DETERMINATION OF COMPETITION FACTOR FOR TREE GROWTH WITHIN A STAND
Keywords:
Completion factor, Competition indices, Diameter growth, Individual tree growth, potential growth
Abstract
This study has two purposes; the first one is development of a new method in determining a competition factor for Pinus brutia trees grown in a stand, and the second one is development of a theoretical method for determination potential growth of individual trees within a stand. This potential growth can be used to estimate the growth of a tree as if it grows in a competition free area. Competition between trees has a strong effect on growth potential. Dense forests need thinning to ensure providing the essential growth requirements. The developed factor can be used to give the answer for when and how much of stocking should be removed. Two samples of trees were selected, one from an open grown area and the other from forest stands. For each sample many regression equations were developed, for regressing, the diameter growth with different forms of diameter. The developed equations were undergone many tests of precision, to determine the one that best fits the dataset. At last the equation,, and equation were finally selected for regressing the diameter growth with diameter at breast height for trees grown in a stand and open grown trees respectively. These selected equations were used to calculate the competition factor. Furthermore the equation; was finally selected among 23 others to be used for calculating the growth potential of trees grown within a stand.
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References
Adlard, P. G. (1974). Development of an empirical competition model for individual trees within a stand. Growth models for tree and stand simulation. Res. Notes, 30, 22-37.
Ashraf, M. I., Meng, F. R., Bourque, C. P. A., & MacLean, D. A. (2015). A novel modelling approach for predicting forest growth and yield under climate change. PloS one, 10 (7), e0132066.
Avery, T. E., & Burkhart, H. E. (2015). Forest measurements. Waveland Press.
Bella, I.E., 1971. A new competition model for individual trees. Forest science, 17 (3), pp.364-372.
Berger, U., & Hildenbrandt, H. (2000). A new approach to spatially explicit modelling of forest dynamics: spacing, ageing and neighborhood competition of mangrove trees. Ecological Modelling, 132 (3), 287-302.
Biging, G. S., & Dobbertin, M. (1995). Evaluation of competition indices in individual tree growth models. Forest science, 41 (2), 360-377
Boivin, F., Paquette, A., Papaik, M.J., Thiffault, N., and Messier, C. 2010. Do position and species identity of neighbours matter in 8 –15-year-old post-harvest mesic stands in the boreal mixed wood? For. Ecol. Manage. 260(7): 1124 –1131. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2010. 06.037. Bräker, O.U
Brown, G. S. (1965). Point density in stems per acre. Forest Research Institute, New Zealand Forest Service.
Canham, C.D., Papaik, M.J., Uriarte, M., McWilliams, W.H., Jenkins, J.C., and Twery, M.J. 2006. Neighborhood analyses of canopy tree competition along environmental gradients in new England forests. Ecol. Appl. 16(2): 540 –554. doi:10.1890/1051- 0761(2006)016[0540:NAOCTC]2.0.CO;2. PMID:16711043.
Coates, K.D., Canham, C.D., and LePage, P.T. 2009. Above- versus below-ground competitive effects and responses of a guild of temperate tree species. J. Ecol. 97(1): 118 –130. doi:10.1111/ j.1365-2745.2008.01458.x
Cole, W. G., & Lorimer, C. G. (1994). Predicting tree growth from crown variables in managed northern hardwood stands. Forest Ecology and Management, 67 (1-3), 159-175.
Contreras, M. A., Affleck, D., & Chung, W. (2011). Evaluating tree competition indices as predictors of basal area increment in western Montana forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 262 (11), 1939-1949.
Ek, A. R., & Monserud, R. A. (1974). FOREST: A computer model for simulating the growth and reproduction of mixed species stands. Res. Rep, 2635.
Enquist, B.J., West, G.B., Charnov, E.L., and Brown, J.H. 1999. Allometric scaling of production and life-history variation in vascular plants. Nature, 401 (6756): 907–911. doi:10.1038/44819.
Furnival, G. M. (1961). An index for comparing equations used in constructing volume tables. Forest Science, 7 (4), 337-341.
Gerrard, D. J. (1969). Competition quotient: a new measure of the competition affecting individual forest trees (Vol. 20). Agricultural Experiment Station, Michigan State University.
Hamilton, G. J. (1969). The dependence of volume increment of individual trees on dominance, crown dimensions, and competition. Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research, 42(2), 133-144.
Harrington, C. A., & Reukema, D. L. (1983). Initial shock and long-term stand development following thinning in a Douglas-fir plantation. Forest Science, 29 (1), 33-46.
Hegyi, F. (1974). A simulation model for managing jack-pinstandssimulation. RoyalColl. For, Res. Notes, 30, 74-90.
