ڕەوشی ئافرەتان لە سەنتەری نەوا توێژینەوەیەکی مەیدانییە لە شاری دهۆک
Keywords:
توندوتیژی خێزانی، ڕەوشی ئافرەتان، ئافرەتانی شێڵتەر، ئافرەت لە شاری دهۆک.
Abstract
بابەتی توندوتیژیی دژی ئافرەتان و چۆنیەتی ڕووبەڕووبوونەوەی یەکێکە لە کارە لە پێشینەکانی بزووتنەوە فێمەنیزمییەکان لەسەر ئاستی ناوخۆیی و نێودەڵەتی. لە هەرێمی کوردستاندا شێڵتەرەکان زیاتر بۆ ئەو ئافرەتانەیە، کە هەڕەشە یاخود توندوتیژییان بەرامبەر کراوە. ئامانجی ئەم توێژینەوەیە بریتییە لە دەستنیشانکردنی ئەو هۆکارانەی کە كاریگەرییان هەیە لەسەر بڕیاری قوربانیانی توندوتیژیی خێزانی لە سوودوەرگرتن لە خزمەتگوازریی شێڵتەره‌كان. ئەو میتۆدەی لەم توێژینەوە بەکارهاتووە بریتییە لە میتۆدی چەندێتی لە ڕێگای ئامرازی پرسیارنامە. هەروەها کۆمەڵگای توێژینەوەش بریتییە لە سەنتەری نەوا لە شاری دهۆک. جۆر و قەبارەی بەشداربووانی ڕووپێویەکە بریتییە لە بەشداربووانی ڕووپێوی گشتی، کە (١٢٦) ئافرەت وەرگیراون، به تایبه‌تی ئه‌وانه‌ی هانایان بۆ شێڵتەره‌كان لە ڕێکەوتی ١١/١/٢٠١٨ تا ٣١/١٠/ ٢٠١٨ بردووە. ئەنجامەکانی توێژینەوە ئەوەمان بۆ دەردەخەن، کە هۆکارە کۆمەڵایەتییەکانی وەک: پەیوەندیی خۆشەویستی، ڕەدووکەوتن، دەستدرێژی سێکسی، جیابوونەوە، جۆرەکانی توندوتیژی، ناپاکیی هاوسەری، بەزۆر بەشوودان، فرەژنی و هەڕەشەکردن، هۆکاری سەرەکین کە وا لە ئافرەتانی کوردستان دەکەن، لە ماڵەوە ڕابکەن و پەنا بۆ شێڵتەره‌كان ببه‌ن بۆ چارەسەرکردنی کێشەکانیان و پاراستنی ژیانیان.
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References
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هلال، ناجي محمد (٢٠٠٧) العنف الأسري في المجتمع الإماراتي: دراسة ميدانية على عينة من المواطنين والمواطنات بالشارقة. الإمارات: اصدارات مركز بحوث شرطة الشارقة.
Bybee D and Sullivan C M (2005) Predicting Re-Victimization of Battered Women 3 Years After Exiting a Shelter Program. American Journal of Community Psychology, Vol. 36, Nos. 1/2: 85-96
Brewster M P (2002) Domestic violence theories, research, and practice implications. In: Albert. R. Roberts (ed.), Handbook of domestic violence intervention strategies: Polices, programs, and legal remedies. New York: Oxford University Press: 23-48
Barnett P (1993) THE WALKER 'CYCLE OF VIOLENCE' AND IT’S APPLICABILITY TOWIE'E BATIERING IN THE SOUTH AFRICAN CONTEXT. Johannesburg: University of the Witwatersrand: Unpublished Master Thesis.
Barnett O W, Miller-Perrin C L and Perrin R D (2010) Family violence across the lifespan: An introduction. (3rd ed). Sage Publications.
Bartlett J D (2012) Young Mothers, Infant Neglect, and Discontinuities in Intergenerational Cycles of Maltreatment. Tufts University: Unpublished PhD Thesis.
