THE EFFECT OF FIXED ORTHODONTIC APPLIANCE THERAPY ON PERIODONTAL HEALTH STATUS AND SALIVARY CYTOKINE LEVELS

  • RAHEL S. OMER Dept. of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, Hawler Medical University, Erbil
  • CHENAR A. MOHAMMAD Dept. of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, Hawler Medical University, Erbil
Keywords: Orthodontic appliances, Cytokines, Periodontal parameters, Periodontium

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Fixed orthodontic appliance therapy (FOAT) is universally recognized and most common method for treating malocclusion. Periodontal complications are frequent consequences of orthodontic therapy that need to be evaluated. The study aimed to evaluate clinical periodontal parameters and salivary cytokines levels among patients undergoing FOAT.

METHODS: 30 systemically healthy subjects (males and females), age ranged from 17-28 years with health periodontium and malalignment teeth attended Khanzad teaching center for FOAT. Clinical periodontal parameters (plaque index, gingival index, sulcus bleeding index, probing depth, debris index simplified, calculus index simplified & oral hygiene index simplified) and unstimulated saliva were assessed at baseline (0 day) before Fixed orthodontic appliance application and after one and three months of therapy. IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10 levels were assessed in saliva by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

RESULTS: The results showed significant increase in the mean values of clinical periodontal parameters and salivary cytokines levels of IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8 after one and three months of FOAT as compared to base line (P < 0.05), as well as significant decrease in the mean value of IL-10 level after one and three months as compared to baseline (P < 0.05). No significant correlations were detected between periodontal and immunological parameters.

CONCLUSION: Fixed orthodontic appliance therapy had a negative influence on periodontal health, since it promotes dental plaque accumulation & gingival inflammation. As well as FOAT led to significant increase of pro inflammatory and significant decrease of anti-inflammatory cytokines

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

AINAMO, J. (1971). THE EFFECT OF HABITUAL TOOTHCLEANSING ON THE OCCURRENCE OF PERIODONTAL DISEASE AND DENTAL CARIES. SUOMEN HAMMASLAAKARISEURAN TOIMITUKSIA= FINSKA TANDLAKARSALLSKAPETS FORHANDLINGAR, 67(1), 63–70.
AL-GHURABI, B. H., AL-HINDAWI, S. H., & MOHAMMED, I. S. (2020). PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE OF IMMUNE SYSTEM ELEMENTS IN ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT. BIOCHEM. CELL. ARCH., 20(2), 6767–6772.
AL-GHURABI, B. H., MOHAMMED-SALIH, H. S., GHAZI, A., & SALOOM, H. (2014). EVALUATION OF SALIVARY LEVELS OF PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES (IL-1Α, IL-8 AND GM-CSF) IN ADULT ORTHODONTIC PATIENTS. IOSR J DENT MED SCI (IOSR-JDMS), 13, 75–78.
ALHASHIMI, N., FRITHIOF, L., BRUDVIK, P., & BAKHIET, M. (2000). ORTHODONTIC MOVEMENT INDUCES HIGH NUMBERS OF CELLS EXPRESSING IFN-GAMMA AT MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS. JOURNAL OF INTERFERON & CYTOKINE RESEARCH, 20(1), 7–12.
ANDRADE, I., TADDEI, S. R. A., & SOUZA, P. E. A. (2012). INFLAMMATION AND TOOTH MOVEMENT: THE ROLE OF CYTOKINES, CHEMOKINES, AND GROWTH FACTORS. SEMINARS IN ORTHODONTICS, 18(4), 257–269. HTTPS://DOI.ORG/10.1053/J.SODO.2012.06.004
ANGGRAENI, R., MALIK, I., & HENDIANI, I. (2011). GINGIVAL AND ORAL HYGIENE CONDITIONS IN PATIENTS WITH FIXED ORTHODONTIC APPLIANCE WEARERS. PADJADJARAN JOURNAL OF DENTISTRY, 23(2), 131-135
ATASSI, F., & AWARTANI, F. (2010). ORAL HYGIENE STATUS AMONG ORTHODONTIC PATIENTS. J CONTEMP DENT PRACT, 11(4), 25–32.
