ECONOMIC VALUATION OF FOREST SERVICES: CASE STUDY OF ZAWITA FOREST, KURDISTAN REGION OF IRAQ
Keywords:
Economic Valuation, Forest Services, Kurdistan Region, Oak Forest, Pine Forest, Zawita Forest.
Abstract
Forest is a kind of natural reserve that provides many goods and services. This work intended to value a group of environmental services (water and soil conservation, carbon sequestration, oxygen generation, nutrient cycling, and air purification) provided by two forest types that exist in Zawita area, namely pine forest and oak forest. This study depended on data collected from forest inventory, key informant interviews, secondary data, and state institutions and from published and unpublished sources. The economic value of only the environmental services that were evaluated for each of pine forest and oak forest in 2022 were 705,000 ID (479.28 US$) and 213,000 ID (144.61 US$)/ha/year respectively. These results present valuable information which could be considered by decision maker to develop policies that enhance the sustainability of Zawita forest
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References
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Amirnejad H., Khalilian S., Assareh M.H., Ahmadian M. (2006): Estimating the existence value of north forests of Iran by using a contingent valuation method. Ecological Economics, 58: 665–675.
Al-Muhaisen, Azzam Ahmed Musa. (1979). A study of some technological properties of protea pine wood Naturally growing in a corner, unpublished master's thesis, University of Mosul, College of Agriculture and forests.
B. Fisher, R. K. Turner, and P. Morlin, (2009). "Defining and classifying ecosystem services for decision-making," Ecological Economics, vol. 68, pp. 643–653, 2009.Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.09.014.
Başkent, E. Z. (2021). Assessment and valuation of key ecosystem services provided by two forest ecosystems in Turkey. Journal of Environmental Management, 285, 112135.
Chapman, G. W. (1948). Forestry in Iraq. Unasylva, 2(5), 251–253.
De Groot R.S., Wilson M.A., Boumans R.M.J. (2002): A typology for the classification, description and valuation of ecosystem function, goods and services. Ecological Economics, 41: 393–408
De Groot, R.S., Brander, L., Ploeg, S.V., Costanza, R., Bernard, F., Braat, L., Christie, M., Crossman, N., Ghermandi, A., Hein, L., Hussain, S., Kumar, P., McVittie, A. Portela, R., Rodriguez, L.C., Brink, P., Beukering , P. (2012). Global estimates of the value of ecosystems and their services in monetary units. Ecosystem Services, 1 (2012), 50–61.
European Commission, 2011. Our Life Insurance, Our Natural Capital: an EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020. European Commission, Brussels.
FAO (2006). Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005 –Progress towards sustainable forest management. FAO Forestry Paper 147: Rome, FAO.
FAO (2014). State of the World’s forests: Enhancing the socioeconomic benefits from forests.
Fattah, S. A., &Fayyadh, M. A. (2019). Comparison of Some Soil Quality Indicators of Forest Soils Under Two Different Tree Species. Journal of Duhok University, 22(2), 133-146.
Husch, B., Beers, T. W., & Kershaw Jr, J. A. (2002). Forest mensuration. John Wiley & Sons
Gulcur, M., &Kettenah, M. S. (1972). Forestry research, demonstration and training, Iraq. Development plan: Zawita-Swaratoka watershed
Guo, Z., Xie, Y., Hong, I., & Kim, J. (2001). Catalytic oxidation of NO to NO2 on activated carbon. Energy conversion and management, 42(15-17), 2005-2018.
Ikobe, G. A. (2014). Assessment of small dams and pans in TANATHI water services board (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi).
IPCC. (2003). IPCC good practice guidance for LULUCF. The Institute for Global Environmental Strategies.
IPCC. 2006. IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Chapter 4. Forest Land.
J. Boyd and S. Banzhaf, "What are ecosystem services? The need for standardized environmental accounting units," Ecological Economics, vol. 63, pp. 616–626, 2007.Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.01.002.
Julien, P. Y., & Dawod, A. M. (1987). On predicting upland erosion losses from rainfall depth. Stochastic Hydrology and Hydraulics, 1(2), 127-134
Junhua, Run (1999). A Review of forest hydrology studies. Journal of Tropical and Subtropical Botany, 2 (2), 347-356.
Kalkhan. M. A. (1980). Studies on Tree Biometry Tables and Relationships For Pinus brutia Ten. Growing Naturally in Atroosh-Belkaif and Zawita Localities. M. S. C. Thesis. College of Agriculture and Forestry, Mosul University
Koeppe, C. E., & De Long, G. (1958). Weather and climate.
Komeil, J., Hamid, A., Zahra, A., & Alireza, V. (2017). Estimation of the value of forest ecosystem services to develop conservational strategy management (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats). Journal of Forest Science, 63(7), 300-312.