Bandura A (1971) SocialLearningTheory. General Learning press:1–45. Available at: http://www.asecib.ase.ro/mps/Bandura_SocialLearningTheory.pdf [Accessed: 10 April 2020]
Bandura A (1977) Social Learning Theory. The Journal of communication. 28: 12–29. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.1978.tb01621.x.
Belsky J (1980) Child Maltreatment: An Ecological Integration. American Psychologist, 35(4):320–335.
Belsky J (1993) Etiology of child maltreatment: A developmental-ecological analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 114(3):413–434
Berns N (2004) Framing the victim: Domestic violence media and social problems. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
Belsky J and Vondra J (1989) Lessons from child abuse: The determinants of parenting. In: Cicchetti D & Carlson V (ed.) Child maltreatment: Theory and research on the causes and consequences of child abuse and neglect. Cambridge University Press:153–202
Clevenger B J M and Roe-Sepowitz D (2009) Shelter Service Utilization of Domestic Violence Victims, Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 19:4, 359-374
Cicchetti D and Rizley R (1981) Developmental perspectives on the etiology, intergenerational transmission, and sequelae of child maltreatment. CD New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development,(11):31–55.
Clark R E, Clark J F and Adamec C (2007) The Encyclopedia of Child Abuse. 3rd ed. New Brunswick, New Jersey, And London: Facts on File.
Cicchetti D and Lynch M (1993) Toward an Ecological/Transactional Model of Community Violence and Child Maltreatment: Consequences for Children’s Development. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes. 56 (1):96-118
Dodge K A, Bates J E and Pettit G S (1990) Mechanisms in the cycle of violence. Science, 250 (4988):1678-1683.
Dixon L, Hamilton-Giachritsis C and Browne K (2005) Attributions and behaviours of parents abused as children: A mediational analysis of the intergenerational continuity of child maltreatment (Part II). Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46(1): 58–68.
Davila Y R and Brackley M H (1999) MEXICAN AND MEXICAN AMERICAN WOMEN IN A BATTERED WOMEN’S SHELTER: BARRIERS TO CONDOM NEGOTIATION FOR HIV/AIDS PREVENTION. Issues in mental Health Nursing, 20:333-355
Diner D and Toktas S(2013) Women's Shelters in Turkey : A Qualitative Study on Shortcomings of Policy Making and Implementation. Violence Against Women, 19(3):338-355
Fernández-González L, Calvete E, Orue I and Mauri A (2018) Victims of Domestic Violence in Shelters: Impacts on Women and Children. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 21, e18:1–10.
Ferraro K J and Johnson J M (1983) How Women Experience Battering: The Process of Victimization. SOCIAL PROBLEMS, Vol. 30, No. 3: 325-339
Garbarino J (1977) The Human Ecology of Child Maltreatment: A Conceptual Model for Research. Journal of Marriage and Family, Vol.39, No.4:721-735
Johnson, John, M (1981) Program Enterprise and Official Cooperation in the Battered Women’s Shelter Movement. American Behavioral Scientist, vol. 24, no.6:827-842
McNulty M C, Crowe T K, Kroening C, VanLeit B and Good R(2009) Time Use of Women With Children Living in an Emergency Homeless Shelter for Survivors of Domestic Violence. OTJR: Occupation, Participation and Health,Vol. 29, N. 4: 183-190
Minwalla S (2011) Institutionalized violence against women and girls: Laws and practices in Iraq. Heartland Alliance for Human Needs and Human Rights.
Miller-Perrin C L and Perrin R D (2013) Child maltreatment : an introduction. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.
Malgesini G, Sfroza L C and Babovic M (2018) “Gender-based Violence and Poverty”, Gender and Poverty Working Group. Available at: file:///C:/Users/Roshna%20for%20pc/OneDrive/Desktop/New/New%20books%20and%20research%2019-3-2020/2018%20-Gender-based_Violence_and_Poverty_in_Europe.pdf [Accessed: 26 April 2020].