BAESHEN, H. A. (2021). ASSESSMENT OF SALIVARY PRO INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES PROFILE LEVEL IN PATIENTS TREATED WITH LABIAL AND LINGUAL FIXED ORTHODONTIC APPLIANCES. PLOS ONE, 16(4), E0249999.
BAŞARAN, G., ÖZER, T., KAYA, F. A., & HAMAMCI, O. (2006). INTERLEUKINS 2, 6, AND 8 LEVELS IN HUMAN GINGIVAL SULCUS DURING ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHODONTICS AND DENTOFACIAL ORTHOPEDICS, 130(1), 7.E1-7.E6.
HTTPS: //DOI.ORG/10.1016/J.AJODO.2005.12.027
BAŞARAN, G., ÖZER, T., KAYA, F. A., KAPLAN, A., & HAMAMCI, O. (2006). INTERLEUKINE-1Β AND TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR–Α LEVELS IN THE HUMAN GINGIVAL SULCUS DURING ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT. THE ANGLE ORTHODONTIST, 76(5), 830–836.
BOKE, F., GAZIOGLU, C., AKKAYA, S., & AKKAYA, M. (2014). RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT AND GINGIVAL HEALTH: A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DENTISTRY, 08(3), 373–380.
CHEN, Y., WONG, W. K., SENEVIRATNE, J. C., HUANG, S., MCGRATH, C., & HAGG, U. (2021). ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN SALIVARY CYTOKINES AND PERIODONTAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN ORTHODONTIC PATIENTS. MEDICINE, 100(10), 24924.
CRESCINI, A., NIERI, M., BUTI, J., BACCETTI, T., & PINI PRATO, G. P. (2007). ORTHODONTIC AND PERIODONTAL OUTCOMES OF TREATED IMPACTED MAXILLARY CANINES: AN APPRAISAL OF PROGNOSTIC FACTORS. THE ANGLE ORTHODONTIST, 77(4), 571–577.
DANNAN, A. (2010). AN UPDATE ON PERIODONTIC-ORTHODONTIC INTERRELATIONSHIPS. JOURNAL OF INDIAN SOCIETY OF PERIODONTOLOGY, 14(1), 66-71.
DHAMI, B., SHRESHTA, P., SHRESTHA, R. M., & DHAKAL, J. (2013). ASSESSMENT OF PERIODONTAL HEALTH IN NEPALESE ORTHODONTIC PATIENTS. ORTHODONTIC JOURNAL OF NEPAL, 3(1), 26–30.
DIAMANTI-KIPIOTI, A., GUSBERTI, F. A., & LANG, N. P. (1987). CLINICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF FIXED ORTHODONTIC APPLIANCES. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, 14(6), 326–333.
FERNANDES, M. R., SUZUKI, S. S., SUZUKI, H., MARTINEZ, E. F., & GARCEZ, A. S. (2019). PHOTOBIOMODULATION INCREASES INTRUSION TOOTH MOVEMENT AND MODULATES IL-6, IL-8 AND IL-1Β EXPRESSION DURING ORTHODONTICALLY BONE REMODELING. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS, 12(10), E201800311.
GABAY, C. (2006). INTERLEUKIN-6 AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. ARTHRITIS RESEARCH & THERAPY, 8(SUPPL 2), S3. HTTPS://DOI.ORG/10.1186/AR1917
GALLAGHER, A., SOWINSKI, J., BOWMAN, J., BARRETT, K., LOWE, S., PATEL, K., BOSMA, M. L., & CREETH, J. E. (2009). THE EFFECT OF BRUSHING TIME AND DENTIFRICE ON DENTAL PLAQUE REMOVAL IN VIVO. AMERICAN DENTAL HYGIENISTS’ ASSOCIATION, 83(3), 111–116.