Husch, B., Beers, T. W., & Kershaw Jr, J. A. (2002). Forest mensuration. John Wiley & Sons.
Kaitaniemi, P., & Lintunen, A. (2010). Neighbor identity and competition influence tree growth in Scots pine, Siberian larch, and silver birch. Annals of Forest Science, 67 (6), 604-604.
Kim, M., Lee, W. K., Kim, Y. S., Lim, C. H., Song, C., Park, T., ... & Son, Y. M. (2016). Impact of thinning intensity on the diameter and height growth of Larix kaempferi stands in central Korea. Forest science and technology, 12(2), 77-87.
Lorimer, C. G. (1983). Tests of age-independent competition indices for individual trees in natural hardwood stands. Forest Ecology and Management, 6 (4), 343-360.
Maleki et al 2015), tested both spatially and non – spatially sets of competition indices to quantify the effects of neighboring trees on diameter growth of silver birch trees.
Miller, G. W. (1997). Effect of crown growing space and age on the growth of northern red oak. In: Spiecker, H.; Rogers, R.; Somogyi, Z., comps. IUFRO Proceedings: advances in research in intermediate oak stands; 1997 July 27-30; Freiburg, Germany. Freiburg, Germany: University of Freiburg: 140-159.
Muller‐Landau, H. C., Condit, R. S., Chave, J., Thomas, S. C., Bohlman, S. A., Bunyavejchewin, S., ... & Harms, K. E. (2006). Testing metabolic ecology theory for allometric scaling of tree size, growth and mortality in tropical forests. Ecology letters, 9 (5), 575-588.
Nebeker T.E. – Hodges J.D. Karr B.K. and Moehring D.M 1985 Thinning Practices in Southern Pines - With Pest Management Recommendations
Neter, J., Kutner, M. H., Nachtsheim, C. J., & Wasserman, W. (1996). Applied linear statistical models (Vol. 4, p. 318). Chicago: Irwin.
Newnham, R. M. (1964). The development of a stand model for Douglasfir [Ph. D. thesis]. Vancouver: The University of British Columbia.
Ohtomo, E. 1956. A study on preparation of volume table. Jour.Jap.Soc. vol.36 (5)
Opie, J. E. (1968). Predictability of individual tree growth using various definitions of competing basal area. Forest Science, 14 (3), 314-323.
Pretzsch, H. (2009). Forest dynamics, growth, and yield. In Forest dynamics, growth and yield (pp.1-39).Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
Pukkala, T., & Kolström, T. (1987). Competition indices and the prediction of radial growth in Scots pine.
Rivas, J. C., González, J. Á., Aguirre, O., & Hernandez, F. J. (2005). The effect of competition on individual tree basal area growth in mature stands of Pinus cooperi Blanco in Durango (Mexico). European Journal of Forest Research, 124 (2), 133-142.
Salih, T. K., Younis, M. S., & Wali, S. T. (2019). Dendroclimatological Analysis of Pinus brutia Ten. Grown in Swaratoka, Kurdistan Region—Iraq. In Recent Researches in Earth and Environmental Sciences (pp. 9-19). Springer, Cham
Schröder, J., & Gadow, K. V. (1999). Testing a new competition index for Maritime pine in northwestern Spain. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 29( 2), 280-283.
Schröder, J., Soalleiro, R. R., & Alonso, G. V. (2002). An age-independent basal area increment model for maritime pine trees in northwestern Spain. Forest Ecology and Management, 157 (1-3), 55-64.
Soucy, M., Lussier, J. M., & Lavoie, L. (2012). Long-term effects of thinning on growth and yield of an upland black spruce stand. Canadian journal of forest research, 42 (9), 1669-1677.
Stadt, K.J., Huston, C., Coates, K.D., Feng, Z., Dale, M.R.T., and Lieffers, V.J. 2007. Evaluation of competition and light estimation indices for predicting diameter growth in mature boreal mixed forests. Ann. For. Sci. 64 (5): 477– 490. doi:10.1051/forest: 2007025
Sumida, A., Miyaura, T., & Torii, H. (2013). Relationships of tree height and diameter at breast height revisited: analyses of stem growth using 20-year data of an even-aged Chamaecyparis obtusa stand. Tree physiology, 33(1), 106-118.
.
Uriarte, M., Canham, C. D., Thompson, J., & Zimmerman, J. K. (2004). A neighborhood analysis of tree growth and survival in a hurricane‐driven tropical forest. Ecological Monographs, 74 (4), 591-614.