Landell-Mills, N.and Porras, I.T. (2002). Silver bullet or fools’ gold? A global review of markets for forest environmental services and their impact on the poor. London, UK: IIED. 236-250.
Langat, D. K. (2016). Economic valuation of forest ecosystem services and its implications on conservation strategies in East Mau forest, Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, Egerton University).
Masiero, M., Pettenella, D., Boscolo, M., Barua, S.K., Animon, I., Matta, J.R., 2019. Valuing forest ecosystem services: a training manual for planners and project developers. In: Forestry Working Paper No. 11. FAO, Rome, p. 216. License: CC BYNC-SA 3.0 IGO
MEA (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment), (2005). Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: A Framework for Assessment, Washington, D.C.
Mosa, W. L. (2016). Forest cover change and migration in Iraqi Kurdistan: a case study from Zawita Sub-district. Michigan State University.
Mustafa, Y. T., & Habeeb, H. N. (2014). Object based technique for delineating and mapping 15 tree species using VHR WorldView-2 imagery. In SPIE Remote Sensing (p. 92390G–92390G). International Society for Optics and Photonics.
Nasser, M. H. (1984). Forests and forestry in Iraq: prospects and limitations. The Commonwealth Forestry Review, 299–304.
Nguyen, M. D. (2016). Forest governance and economic values of forest ecosystem services in the northwest region of Vietnam (Doctoral dissertation).
Ninan, K. N., &Kontoleon, A. (2016). Valuing forest ecosystem services and disservices–Case study of a protected area in India. Ecosystem services, 20, 1-14.
Ninan, K.N., Inoue, M. 2013a. Valuing forest ecosystem services- what we know and what we don’t. Ecological Economics. 93. 137-149.
Nowak, D.J., K.L. Civerolo, S. Trivikrama Rao, G. Sistla, C.J. Luley, and D.E. Crane. 2000. A modeling study of the impact of urban trees on ozone. Atmospheric Environment 34: 1601–1613.
Ning, Z. H., Chambers, R., & Abdollahi, K. (2016). Modeling air pollutant removal, carbon storage, and CO2 sequestration potential of urban forests in Scotlandville, Louisiana, USA. iForest-Biogeosciences and Forestry, 9(6), 860.
Okelo, M. O., Onyando, J. O., Shivoga, W., & Miller, S. N. (2008). Assessment of Infiltration Using a Mini Rainfall Simulator in the River Njoro Watershed.
P. Riera, G. Signorello, M. Thiene, P. A. Mahieu, S. Navrud, P. Kaval, and P. Elsasser, (2012) ."Non-market valuation of forest goods and services: Good practice guidelines," Journal of Forest Economics, vol. 18, pp. 259–270, 2012.Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfe.2012.07.001.
Pearce, D.W. and Pearce, C.T. (2001). The Value of forest ecosystems. A Report to the Secretariat Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal, Canada: Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity.
R. Godoy, "Some organizing principles in the valuation of tropical forests," Forest Ecology and Management, vol. 50, p. 171−180, 2007.Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(92)90322-z.
Şefik, Y. (1981). Forests of Iraq. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University (JFFIU), 31(1).
Shahbaz S.E. (2007). Pinales with a field guide to the trees and shrubs of Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Spirez Press and PublisherDuhok. P175.
Shahbaz S.E., (2010). Trees and Shrubs, afield guide to the trees and shrubs of Kurdistan region of Iraq, Duhok University.
Shahbaz, S. E., Balo A. H., and J.MT. Hameed (2005). Phenotypic variation in natural stands of Quercus aegilops (Fagaceae) in Duhok province. Journal of Duhok University, Vol. 8, 1-9
Shahbaz, S.E., Pasha, A.A and Balo, A.H. (2002). The Altitudinal variation of Pinus bruitia Ten (Pinaceae) in Atrush Natural forest. J. Duhok Univ. 5: 23-32
World Bank, (2021). State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2021. Washington, DC: The World Bank. © World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/35620 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.”
Xi, J. (2009). Valuation of ecosystem services in Xishuangbanna Biodiversity Conservation Corridors Initiative Pilot Site, China, Greater Mekong Sub-Region Core Environment Program-: ADB TA 6289.
Xue, D., Tisdell, C., 2001. Valuing ecological functions of biodiversity in Changbaishan mountain biosphere reserve in northeast China. Biodiversity and Conservation 10, 467–481
Yoshida, K., 2001. An economic evaluation of multifunctional roles of agriculture and rural areas in Japan. Food and Fertiliser Technology Center-Technical Bulletin 154, 1–9, August. Tokyo.