Newberger E H, Newberger C M and Hampton R L (1983) Child Abuse: The Current Theory base and future research needs. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 22 (3): 262-268
Perez S, Johnson D M and Wright C V(2012) THE ATTENUATING EFFECT OF EMPOWERMENT ON IPVRELATED PTSD SYMPTOMS IN BATTERED WOMEN LIVING IN DOMESTIC VIOLENCE SHELTERS. Violence Against Women; 18(1): 102–117
Postmus J L Berry S M M and Ah Yoo J (2009) Women’s Experiences of Violence and Seeking Help. Violence Against Women, Volume 15 Number 7: 852-868
Roberts A R and Lewis S J(2000) Giving Them Shelter: National Organization Survey of Shelters for Battered Women and Their Children. Journal of Community Psychology, Vol. 28, No. 6: 669–681
Scannapieco M and Connell-Carrick K (2005) Understanding Child Maltreatment: An Ecological and Developmental Perspective. Oxford, New York. Oxford University Press.
Sacks H (1967) The Search for help: No one to turn to. In: Shniendman E (ed.) Essays in Self-Destruction. New York: Science House, Inc:203- 223.
Samuels J E (1986) National Institute of Justice Summer Research Fellowships. Anthropology News, 27(3):11
Tjaden P & Thoennes N (2002) Extent, Nature, and Consequences of Intimate Partner Violence. Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs.
Weiner M H (1991) From Dollars to Sense: A Critique of Government Funding for the Battered Women's Shelter Movement. Law and Inequality, A journal of theory and practice, 9 (2): 185-277
Wu S S, Ma C X, Carter, R L, Ariet M, Feaver E A, Resnick M B and Roth J(2004) Risk factors for infant maltreatment: A population-based study. Child Abuse and Neglect, 28(12):1253–1264.
WHO (2007) The Cycles of Violence: The Relationship Between Childhood Maltreatment and the Risk of Later Becoming a Victim or Perpetrator of Violence: Key Facts. WHO Regional Office for Europe, cop.2007. Available at: http://www.euro.who.int/VIOLENCEINJURY%0AThe [Accessed: 5 April 2020].
Xarabay F A N (2010) Lost facts: Social study for evaluating organizations in Kurdistan they supposed to defend women rights. Hawler: Barewabarayaty Gshty Ktebkana Gshteyakan p
عبدالمحمود، عباس أبو شامة و البشری، محمد الأمين (٢٠٠٥) العنف الأسري في ظل العولمة. الرياض: جامعة نايف العربية للعلوم الأمنية
فەرەج، نجاة محمد (٢٠١٤) بارودۆخی کۆمەڵایەتی ژنانی شێڵتەر: توێژینەوەیەکی مەیدانییە لەناو شێڵتەری داڵدەدانی ژنانی هەڕەشەلێکرا و لەناو شاری سڵێمانی. گۆڤاری زانکۆی سلێمانی، بەشی B، گۆڤارێکی زانستییە، بەشی زانستە مرۆڤایەتییەکانی زانکۆی سڵێمانی دەری دەکات، ژمارە (٤٥).
قادر، ئەسرین زرار(٢٠٠٦) رۆڵی سەنتەری ئافرەتان لە کێشە کۆمەڵایەتییەکانیان: لێکۆڵینەوەیەکی مەیدانییە لە هەرێمی کوردستان _ عێراق. زانکۆی سەڵاحەددین/ هەولێر، نامەی ماستەری بڵاونەکراوە.
هلال، ناجي محمد (٢٠٠٧) العنف الأسري في المجتمع الإماراتي: دراسة ميدانية على عينة من المواطنين والمواطنات بالشارقة. الإمارات: اصدارات مركز بحوث شرطة الشارقة.