GENCO, R. J., & BORGNAKKE, W. S. (2013). RISK FACTORS FOR PERIODONTAL DISEASE. PERIODONTOLOGY 2000, 62(1), 59–94.
GEORGE, J., & JOHN, J. (2016). THE SIGNIFICANCE OF BRUSHING TIME IN REMOVING DENTAL PLAQUE. INT J DENTISTRY ORAL SCI, 3(8), 315–317.
GREENE, J. G., & VERMILLION, J. R. (1964). THE SIMPLIFIED ORAL HYGIENE INDEX. THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DENTAL ASSOCIATION, 68(1), 7–13.
GUJAR, A. N., BAESHEN, H. A., ALHAZMI, A., BHANDI, S., RAJ, A. T., PATIL, S., & BIRKHED, D. (2019). CYTOKINE LEVELS IN GINGIVAL CREVICULAR FLUID DURING ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT WITH ALIGNERS COMPARED TO CONVENTIONAL LABIAL FIXED APPLIANCES: A 3-WEEK CLINICAL STUDY. ACTA ODONTOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA, 77(6), 474–481.
HASEGAWA, K., FURUICHI, Y., SHIMOTSU, A., NAKAMURA, M., YOSHINAGA, M., KAMITOMO, M., HATAE, M., MARUYAMA, I., & IZUMI, Y. (2003). ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN SYSTEMIC STATUS, PERIODONTAL STATUS, SERUM CYTOKINE LEVELS, AND DELIVERY OUTCOMES IN PREGNANT WOMEN WITH A DIAGNOSIS OF THREATENED PREMATURE LABOR. JOURNAL OF PERIODONTOLOGY, 74(12), 1764–1770.
JAEDICKE, K. M., PRESHAW, P. M., & TAYLOR, J. J. (2016). SALIVARY CYTOKINES AS BIOMARKERS OF PERIODONTAL DISEASES. PERIODONTOLOGY 2000, 70(1), 164–183.
KARADUMAN, B., URAZ, A., ALTAN, G. N., BALOŞ TUNCER, B., ALKAN, Ö., GÖNEN, S., PEHLIVAN, S., & ÇETINER, D. (2015). CHANGES OF TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-Α, INTERLEUKIN-10, AND TARTRATE-RESISTANT ACID PHOSPHATASE5B IN THE CREVICULAR FLUID IN RELATION TO ORTHODONTIC MOVEMENT. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION, 13(1), 3–13.
KARKHANECHI, M., CHOW, D., SIPKIN, J., SHERMAN, D., BOYLAN, R. J., NORMAN, R. G., CRAIG, R. G., & CISNEROS, G. J. (2012). PERIODONTAL STATUS OF ADULT PATIENTS TREATED WITH FIXED BUCCAL APPLIANCES AND REMOVABLE ALIGNERS OVER ONE YEAR OF ACTIVE ORTHODONTIC THERAPY. THE ANGLE ORTHODONTIST, 83(1), 146–151.
LEVRINI, L., ABBATE, G. M., MIGLIORI, F., GERMANO, O., SAURO, S., & CAPRIOGLIO, A. (2013). ASSESSMENT OF THE PERIODONTAL HEALTH STATUS IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT WITH FIXED OR REMOVABLE APPLIANCES. A MICROBIOLOGICAL AND PRELIMINARY CLINICAL STUDY. CUMHURIYET DENTAL JOURNAL, 16(4), 296–307.
LEVRINI, L., MANGANO, A., MONTANARI, P., MARGHERINI, S., CAPRIOGLIO, A., & ABBATE, G. M. (2015). PERIODONTAL HEALTH STATUS IN PATIENTS TREATED WITH THE INVISALIGN® SYSTEM AND FIXED ORTHODONTIC APPLIANCES: A 3 MONTHS CLINICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL EVALUATION. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DENTISTRY, 9(03), 404–410.