Younis, A. J. 2019. Stand volume equations for Quercus argilops L. and Quercus infectoriaOlic. In Duhok Governorate. M.Sc. thesis. University of Duhok
Akrawee, Z. M., & Hamad, E. M. (2016). Economic evaluation of eco-tourism for zawita forest location in duhok province/iraqikurdistan region. In the 2nd scientific agricultural conference (p. 250).
Amirnejad H., Khalilian S., Assareh M.H., Ahmadian M. (2006): Estimating the existence value of north forests of Iran by using a contingent valuation method. Ecological Economics, 58: 665–675.
Al-Muhaisen, Azzam Ahmed Musa. (1979). A study of some technological properties of protea pine wood Naturally growing in a corner, unpublished master's thesis, University of Mosul, College of Agriculture and forests.
B. Fisher, R. K. Turner, and P. Morlin, (2009). "Defining and classifying ecosystem services for decision-making," Ecological Economics, vol. 68, pp. 643–653, 2009.Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.09.014.
Başkent, E. Z. (2021). Assessment and valuation of key ecosystem services provided by two forest ecosystems in Turkey. Journal of Environmental Management, 285, 112135.
Chapman, G. W. (1948). Forestry in Iraq. Unasylva, 2(5), 251–253.
De Groot R.S., Wilson M.A., Boumans R.M.J. (2002): A typology for the classification, description and valuation of ecosystem function, goods and services. Ecological Economics, 41: 393–408
De Groot, R.S., Brander, L., Ploeg, S.V., Costanza, R., Bernard, F., Braat, L., Christie, M., Crossman, N., Ghermandi, A., Hein, L., Hussain, S., Kumar, P., McVittie, A. Portela, R., Rodriguez, L.C., Brink, P., Beukering , P. (2012). Global estimates of the value of ecosystems and their services in monetary units. Ecosystem Services, 1 (2012), 50–61.
European Commission, 2011. Our Life Insurance, Our Natural Capital: an EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020. European Commission, Brussels.
FAO (2006). Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005 –Progress towards sustainable forest management. FAO Forestry Paper 147: Rome, FAO.
FAO (2014). State of the World’s forests: Enhancing the socioeconomic benefits from forests.
Fattah, S. A., &Fayyadh, M. A. (2019). Comparison of Some Soil Quality Indicators of Forest Soils Under Two Different Tree Species. Journal of Duhok University, 22(2), 133-146.
Husch, B., Beers, T. W., & Kershaw Jr, J. A. (2002). Forest mensuration. John Wiley & Sons
Gulcur, M., &Kettenah, M. S. (1972). Forestry research, demonstration and training, Iraq. Development plan: Zawita-Swaratoka watershed
Guo, Z., Xie, Y., Hong, I., & Kim, J. (2001). Catalytic oxidation of NO to NO2 on activated carbon. Energy conversion and management, 42(15-17), 2005-2018.
Ikobe, G. A. (2014). Assessment of small dams and pans in TANATHI water services board (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi).
IPCC. (2003). IPCC good practice guidance for LULUCF. The Institute for Global Environmental Strategies.
IPCC. 2006. IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Chapter 4. Forest Land.
J. Boyd and S. Banzhaf, "What are ecosystem services? The need for standardized environmental accounting units," Ecological Economics, vol. 63, pp. 616–626, 2007.Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.01.002.
Julien, P. Y., & Dawod, A. M. (1987). On predicting upland erosion losses from rainfall depth. Stochastic Hydrology and Hydraulics, 1(2), 127-134
Junhua, Run (1999). A Review of forest hydrology studies. Journal of Tropical and Subtropical Botany, 2 (2), 347-356.
Kalkhan. M. A. (1980). Studies on Tree Biometry Tables and Relationships For Pinus brutia Ten. Growing Naturally in Atroosh-Belkaif and Zawita Localities. M. S. C. Thesis. College of Agriculture and Forestry, Mosul University
Koeppe, C. E., & De Long, G. (1958). Weather and climate.
Komeil, J., Hamid, A., Zahra, A., & Alireza, V. (2017). Estimation of the value of forest ecosystem services to develop conservational strategy management (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats). Journal of Forest Science, 63(7), 300-312.
Landell-Mills, N.and Porras, I.T. (2002). Silver bullet or fools’ gold? A global review of markets for forest environmental services and their impact on the poor. London, UK: IIED. 236-250.
Langat, D. K. (2016). Economic valuation of forest ecosystem services and its implications on conservation strategies in East Mau forest, Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, Egerton University).