Bybee D and Sullivan C M (2005) Predicting Re-Victimization of Battered Women 3 Years After Exiting a Shelter Program. American Journal of Community Psychology, Vol. 36, Nos. 1/2: 85-96
Brewster M P (2002) Domestic violence theories, research, and practice implications. In: Albert. R. Roberts (ed.), Handbook of domestic violence intervention strategies: Polices, programs, and legal remedies. New York: Oxford University Press: 23-48
Barnett P (1993) THE WALKER 'CYCLE OF VIOLENCE' AND IT’S APPLICABILITY TOWIE'E BATIERING IN THE SOUTH AFRICAN CONTEXT. Johannesburg: University of the Witwatersrand: Unpublished Master Thesis.
Barnett O W, Miller-Perrin C L and Perrin R D (2010) Family violence across the lifespan: An introduction. (3rd ed). Sage Publications.
Bartlett J D (2012) Young Mothers, Infant Neglect, and Discontinuities in Intergenerational Cycles of Maltreatment. Tufts University: Unpublished PhD Thesis.
Bandura A (1971) SocialLearningTheory. General Learning press:1–45. Available at: http://www.asecib.ase.ro/mps/Bandura_SocialLearningTheory.pdf [Accessed: 10 April 2020]
Bandura A (1977) Social Learning Theory. The Journal of communication. 28: 12–29. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.1978.tb01621.x.
Belsky J (1980) Child Maltreatment: An Ecological Integration. American Psychologist, 35(4):320–335.
Belsky J (1993) Etiology of child maltreatment: A developmental-ecological analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 114(3):413–434
Berns N (2004) Framing the victim: Domestic violence media and social problems. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
Belsky J and Vondra J (1989) Lessons from child abuse: The determinants of parenting. In: Cicchetti D & Carlson V (ed.) Child maltreatment: Theory and research on the causes and consequences of child abuse and neglect. Cambridge University Press:153–202
Clevenger B J M and Roe-Sepowitz D (2009) Shelter Service Utilization of Domestic Violence Victims, Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 19:4, 359-374
Cicchetti D and Rizley R (1981) Developmental perspectives on the etiology, intergenerational transmission, and sequelae of child maltreatment. CD New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development,(11):31–55.
Clark R E, Clark J F and Adamec C (2007) The Encyclopedia of Child Abuse. 3rd ed. New Brunswick, New Jersey, And London: Facts on File.
Cicchetti D and Lynch M (1993) Toward an Ecological/Transactional Model of Community Violence and Child Maltreatment: Consequences for Children’s Development. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes. 56 (1):96-118
Dodge K A, Bates J E and Pettit G S (1990) Mechanisms in the cycle of violence. Science, 250 (4988):1678-1683.
Dixon L, Hamilton-Giachritsis C and Browne K (2005) Attributions and behaviours of parents abused as children: A mediational analysis of the intergenerational continuity of child maltreatment (Part II). Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46(1): 58–68.
Davila Y R and Brackley M H (1999) MEXICAN AND MEXICAN AMERICAN WOMEN IN A BATTERED WOMEN’S SHELTER: BARRIERS TO CONDOM NEGOTIATION FOR HIV/AIDS PREVENTION. Issues in mental Health Nursing, 20:333-355
Diner D and Toktas S(2013) Women's Shelters in Turkey : A Qualitative Study on Shortcomings of Policy Making and Implementation. Violence Against Women, 19(3):338-355
Fernández-González L, Calvete E, Orue I and Mauri A (2018) Victims of Domestic Violence in Shelters: Impacts on Women and Children. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 21, e18:1–10.
