high-volume of Class
F fly ash. Construction and Building
Materials,46, 71-78.
doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.04.016
Kaniraj, S. R., & Gayathri, V. (2003). Factors
Influencing the Strength of Cement Fly Ash
Base Courses. Journal of Transportation
Engineering,129(5), 538-548.
doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-
947x(2003)129:5(538)
Kim. (2018). Fly ash particle characterization for
predicting concrete compressive strength.
Construction and Building Materials.
Kou, S. C., Poon, C. S., & Chan, D. (2007). Influence
of Fly Ash as Cement Replacement on the
Properties of Recycled Aggregate Concrete.
Journal of Materials in Civil
Engineering,19(9), 709-717.
doi:10.1061/(asce)0899-1561(2007)19:9(709)
Kumar, S. (2000). Influence of water quality on the
strength of plain and blended cement concretes
in marine environments. Cement and Concrete
Research,30(3), 345-350. doi:10.1016/s0008-
8846(99)00263-x
Li. (2018). Resistance of recycled aggregate concrete
containing low- and high-volume fly ash
against the combined action of freeze–thaw
cycles and sulfate attack. Construction and
Building Materials.
Mazur, P., Mikuła, J., & Kowalski, J. (2013). The
Corrosion Resistance Of The Base
Geopolymer Fly Ash. Advances in Science
and Technology – Research Journal,7(19), 88-
92. doi:10.5604/20804075.1062704
Meddah, M. S., Zitouni, S., & Belâabes, S. (2010).
Effect of content and particle size distribution
of coarse aggregate on the compressive
strength of concrete. Construction and
Building Materials,24(4), 505-512.
doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.10.009
Mehta, P. (1985). Studies on chemical resistance of
low water/cement ratio concretes. Cement and
Concrete Research,15(6), 969-978.
doi:10.1016/0008-8846(85)90087-0
Mohammed, Ahmed, and Wael Mahmood.
"Estimating the efficiency of the sandy soils-
cement based grout interactions from particle
size distribution (PSD)." Geomechanics and
Geoengineering (2019): 1-18,
https://doi.org/10.1080/17486025.2019.16453
61.
Mahmood, Wael, and Ahmed Mohammed.
"Hydraulic Conductivity, Grain Size
Distribution (GSD) and Cement Injectability
Limits Predicted of Sandy Soils Using
Vipulanandan Models." Geotechnical and
Geological Engineering (2019): 1-20,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-019-01153-z.
Mahmood, Wael, and Ahmed Mohammed. "New
vipulanandan pq model for particle size
distribution and groutability limits for sandy
soils." Journal of Testing and Evaluation 48,
no. 5 (2020),
https://doi.org/10.1520/JTE20180606.
Mahmood, Wael, Ahmed Mohammed, and Saman
HamaHussein. "Predicting mechanical
properties and ultimate shear strength of
gypsum, limestone and sandstone rocks using
Vipulanandan models." Geomechanics and
Geoengineering (2019): 1-1,
https://doi.org/10.1080/17486025.2019.16324
94.
Mohammed, Ahmed, and Wael Mahmood.
"Statistical variations and new correlation
models to predict the mechanical behavior and
ultimate shear strength of gypsum rock." Open
Engineering 8, no. 1 (2018): 213-226, DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2018-0026.
Mohammed, Ahmed, and Wael Mahmood. "Vipulanandan failure models to predict the
tensile strength, compressive modulus,
fracture toughness and ultimate shear strength
of calcium rocks." International Journal of
Geotechnical Engineering (2018): 1-11,
https://doi.org/10.1080/19386362.2018.14686
63.
Nejad, F. M., Tolouei, M., Nazari, H., & Naderan, A.
(2018). Effects of Calcium Carbonate
Nanoparticles and Fly Ash on Mechanical and
Permeability Properties of Concrete. Advances
in Civil Engineering Materials,7(1),
20180066. doi:10.1520/acem20180066
Nguyen, T. B., Chatchawan, R., Saengsoy, W.,
Tangtermsirikul, S., & Sugiyama, T. (2019).
Influences of different types of fly ash and
confinement on performances of expansive
mortars and concretes. Construction and
Building Materials,209, 176-186.
doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.032
Omar,. (2015). Effect of Local Steel Slag as a Coarse
Aggregate on Properties of Fly Ash Based-
Geopolymer Concrete. International Journal of
Civil, Environmental, Structural, Construction
and Architectural Engineering,9(11).