Vanclay, J. K. (1994). Modelling forest growth and yield: applications to mixed tropical forests. School of Environmental Science and Management Papers, 537.
von Oheimb, G., Lang, A. C., Bruelheide, H., Forrester, D. I., Wäsche, I., Yu, M., & Härdtle, W. (2011). Individual-tree radial growth in a subtropical broad-leaved forest: the role of local neighbourhood competition. Forest Ecology and Management, 261 (3), 499-507.
Zhang, S., Burkhart, H. E., & Amateis, R. L. (1997). The influence of thinning on tree height and diameter relationships in loblolly pine plantations. Southern journal of applied forestry, 21 (4), 199-205.
Ashraf, M. I., Meng, F. R., Bourque, C. P. A., & MacLean, D. A. (2015). A novel modelling approach for predicting forest growth and yield under climate change. PloS one, 10 (7), e0132066.
Avery, T. E., & Burkhart, H. E. (2015). Forest measurements. Waveland Press.
Bella, I.E., 1971. A new competition model for individual trees. Forest science, 17 (3), pp.364-372.
Berger, U., & Hildenbrandt, H. (2000). A new approach to spatially explicit modelling of forest dynamics: spacing, ageing and neighborhood competition of mangrove trees. Ecological Modelling, 132 (3), 287-302.
Biging, G. S., & Dobbertin, M. (1995). Evaluation of competition indices in individual tree growth models. Forest science, 41 (2), 360-377
Boivin, F., Paquette, A., Papaik, M.J., Thiffault, N., and Messier, C. 2010. Do position and species identity of neighbours matter in 8 –15-year-old post-harvest mesic stands in the boreal mixed wood? For. Ecol. Manage. 260(7): 1124 –1131. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2010. 06.037. Bräker, O.U
Brown, G. S. (1965). Point density in stems per acre. Forest Research Institute, New Zealand Forest Service.
Canham, C.D., Papaik, M.J., Uriarte, M., McWilliams, W.H., Jenkins, J.C., and Twery, M.J. 2006. Neighborhood analyses of canopy tree competition along environmental gradients in new England forests. Ecol. Appl. 16(2): 540 –554. doi:10.1890/1051- 0761(2006)016[0540:NAOCTC]2.0.CO;2. PMID:16711043.
Coates, K.D., Canham, C.D., and LePage, P.T. 2009. Above- versus below-ground competitive effects and responses of a guild of temperate tree species. J. Ecol. 97(1): 118 –130. doi:10.1111/ j.1365-2745.2008.01458.x
Cole, W. G., & Lorimer, C. G. (1994). Predicting tree growth from crown variables in managed northern hardwood stands. Forest Ecology and Management, 67 (1-3), 159-175.
Contreras, M. A., Affleck, D., & Chung, W. (2011). Evaluating tree competition indices as predictors of basal area increment in western Montana forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 262 (11), 1939-1949.
Ek, A. R., & Monserud, R. A. (1974). FOREST: A computer model for simulating the growth and reproduction of mixed species stands. Res. Rep, 2635.
Enquist, B.J., West, G.B., Charnov, E.L., and Brown, J.H. 1999. Allometric scaling of production and life-history variation in vascular plants. Nature, 401 (6756): 907–911. doi:10.1038/44819.
Furnival, G. M. (1961). An index for comparing equations used in constructing volume tables. Forest Science, 7 (4), 337-341.
Gerrard, D. J. (1969). Competition quotient: a new measure of the competition affecting individual forest trees (Vol. 20). Agricultural Experiment Station, Michigan State University.
Hamilton, G. J. (1969). The dependence of volume increment of individual trees on dominance, crown dimensions, and competition. Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research, 42(2), 133-144.
Harrington, C. A., & Reukema, D. L. (1983). Initial shock and long-term stand development following thinning in a Douglas-fir plantation. Forest Science, 29 (1), 33-46.
Hegyi, F. (1974). A simulation model for managing jack-pinstandssimulation. RoyalColl. For, Res. Notes, 30, 74-90.
Husch, B., Beers, T. W., & Kershaw Jr, J. A. (2002). Forest mensuration. John Wiley & Sons.
Kaitaniemi, P., & Lintunen, A. (2010). Neighbor identity and competition influence tree growth in Scots pine, Siberian larch, and silver birch. Annals of Forest Science, 67 (6), 604-604.
Kim, M., Lee, W. K., Kim, Y. S., Lim, C. H., Song, C., Park, T., ... & Son, Y. M. (2016). Impact of thinning intensity on the diameter and height growth of Larix kaempferi stands in central Korea. Forest science and technology, 12(2), 77-87.
Lorimer, C. G. (1983). Tests of age-independent competition indices for individual trees in natural hardwood stands. Forest Ecology and Management, 6 (4), 343-360.
Maleki et al 2015), tested both spatially and non – spatially sets of competition indices to quantify the effects of neighboring trees on diameter growth of silver birch trees.