Masiero, M., Pettenella, D., Boscolo, M., Barua, S.K., Animon, I., Matta, J.R., 2019. Valuing forest ecosystem services: a training manual for planners and project developers. In: Forestry Working Paper No. 11. FAO, Rome, p. 216. License: CC BYNC-SA 3.0 IGO
MEA (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment), (2005). Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: A Framework for Assessment, Washington, D.C.
Mosa, W. L. (2016). Forest cover change and migration in Iraqi Kurdistan: a case study from Zawita Sub-district. Michigan State University.
Mustafa, Y. T., & Habeeb, H. N. (2014). Object based technique for delineating and mapping 15 tree species using VHR WorldView-2 imagery. In SPIE Remote Sensing (p. 92390G–92390G). International Society for Optics and Photonics.
Nasser, M. H. (1984). Forests and forestry in Iraq: prospects and limitations. The Commonwealth Forestry Review, 299–304.
Nguyen, M. D. (2016). Forest governance and economic values of forest ecosystem services in the northwest region of Vietnam (Doctoral dissertation).
Ninan, K. N., &Kontoleon, A. (2016). Valuing forest ecosystem services and disservices–Case study of a protected area in India. Ecosystem services, 20, 1-14.
Ninan, K.N., Inoue, M. 2013a. Valuing forest ecosystem services- what we know and what we don’t. Ecological Economics. 93. 137-149.
Nowak, D.J., K.L. Civerolo, S. Trivikrama Rao, G. Sistla, C.J. Luley, and D.E. Crane. 2000. A modeling study of the impact of urban trees on ozone. Atmospheric Environment 34: 1601–1613.
Ning, Z. H., Chambers, R., & Abdollahi, K. (2016). Modeling air pollutant removal, carbon storage, and CO2 sequestration potential of urban forests in Scotlandville, Louisiana, USA. iForest-Biogeosciences and Forestry, 9(6), 860.
Okelo, M. O., Onyando, J. O., Shivoga, W., & Miller, S. N. (2008). Assessment of Infiltration Using a Mini Rainfall Simulator in the River Njoro Watershed.
P. Riera, G. Signorello, M. Thiene, P. A. Mahieu, S. Navrud, P. Kaval, and P. Elsasser, (2012) ."Non-market valuation of forest goods and services: Good practice guidelines," Journal of Forest Economics, vol. 18, pp. 259–270, 2012.Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfe.2012.07.001.
Pearce, D.W. and Pearce, C.T. (2001). The Value of forest ecosystems. A Report to the Secretariat Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal, Canada: Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity.
R. Godoy, "Some organizing principles in the valuation of tropical forests," Forest Ecology and Management, vol. 50, p. 171−180, 2007.Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(92)90322-z.
Şefik, Y. (1981). Forests of Iraq. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University (JFFIU), 31(1).
Shahbaz S.E. (2007). Pinales with a field guide to the trees and shrubs of Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Spirez Press and PublisherDuhok. P175.
Shahbaz S.E., (2010). Trees and Shrubs, afield guide to the trees and shrubs of Kurdistan region of Iraq, Duhok University.
Shahbaz, S. E., Balo A. H., and J.MT. Hameed (2005). Phenotypic variation in natural stands of Quercus aegilops (Fagaceae) in Duhok province. Journal of Duhok University, Vol. 8, 1-9
Shahbaz, S.E., Pasha, A.A and Balo, A.H. (2002). The Altitudinal variation of Pinus bruitia Ten (Pinaceae) in Atrush Natural forest. J. Duhok Univ. 5: 23-32
World Bank, (2021). State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2021. Washington, DC: The World Bank. © World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/35620 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.”
Xi, J. (2009). Valuation of ecosystem services in Xishuangbanna Biodiversity Conservation Corridors Initiative Pilot Site, China, Greater Mekong Sub-Region Core Environment Program-: ADB TA 6289.
Xue, D., Tisdell, C., 2001. Valuing ecological functions of biodiversity in Changbaishan mountain biosphere reserve in northeast China. Biodiversity and Conservation 10, 467–481
Yoshida, K., 2001. An economic evaluation of multifunctional roles of agriculture and rural areas in Japan. Food and Fertiliser Technology Center-Technical Bulletin 154, 1–9, August. Tokyo.
Younis, A. J. 2019. Stand volume equations for Quercus argilops L. and Quercus infectoriaOlic. In Duhok Governorate. M.Sc. thesis. University of Duhok
Published
2023-04-30
How to Cite
IBRAHIM, M. A., & HASSAN, M. K. (2023). ECONOMIC VALUATION OF FOREST SERVICES: CASE STUDY OF ZAWITA FOREST, KURDISTAN REGION OF IRAQ. Journal of Duhok University, 26(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.26682/ajuod.2023.26.1.1
Section
Agriculture and Veterinary Science
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