Oner, A., & Akyuz, S. (2007). An experimental study
on optimum usage of GGBS for the
compressive strength of concrete. Cement and
Concrete Composites,29(6), 505-514.
doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2007.01.001
PATIL. (2015). To Study the Effect of Untreated
Algae, Kitchen and Garage Wastewater on
Strength Characteristics of Concrete as Curing
Water’s. International Research Journal of
Engineering and Technology.
Pereira, P., Evangelista, L., & Brito, J. D. (2012). The
effect of superplasticisers on the workability
and compressive strength of concrete made
with fine recycled concrete aggregates.
Construction and Building Materials,28(1),
722-729.
doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.10.050
Qadir, W., Ghafor, K., & Mohammed, A. (2019).
Characterizing and Modeling the Mechanical
Properties of the Cement Mortar Modified
with Fly Ash for Various Water-to-Cement
Ratios and Curing Times. Advances in Civil
Engineering,2019, 1-11.
doi:10.1155/2019/7013908
Sahoo, S., Das, B. B., & Mustakim, S. (2017). Acid,
Alkali, and Chloride Resistance of Concrete
Composed of Low-Carbonated Fly Ash.
Journal of Materials in Civil
Engineering,29(3), 04016242.
doi:10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0001759
Sathawane, S. H., Vairagade, V. S., & Kene, K. S.
(2013). Combine Effect of Rice Husk Ash and
Fly Ash on Concrete by 30% Cement
Replacement. Procedia Engineering,51, 35-44.
doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2013.01.009
Shaikh, F., & Supit, S. (2015). Compressive strength
and durability of high-volume fly ash concrete
reinforced with calcium carbonate
nanoparticles. Fillers and Reinforcements for
Advanced Nanocomposites,275-307.
doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-100079-3.00011-9
Siddique, R. (2011). Properties of self-compacting
concrete containing class F fly ash. Materials
& Design,32(3), 1501-1507.
doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2010.08.043
Song. (2005). Durability of fly ash based Geopolymer
concrete against sulphuric acid attack.
International Conference On Durability of
Building Materials and Components.
Sorkor. (2014). Curing of concrete with wostewoter
ond curing compounds : Effect on strength
ond woter obsorption. The Indian Concrete
Journal.
Torii, K., & Kawamura, M. (1994). Effects of fly ash
and silica fume on the resistance of mortar to
sulfuric acid and sulfate attack. Cement and
Concrete Research,24(2), 361-370.
doi:10.1016/0008-8846(94)90063-9
Torii,, K. (1995). 95/06015 Sulfate resistance of high
fly ash content concrete. Fuel and Energy
Abstracts,36(6), 427. doi:10.1016/0140-
6701(95)97664-6
Verma,. (2013). Influence of Aggressive Chemical
Environment on High Volume Fly Ash
Concrete. Concrete Research Letters.
Vipulanandan, C., and A. Mohammed. "Magnetic
field strength and temperature effects on the
behavior of oil well cement slurry modified
with iron oxide nanoparticles and quantified
with vipulanandan models." Journal of Testing
and Evaluation 48, no. 6 (2020),
https://doi.org/10.1520/JTE20180107.
Vipulanandan, C., & Mohammed, A. (2020). Effect
of drilling mud bentonite contents on the fluid
loss and filter cake formation on a field clay
soil formation compared to the API fluid loss
method and characterized using Vipulanandan
models. Journal of Petroleum Science and
Engineering, 189, 107029.
Wang, H., Li, H., Liang, X., Zhou, H., Xie, N., &
Dai, Z. (2019). Investigation on the
mechanical properties and environmental
impacts of pervious concrete containing fly
ash based on the cement-aggregate ratio.
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Published
2020-12-28
How to Cite
HAYDAR, R. R., & MOHAMMED, A. S. (2020). MODELING THE BEHAVIOUR OF CHEMICAL RESISTANT CONCRETE MODIFIED WITH FLY ASH UNDER DIFFERENT PH ENVIRONMENTS. Journal of Duhok University, 23(2), 15-30. https://doi.org/10.26682/csjuod.2020.23.2.2
Section
Pure and Engineering Sciences
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