Miller, G. W. (1997). Effect of crown growing space and age on the growth of northern red oak. In: Spiecker, H.; Rogers, R.; Somogyi, Z., comps. IUFRO Proceedings: advances in research in intermediate oak stands; 1997 July 27-30; Freiburg, Germany. Freiburg, Germany: University of Freiburg: 140-159.
Muller‐Landau, H. C., Condit, R. S., Chave, J., Thomas, S. C., Bohlman, S. A., Bunyavejchewin, S., ... & Harms, K. E. (2006). Testing metabolic ecology theory for allometric scaling of tree size, growth and mortality in tropical forests. Ecology letters, 9 (5), 575-588.
Nebeker T.E. – Hodges J.D. Karr B.K. and Moehring D.M 1985 Thinning Practices in Southern Pines - With Pest Management Recommendations
Neter, J., Kutner, M. H., Nachtsheim, C. J., & Wasserman, W. (1996). Applied linear statistical models (Vol. 4, p. 318). Chicago: Irwin.
Newnham, R. M. (1964). The development of a stand model for Douglasfir [Ph. D. thesis]. Vancouver: The University of British Columbia.
Ohtomo, E. 1956. A study on preparation of volume table. Jour.Jap.Soc. vol.36 (5)
Opie, J. E. (1968). Predictability of individual tree growth using various definitions of competing basal area. Forest Science, 14 (3), 314-323.
Pretzsch, H. (2009). Forest dynamics, growth, and yield. In Forest dynamics, growth and yield (pp.1-39).Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
Pukkala, T., & Kolström, T. (1987). Competition indices and the prediction of radial growth in Scots pine.
Rivas, J. C., González, J. Á., Aguirre, O., & Hernandez, F. J. (2005). The effect of competition on individual tree basal area growth in mature stands of Pinus cooperi Blanco in Durango (Mexico). European Journal of Forest Research, 124 (2), 133-142.
Salih, T. K., Younis, M. S., & Wali, S. T. (2019). Dendroclimatological Analysis of Pinus brutia Ten. Grown in Swaratoka, Kurdistan Region—Iraq. In Recent Researches in Earth and Environmental Sciences (pp. 9-19). Springer, Cham
Schröder, J., & Gadow, K. V. (1999). Testing a new competition index for Maritime pine in northwestern Spain. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 29( 2), 280-283.
Schröder, J., Soalleiro, R. R., & Alonso, G. V. (2002). An age-independent basal area increment model for maritime pine trees in northwestern Spain. Forest Ecology and Management, 157 (1-3), 55-64.
Soucy, M., Lussier, J. M., & Lavoie, L. (2012). Long-term effects of thinning on growth and yield of an upland black spruce stand. Canadian journal of forest research, 42 (9), 1669-1677.
Stadt, K.J., Huston, C., Coates, K.D., Feng, Z., Dale, M.R.T., and Lieffers, V.J. 2007. Evaluation of competition and light estimation indices for predicting diameter growth in mature boreal mixed forests. Ann. For. Sci. 64 (5): 477– 490. doi:10.1051/forest: 2007025
Sumida, A., Miyaura, T., & Torii, H. (2013). Relationships of tree height and diameter at breast height revisited: analyses of stem growth using 20-year data of an even-aged Chamaecyparis obtusa stand. Tree physiology, 33(1), 106-118.
.
Uriarte, M., Canham, C. D., Thompson, J., & Zimmerman, J. K. (2004). A neighborhood analysis of tree growth and survival in a hurricane‐driven tropical forest. Ecological Monographs, 74 (4), 591-614.
Vanclay, J. K. (1994). Modelling forest growth and yield: applications to mixed tropical forests. School of Environmental Science and Management Papers, 537.
von Oheimb, G., Lang, A. C., Bruelheide, H., Forrester, D. I., Wäsche, I., Yu, M., & Härdtle, W. (2011). Individual-tree radial growth in a subtropical broad-leaved forest: the role of local neighbourhood competition. Forest Ecology and Management, 261 (3), 499-507.
Zhang, S., Burkhart, H. E., & Amateis, R. L. (1997). The influence of thinning on tree height and diameter relationships in loblolly pine plantations. Southern journal of applied forestry, 21 (4), 199-205.
Published
2020-06-01
How to Cite
UoD, J. of D. U., SALIH, T. K., SAIED, M. Y., & WALI, S. T. (2020). DETERMINATION OF COMPETITION FACTOR FOR TREE GROWTH WITHIN A STAND. Journal of Duhok University, 22(2), 177-188. https://doi.org/10.26682/ajuod.2019.22.2.17
Section
Agriculture and Veterinary Science
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