LI, A., THOMAS, R. Z., VAN DER SLUIS, L., TJAKKES, G.-H., & SLOT, D. E. (2020). DEFINITIONS USED FOR A HEALTHY PERIODONTIUM—A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DENTAL HYGIENE, 18(4), 327–343. HTTPS://DOI.ORG/10.1111/IDH.12438
LINDHE, J., MEYLE, J., & PERIODONTOLOGY, ON BEHALF OF G. D. OF THE E. W. ON. (2008). PERI-IMPLANT DISEASES: CONSENSUS REPORT OF THE SIXTH EUROPEAN WORKSHOP ON PERIODONTOLOGY. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, 35(S8), 282–285. HTTPS://DOI.ORG/10.1111/J.1600-051X.2008.01283.X
LIU, H., SUN, J., DONG, Y., LU, H., ZHOU, H., HANSEN, B. F., & SONG, X. (2011). PERIODONTAL HEALTH AND RELATIVE QUANTITY OF SUBGINGIVAL PORPHYROMONAS GINGIVALIS DURING ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT. THE ANGLE ORTHODONTIST, 81(4), 609–615.
LOE, H., & SILNESS, J. (1963). PERIODONTAL DISEASE IN PREGNANCY. I. PREVALENCE AND SEVERITY ACTA ODONTOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 1963; 21: 533, 551.
MILLER, C. S., KING JR, C. P., LANGUB, M. C., KRYSCIO, R. J., & THOMAS, M. V. (2006). SALIVARY BIOMARKERS OF EXISTING PERIODONTAL DISEASE: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY. THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DENTAL ASSOCIATION, 137(3), 322–329.
MOREIRA, A. P., CAVASSANI, K. A., TRISTÃO, F. S. M., CAMPANELLI, A. P., MARTINEZ, R., ROSSI, M. A., & SILVA, J. S. (2008). CCR5-DEPENDENT REGULATORY T CELL MIGRATION MEDIATES FUNGAL SURVIVAL AND SEVERE IMMUNOSUPPRESSION. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY, 180(5), 3049–3056.
MÜHLEMANN, H. R., & SON, S. (1971). GINGIVAL SULCUS BLEEDING—A LEADING SYMPTOM IN INITIAL GINGIVITIS. HELVETICA ODONTOLOGICA ACTA, 15(2), 107–113.
NAVAZESH, M., & KUMAR, S. K. (2008). MEASURING SALIVARY FLOW: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES. THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DENTAL ASSOCIATION, 139 (S2), 35S-40S.
NOKHBEHSAIM, M., DESCHNER, B., WINTER, J., REIMANN, S., BOURAUEL, C., JEPSEN, S., JÄGER, A., & DESCHNER, J. (2010). CONTRIBUTION OF ORTHODONTIC LOAD TO INFLAMMATIONMEDIATED PERIODONTAL DESTRUCTION. JOURNAL OF OROFACIAL ORTHOPEDICS / FORTSCHRITTE DER KIEFERORTHOPÄDIE, 71(6), 390–402.
NUNES, L., QUINTANILHA, L., PERINETTI, G., & CAPELLI, J. (2017). EFFECT OF ORTHODONTIC FORCE ON EXPRESSION LEVELS OF TEN CYTOKINES IN GINGIVAL CREVICULAR FLUID. ARCHIVES OF ORAL BIOLOGY, 76, 70–75. HTTPS://DOI.ORG/10.1016/J.ARCHORALBIO.2017.01.016
PANDIS, N., PAPAIOANNOU, W., KONTOU, E., NAKOU, M., MAKOU, M., & ELIADES, T. (2010). SALIVARY STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS LEVELS IN PATIENTS WITH CONVENTIONAL AND SELF-LIGATING BRACKETS. THE EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORTHODONTICS, 32(1), 94–99.
REN, Y., HAZEMEIJER, H., DE HAAN, B., QU, N., & DE VOS, P. (2007). CYTOKINE PROFILES IN CREVICULAR FLUID DURING ORTHODONTIC TOOTH MOVEMENT OF SHORT AND LONG DURATIONS. JOURNAL OF PERIODONTOLOGY, 78(3), 453–458.