Ferraro K J and Johnson J M (1983) How Women Experience Battering: The Process of Victimization. SOCIAL PROBLEMS, Vol. 30, No. 3: 325-339
Garbarino J (1977) The Human Ecology of Child Maltreatment: A Conceptual Model for Research. Journal of Marriage and Family, Vol.39, No.4:721-735
Johnson, John, M (1981) Program Enterprise and Official Cooperation in the Battered Women’s Shelter Movement. American Behavioral Scientist, vol. 24, no.6:827-842
McNulty M C, Crowe T K, Kroening C, VanLeit B and Good R(2009) Time Use of Women With Children Living in an Emergency Homeless Shelter for Survivors of Domestic Violence. OTJR: Occupation, Participation and Health,Vol. 29, N. 4: 183-190
Minwalla S (2011) Institutionalized violence against women and girls: Laws and practices in Iraq. Heartland Alliance for Human Needs and Human Rights.
Miller-Perrin C L and Perrin R D (2013) Child maltreatment : an introduction. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.
Malgesini G, Sfroza L C and Babovic M (2018) “Gender-based Violence and Poverty”, Gender and Poverty Working Group. Available at: file:///C:/Users/Roshna%20for%20pc/OneDrive/Desktop/New/New%20books%20and%20research%2019-3-2020/2018%20-Gender-based_Violence_and_Poverty_in_Europe.pdf [Accessed: 26 April 2020].
Newberger E H, Newberger C M and Hampton R L (1983) Child Abuse: The Current Theory base and future research needs. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 22 (3): 262-268
Perez S, Johnson D M and Wright C V(2012) THE ATTENUATING EFFECT OF EMPOWERMENT ON IPVRELATED PTSD SYMPTOMS IN BATTERED WOMEN LIVING IN DOMESTIC VIOLENCE SHELTERS. Violence Against Women; 18(1): 102–117
Postmus J L Berry S M M and Ah Yoo J (2009) Women’s Experiences of Violence and Seeking Help. Violence Against Women, Volume 15 Number 7: 852-868
Roberts A R and Lewis S J(2000) Giving Them Shelter: National Organization Survey of Shelters for Battered Women and Their Children. Journal of Community Psychology, Vol. 28, No. 6: 669–681
Scannapieco M and Connell-Carrick K (2005) Understanding Child Maltreatment: An Ecological and Developmental Perspective. Oxford, New York. Oxford University Press.
Sacks H (1967) The Search for help: No one to turn to. In: Shniendman E (ed.) Essays in Self-Destruction. New York: Science House, Inc:203- 223.
Samuels J E (1986) National Institute of Justice Summer Research Fellowships. Anthropology News, 27(3):11
Tjaden P & Thoennes N (2002) Extent, Nature, and Consequences of Intimate Partner Violence. Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs.
Weiner M H (1991) From Dollars to Sense: A Critique of Government Funding for the Battered Women's Shelter Movement. Law and Inequality, A journal of theory and practice, 9 (2): 185-277
Wu S S, Ma C X, Carter, R L, Ariet M, Feaver E A, Resnick M B and Roth J(2004) Risk factors for infant maltreatment: A population-based study. Child Abuse and Neglect, 28(12):1253–1264.
WHO (2007) The Cycles of Violence: The Relationship Between Childhood Maltreatment and the Risk of Later Becoming a Victim or Perpetrator of Violence: Key Facts. WHO Regional Office for Europe, cop.2007. Available at: http://www.euro.who.int/VIOLENCEINJURY%0AThe [Accessed: 5 April 2020].
Xarabay F A N (2010) Lost facts: Social study for evaluating organizations in Kurdistan they supposed to defend women rights. Hawler: Barewabarayaty Gshty Ktebkana Gshteyakan p
Published
2021-01-13
How to Cite
RASOOL, I. A., & MUHAMMAD, J. A. (2021). ڕەوشی ئافرەتان لە سەنتەری نەوا توێژینەوەیەکی مەیدانییە لە شاری دهۆک. Journal of Duhok University, 23(2), 292-325. https://doi.org/10.26682/hjuod.2020.23.2.16
Section
Humanities and Social Sciences
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