RISTIC, M., SVABIC, M. V., SASIC, M., & ZELIC, O. (2007). CLINICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF FIXED ORTHODONTIC APPLIANCES ON PERIODONTAL TISSUES IN ADOLESCENTS. ORTHODONTICS & CRANIOFACIAL RESEARCH, 10(4), 187–195.
SAMPAIO, F. A., SAMPAIO, C. R. A., CUNHA, C. O., COSTA, Y. M., ALENCAR, P. N. B., BONJARDIM, L. R., GARIB, D., GARLET, G. P., ELIAV, E., & CONTI, P. C. R. (2019). THE EFFECT OF ORTHODONTIC SEPARATOR AND SHORT-TERM FIXED ORTHODONTIC APPLIANCE ON INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS AND SOMATOSENSORY FUNCTION. JOURNAL OF ORAL REHABILITATION, 46(3), 257–267.
SILNESS, J., & LÖE, H. (1964). PERIODONTAL DISEASE IN PREGNANCY II. CORRELATION BETWEEN ORAL HYGIENE AND PERIODONTAL CONDITION. ACTA ODONTOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA, 22(1), 121–135.
SOLOMON, M. (2019). PERIODONTAL RISKS AND COMPLICATIONS CORRELATED WITH ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT. A REVIEW. ROMANIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL AND DENTAL EDUCATION, 8(8), 20-25.
TRIPUWABHRUT, P., BRUDVIK, P., FRISTAD, I., & RETHNAM, S. (2010). EXPERIMENTAL ORTHODONTIC TOOTH MOVEMENT AND EXTENSIVE ROOT RESORPTION: PERIODONTAL AND PULPAL CHANGES. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORAL SCIENCES, 118(6), 596–603.
VAN GASTEL, J., QUIRYNEN, M., TEUGHELS, W., COUCKE, W., & CARELS, C. (2011). LONGITUDINAL CHANGES IN MICROBIOLOGY AND CLINICAL PERIODONTAL PARAMETERS AFTER REMOVAL OF FIXED ORTHODONTIC APPLIANCES. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORTHODONTICS, 33(1), 15–21.
VAN GASTEL, J., TEUGHELS, W., QUIRYNEN, M., STRUYF, S., VAN DAMME, J., COUCKE, W., & CARELS, C. (2011). LONGITUDINAL CHANGES IN GINGIVAL CREVICULAR FLUID AFTER PLACEMENT OF FIXED ORTHODONTIC APPLIANCES. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHODONTICS AND DENTOFACIAL ORTHOPEDICS, 139(6), 735–744.
VUJACIC, A., KONIC RISTIC, A., PAVLOVIC, J., TODOROVIC, V., VUKICEVIC, V., JEVREMOVIC, D., & MILOSEVIC-JOVCIC, N. (2016). DIFFERENCES IN IL-1B AND IL-6 LEVELS IN THE GINGIVAL CREVICULAR FLUID DURING ACUTE PHASE OF ORTHODONTIC TOOTH MOVEMENT BETWEEN JUVENILES AND YOUNG ADULTS. VOJNOSANITETSKI PREGLED, 74, 178–178. HTTPS://DOI.ORG/10.2298/VSP150425178V
WARREN, P. R., CUGINI, M., MARKS, P., & KING, D. W. (2001). SAFETY, EFFICACY AND ACCEPTABILITY OF A NEW POWER TOOTHBRUSH: A 3-MONTH COMPARATIVE CLINICAL INVESTIGATION. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DENTISTRY, 14(1), 3–7
Published
2022-11-20
How to Cite
OMER , R. S., & MOHAMMAD, C. A. (2022). THE EFFECT OF FIXED ORTHODONTIC APPLIANCE THERAPY ON PERIODONTAL HEALTH STATUS AND SALIVARY CYTOKINE LEVELS. Journal of Duhok University, 25(2), 269-282. https://doi.org/10.26682/sjuod.2022.25.2.25
Section
Pure and Engineering Sciences